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Virtualization is a technique used to model and simulate the cyber domain, as well as train and educate. Different types of virtualization techniques exist that each support a unique set of benefits and requirements. This research proposes a novel design that incorporates host and network virtualization concepts for a cyber warfare training platform. At the host level, hybrid virtualization combines full and operating system virtualization techniques in order to leverage the benefits and minimize the drawbacks of each individual technique. Network virtualization allows virtual machines to connect in flexible topologies, but it also incurs additional processing overhead. Quantitative analysis falls into two sets of experiments. The first set of experiments evaluates traditional virtualization techniques against the hybrid approach. Results indicate that in some cases, performance of hybrid virtualization exceeds that of full virtualization alone while still providing an identical feature set. The second set of experiments examines the amount of overhead involved with network virtualization with respect to bandwidth and latency. Results indicate that performance over a local area network incurs two to four times the performance cost compared to physical connections. The benefit of this additional overhead is an increased flexibility in defining network topologies at the software level independent of the underlying physical topology.

The following article perceives selected conflicts from the perspective of hybrid warfare and its component of information operations and analyzes consequent impacts on international security. We are witnessing rising number of cyber incidents and related discussion over a cyber war under the light of doom scenarios without taking into consideration the term "net war" despite the fact it was discerned from "cyber war" in 1993. In net war information manipulation emanating from decentralized sources matters, however, we are still living in a situation where a strategy of influencing minds of public or elite are neither appropriately addressed by politicians, nor by national security strategies. Nevertheless, China and Russia are having information operations as a military component included in their doctrines and their highly effective consequences are evidently visible as late as today. The hybrid campaigns might be easily conducted by circumventing international law through attribution problem in cyberspace through current modern communication technologies. We would face a rising, silent, but highly effective hybrid warfare if any defensive measures such as "mental resilience" are not adopted. We would face it preferably without being aware of it. Finally, the result would undermine credibility, or legitimacy, of the Western democratic governments not only in the eyes of their own citizens.

This article is devoted to the phenomenon of hybrid war. Based on the fact that the military actions can be represented as the particular process, it is proposed to analyze the phenomenon on the technological approach. In addition, the study of the phenomenon does not occur within the traditional "democratic paradigm", and based on the assertion that in modern Ukraine the model of social and political order with an oligarchs in the center was formed. All state institutions and segments of civil society are in a tough financial and economic dependence from the social group of oligarchs.The goals, objectives, principles, directions, forms, methods and techniques of conducting hybrid warfare are discussed. The general and the particular to the phenomena of the conventional war and the hybrid war is determined. Focuses on the complex nature of the phenomenon, its layered structure. In this connection, emphasizes the fact that the main actors of the war at different levels perform different roles, which is fixed by experts who analyze the situation. In particular, Ukraine can be considered as the subject of a hybrid war at the regional level, but it also becomes the purpose and the object as to the subjects of higher geopolitical level.In general, the phenomenon of hybrid war characterized by a lack of principles in building of the technological process. In the specific case of Ukraine, the lack of clear principles in the organization of the process dictated by economic interests of oligarchic clans that joined the struggle for the redistribution model in securing ownership of tools and means of production. Other elements of the process of the hybrid war are serve the implementation of the corporate interests of the oligarchs.In addition, the Ukrainian oligarchic structures are the link, the conductor for the interests of oligarchic structures of higher global level. The main tool in this struggle is the information - the main resource of the era, on which the oligarchs try to win a monopoly. Thus, we can talk about the oligarchic discourse of the hybrid war in Ukraine, as invariably present oligarchic component in all its elements. ; Статья посвящена рассмотрению феномена гибридной войны. На основании того, что военные действия представляют собой определенный процесс, автор предлагает анализировать явление с позиций технологического подхода. Изучение феномена происходит не в рамках традиционной "демократической парадигмы", а с точки зрения того, что в современной Украине сформировалась олигархоцентрическая модель социально-политического устройства. Рассматриваются цели, задачи, принципы, направления, формы, методы и приемы ведения гибридной войны. Определяется общее и особенное в феноменах традиционной и гибридной войн. Акцентируется внимание на комплексном характере явления, его многоуровневой структуре. Показано, что участники процесса на различных уровнях выполняют различную роль, что и фиксируется экспертами, анализирующими ситуацию с различных идеологических позиций. ; Стаття присвячена розгляду феномену гібридної війни. На підставі того, що військові дії є певним процесом, пропонується проаналізувати явище з позицій технологічного підходу. Дослідження феномену відбувається не в межах традиційної "демократичної парадигми", а виходячи з тези, що в сучасній Україні сформувалася олігархоцентрична модель соціально-політичного устрою. Розглянуто цілі, завдання, принципи, напрями, форми, методи й прийоми ведення гібридної війни. Визначено спільне й особливе у феноменах традиційної та гібридної війн. Акцентується увага на комплексному характері явища, його багаторівневій структурі. Показано, що учасники процесу на різних рівнях грають різні ролі, що й фіксується експертами, які аналізують ситуацію з різних ідеологічних позицій.

The Israel Defense Forces have gained much experience against hybrid opponents -- Hezbollah and Hamas -- in the recent conflicts in Lebanon and Gaza. The lessons from these Israeli experiences are relevant to understanding the capabilities the U.S. Army and the joint force will require in the future. Principal findings include the following. The basics of combined arms fire and maneuver are necessary for successful operations against sophisticated hybrid opponents who, like Hezbollah and Hamas, have a modicum of training, organization, and advanced weapons, particularly if they are operating "among the people." Additionally, precision, standoff fires are critical, but not sufficient, to cope with sophisticated hybrid opponents. Furthermore, responsive and adequate air, artillery, and unmanned aerial system support are critical components of the combined arms fight against hybrid opponents. Finally, heavy forces -- based on tanks and infantry fighting vehicles -- are key elements of any force that will fight sophisticated irregular opponents, because they reduce operational risk and minimize friendly casualties

Under the term "hybrid warfare" the different methods with which Russia destabilizes Ukraine are discussed, be it propaganda or the infiltration of society. However, the problems that NATO and EU states face in dealing with hybrid threats go far beyond the Ukraine conflict - they point to systematic vulnerabilities of Western societies. This greater spectrum of risks disappears from view, because the current debate is focused on the conflict with Russia and its military dimension. The next conflict may already not follow the Ukrainian pattern. Therefore, EU and NATO must place systematic vulnerabilities at the center of a hybrid security policy, which should build upon a reorganized relationship of resilience, deterrence, and defense. (SWP Comments)

Under the term "hybrid warfare" the different methods with which Russia destabilizes Ukraine are discussed, be it propaganda or the infiltration of society. However, the problems that NATO and EU states face in dealing with hybrid threats go far beyond the Ukraine conflict – they point to systematic vulnerabilities of Western societies. This greater spectrum of risks disappears from view, because the current debate is focused on the conflict with Russia and its military dimension. The next conflict may already not follow the Ukrainian pattern. Therefore, EU and NATO must place systematic vulnerabilities at the center of a hybrid security policy, which should build upon a reorganized relationship of resilience, deterrence, and defense.(Autorenreferat)

Тема. В условиях геополитической напряженности, связанной с украинским кризисом и усилением антироссийских настроений в ряде стран, особую актуальность в настоящее время приобрела проблема межгосударственного противостояния России и стран Запада. Важное значение концепциям, технологиям и формам этого противостояния придает специфика процессов глобализации и интернационализации экономик большинства стран мира. Цели. Анализ концепции гибридной войны, взятой за основу в современном межгосударственном противостоянии России и США. Авторами сделана попытка исследовать экономическое пространство межгосударственной конфронтации (экономического фронта гибридной войны) и доказать, что современное геополитическое давление США на Россию осуществляется с помощью политико-экономических методов в рамках концепции гибридной войны. Методология. В исследовании использованы официальные нормативные документы министерства обороны США, НАТО, официальных научных центров при министерстве обороны США, а также труды отечественных и зарубежных экспертов в области экономических войн и гибридной войны. Применены методы научного анализа, системный подход, сравнительный и сопоставительный анализ, статистические методы обработки информации, методы экспертных оценок. Результаты. Рассмотрено содержание понятия гибридной войны с позиций междисциплинарного подхода. Впервые показано, что гибридная война является не просто технологией межгосударственной конфронтации, а отдельной концепцией, взятой за основу в межгосударственном противостоянии России и США. Обоснован вывод о том, что концепция гибридной войны является закономерным результатом глобализации. Доказано, что экономическая война является одной из важных составляющих гибридной войны, и для той страны, которая обладает большей экономической мощью, может служить эффективным средством геополитического воздействия на противника. Выводы. Сделан вывод о том, что в результате глобализации и интернационализации политико-экономических связей в глобальном геополитическом пространстве геополитическое давление в рамках межгосударственной конфронтации может принести весьма высокие результаты за счет использования финансово-экономических рычагов воздействия на национальную экономику страны-оппонента. Данное обстоятельство является методологически значимым при выборе приоритетов макроэкономической политики, а также политики экономической и национальной безопасности стран, задействованных в межгосударственном противоборстве. ; Importance The Ukrainian crisis and anti-Russian sentiment engender geopolitical tensions, thus making the standoff between Russia and Western countries a focal area. Concepts, technologies and forms of this standoff become important due to the specifics of globalization and internationalization in most economies. Objectives The research analyzes the concept of hybrid warfare underlying the existing confrontation between Russia and the USA. We investigate this confrontation economically and prove that the USA is putting its geopolitical pressure on Russia using political and economic methods of the hybrid warfare. Methods The research draws upon official documents of the US Department of Defense, NATO, official research centers at the US DoD, proceedings by national and foreign experts in economic and hybrid warfare. We applied methods of scientific analysis, systems approach, comparative and matching analysis, statistical methods of data processing, expert assessments. Results We reviewed the concept of hybrid warfare on a multidisciplinary basis. The hybrid warfare concept was proved to stem from globalization, with economic warfare being one of its key components and an effective tool of exerting geopolitical pressure on opponents. Conclusions and Relevance We conclude that, whereas political and economic ties are globalized and internationalized, geopolitical pressure may be quite effective in intergovernmental confrontation as it activates economic levers to influence the national economy of the opposing State. This aspect is of methodological significance in setting up priorities of macroeconomic policy and economic and national security policy of those countries involved in such intergovernmental confrontations.

Abschreckung war eine Antwort auf Russlands Krieg in der Ukraine. Aber weder sollte sich die NATO auf Russland allein konzentrieren noch reicht Abschreckung aus. Europa ist wegen seiner Offenheit, seiner wirtschaftlichen Interdependenzen und seines Pluralismus verwundbar. Deswegen gilt es, Resilienzen aufzubauen. (IP)

Die Ereignisse im Zusammenhang mit Russlands illegaler Annexion der Krim haben einem Begriff zu Popularität verholfen, den man bis dahin nur in Spezialistenkreisen kannte: hybride Kriegführung. (Europäische Sicherheit & Technik / SWP)