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Why countries colonize the lands of indigenous people Over the past few centuries, vast areas of the world have been violently colonized by settlers. But why did states like Australia and the United States stop settling frontier lands during the twentieth century? At the same time, why did states loudly committed to decolonization like Indonesia and China start settling the lands of such minorities as the West Papuans and Uyghurs? Settling for Less traces this bewildering historical reversal, explaining when and why indigenous peoples suffer displacement at the hands of settlers.Lachlan McNamee challenges the notion that settler colonialism can be explained by economics or racial ideologies. He tells a more complex story about state building and the conflicts of interest between indigenous peoples, states, and settlers. Drawing from a rich array of historical evidence, McNamee shows that states generally colonize frontier areas in response to security concerns. Elite schemes to populate contested frontiers with loyal settlers, however, often fail. As societies grow wealthier and cities increasingly become magnets for migration, states ultimately lose the power to settle frontier lands.Settling for Less uncovers the internal dynamics of settler colonialism and the diminishing power of colonizers in a rapidly urbanizing world. Contrasting successful and failed colonization projects in Australia, Indonesia, China, and beyond, this book demonstrates that economic development—by thwarting colonization—has proven a powerful force for indigenous self-determination

Hugo Grotius was a widely read and influential figure in seventeenth-century England. Whereas later generations portrayed him as a forefather to modern theories of natural and international law, the publication of Mare Liberum (1609) offered a grounded argument for free trade against the restrictions imposed by the Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires. But Grotius's notion of free trade, of course, was far removed from the later ideal of Richard Cobden. His model of commercial organization was firmly anchored on the chartered mercantile company, and he served as a spokesperson for the Dutch East India Company (VOC) during the Anglo-Dutch Conferences of 1613 and 1615, which sought to appease growing tensions among Dutch and English trading interests in Asia. As the diplomatic and economic relations between England and the Dutch Republic progressively deteriorated during the early decades of the seventeenth century, Grotius's rendition of the law of nations came increasingly to be regarded as a rationalization of Dutch dominance over long-distance trade routes. English commentators, who wished to emulate Dutch success but feared aggression and subordination, had to fashion a different framework of international politics to sustain their vision of an emerging English maritime empire. Tracing the uses of Mare Liberum in the mercantile literature of early Stuart England, the paper will study how this foundational work of modern international thought shaped the political economic discourse of English merchants, as well as their supporters and adversaries in the political arena. Changing attitudes toward Grotius's arguments will help us identify the origins of certain ideas about empire that later came to the fore by the time of the Navigation Acts and the Anglo-Dutch wars. We will thus explore how Grotius's version of the law of nations -- before it was retrospectively converted into a cornerstone of liberal internationalism -- was entangled in concrete disputes between rival imperial projects.

Hugo Grotius was a widely read and influential figure in seventeenth-century England. Whereas later generations portrayed him as a forefather to modern theories of natural and international law, the publication of Mare Liberum (1609) offered a grounded argument for free trade against the restrictions imposed by the Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires. But Grotius's notion of free trade, of course, was far removed from the later ideal of Richard Cobden. His model of commercial organization was firmly anchored on the chartered mercantile company, and he served as a spokesperson for the Dutch East India Company (VOC) during the Anglo-Dutch Conferences of 1613 and 1615, which sought to appease growing tensions among Dutch and English trading interests in Asia. As the diplomatic and economic relations between England and the Dutch Republic progressively deteriorated during the early decades of the seventeenth century, Grotius's rendition of the law of nations came increasingly to be regarded as a rationalization of Dutch dominance over long-distance trade routes. English commentators, who wished to emulate Dutch success but feared aggression and subordination, had to fashion a different framework of international politics to sustain their vision of an emerging English maritime empire. Tracing the uses of Mare Liberum in the mercantile literature of early Stuart England, the paper will study how this foundational work of modern international thought shaped the political economic discourse of English merchants, as well as their supporters and adversaries in the political arena. Changing attitudes toward Grotius's arguments will help us identify the origins of certain ideas about empire that later came to the fore by the time of the Navigation Acts and the Anglo-Dutch wars. We will thus explore how Grotius's version of the law of nations -- before it was retrospectively converted into a cornerstone of liberal internationalism -- was entangled in concrete disputes between rival imperial projects.

This paper focuses on the processes of migrant labour exploitation which are crucial for capitalist growth and the inequalities they generate. Ethnographic research conducted in different sites across India shows how patterns of seasonal labour migration are driven by class relations marked by hierarchies of identity (caste and tribe) and the spatial geopolitics of internal colonialism (region) – differences that are mobilised for accumulation. Labour migration scholarship has mainly explored sites of production. We extend recent social reproduction theory (SRT) and an older literature on labour migration and reproduction to argue that the intimate relationship between production and social reproduction is crucial to the exploitation of migrant labour and that this means we have to place centre‐stage the analysis of invisible economies of care which take place across spatiotemporally divided households, both in the place of migration and in the home regions of migrants. Furthermore, we develop recent work on SRT and migration to argue that an analysis of kinship (gender over generations, not just gender) is crucial to these invisible economies of care. This analysis is important in showing the machinations of capitalist growth and for political alternatives.

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- Acknowledgments -- General Introduction: Readings in Imperialism and Orientalism -- Volume Introduction: The Scramble for Africa -- I . THE BERLIN CONFERENCE 1885: MAKING/MAPPING HISTORY -- Introduction: The Scramble for Africa: From the Conference at Berlin to the Incident at Fashoda -- Chronology of Events -- Africa in 1886: The Scramble Half Complete [map] -- Africa after the Scramble, 1912 [map] -- Africa 1898, with Charter Companies [map] -- Excerpts from Heart of Darkness -- Africa -- General Act of the Conference of Berlin -- ''The Black Baby'' (1894) [illustration] -- International Rivalry and the Berlin Conference -- ''The 'Irrepressible' Tourist'' (1885) [illustration] -- Excerpt from ''The Modern Traveller'' -- The Fashoda Incident -- Geography and Statecraft -- ''Marchez! Marchand!'' (1898) [illustration] -- Excerpt from Travels in Africa during the Years 1882–1886 -- ''Africa Shared Out'' (1899) [editorial with cartoon] -- II. THE BODY POLITIC : RATIONALIZING RACE -- Introduction: The Body Politic: Rationalizing Race -- SLAVES -- The African Slave Trade -- William Pitt the Younger Indicts the Slave Trade and Forsees a Liberated Africa -- The Nigger Question -- The Noble Savage -- SPECIES -- Moral and Intellectual Characteristics of the Three Great Varieties -- Struggle for Existence -- On the Formation of the Races of Man -- Excerpt from ''Darwin'' -- Comparative Physiognomy -- Excerpts from The Future of Science -- SELF-GOVERNANCE -- Nation-Making -- The Primitive Man—Intellectual -- The Principles of the Relations of Our Civilization to the Tropics -- Excerpts from Kafir Socialism -- How the Leopard Got His Spots -- III. THE POLITICAL CORPS -- THE MISSION -- Introduction: The Mission: Christianity, Civilization, and Commerce -- Excerpts from Salvation Army Songs -- Dr. Livingstone's Cambridge Lectures -- Excerpts from How I Found Livingstone -- Livingstone's Journeys, 1841–1856 [map] -- Preparing the Empire: Livingstone and Stanley in Central Africa -- In Memory of Dr. Livingstone -- Dr. Livingstone -- Influence of Christianity upon Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races -- The Bishop and the Philosopher -- Excerpts from The Surplus -- Excerpts from The Salvation Army British Empire Exhibition Handbook -- The Administration: Lugard and the royal niger company -- Introduction: Inheritors of Empire, Agents of Change: Lord Lugard and Mary Kingsley -- Royal Charter Granted to the National African Company, Later Called the Royal Niger Company -- Selected Correspondence: The Royal Niger Company -- Exerpts from The Diaries of Lord Lugard: Nigeria -- Duties of Political Officers and Miscellaneous Subjects -- Excerpts from The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa -- The Clash of Cultures -- A Letter to the Editor of ''The New Africa'' -- Excerpts from A Tropical Dependency -- The Administration: Cecil J. Rhodes And The British South Africa Company -- INTRODUCTION Cecil J. Rhodes: Colossus or Caricature? -- Excerpt from Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland -- ''The Rhodes Colossus'' (1892) [illustration] -- ''My Career Is Only Beginning!'' (1896) [illustration] -- ''South Africa before and after Cecil Rhodes'' (1896) [map] -- We Abandon Hope -- My Uncle's Gift Is Many Times Multiplied -- Excerpts from The Speeches of Cecil Rhodes 1881–1900 -- Excerpts from Men, Mines, and Animals in South Africa -- Personal Reminiscences of Mr. Rhodes -- The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes -- The Burial -- IV. CRISES OF EMPIRE -- Gordon at Khartoum -- Introduction: Gordon at Khartoum: From Cavil to Catastrophe -- Chronology of Events -- Excerpts from The Journals of Major-General C. G. Gordon, C. B. at Kartoum -- ''At Last!'' (1885) [illustration] -- ''Too Late!'' (1885) [illustration] -- Letters to Mary Gordon -- The End of General Gordon -- Relief Expedition -- Excerpts from Gordon at Khartoum -- The Desertion of General Gordon -- Excerpt from In Relief of Gordon -- Excerpt from Fire and Sword in the Sudan -- The Siege and Fall of Khartum -- Act the Fifth: The End -- ''Fuzzy-Wuzzy'' -- The Graphic Christmas Number, 1887 -- ''Gordon's Dream—The Martyr-Hero of Khartoum'' (1887) [illustration] -- The Anglo-Boer war -- Introduction: The Boer War: Accusations and Apologias -- Excerpt from An English–South African's View of the Situation -- ''Across the Dark Continent'' (1899) [illustration] -- Excerpt from A History of the Transvaal -- Political Position in Cape Colony -- The Absent-Minded Beggar -- Mr Thomas Atkins -- D. F. Advertiser. Kimberley, friday, february 16, 1900 -- Excerpt from Report of a Visit to the Camps of Women and Children in the Cape and Orange River Colonies -- Excerpt from What I Remember -- Prisoners of War -- Methods of Barbarism -- Suggestions for a New Departure -- Further Charges against British Troops -- Excerpt from Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 29 July 1899 -- Treaty of Vereeniging, 31 May 1902 -- The Congo -- Introduction: The Congo: Abominations and Denunciations -- The Congo State -- The Congo Report -- The 1903 Diary -- An Open Letter to Roger Casement -- Native Life under Congo State Rule -- Excerpts from History of the Congo Reform Movement -- An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty Leopold II -- King Leopold's Soliloquy -- Excerpts from The Crime of the Congo -- ''The Guilt of Delay'' (1909) [illustration] -- INDEX

The article describes the phenomenon of identity and its manifestations in a globalized world. An attempt is made to determine the peculiarities of search for cultural archetypes in the context of regional specifics of the world and Ukrainian realities in particular. The deep role of culture in modern modernization processes is pointed out. The main elements of transformational changes in Ukrainian society and the coordinates of the new socio-cultural reality are analyzed. The aim is to analyze the main features of the manifestation of national identity in the globalized world and the role of culture in modern socio-cultural processes of Ukraine and the world. Among the tasks there is a description of the peculiarities of transformational changes in Ukrainian society and the role of culture in modernization transformations.Research methodology. The authors used philosophical-theoretical, historical-comparative methods. Systematization of specific manifestations of cultural phenomena and analysis of elements of social reality were made.Results. The article analyzes the main forms of national identity and their manifestations in socio-cultural transformations in different countries. The peculiarities of the cultural level in carrying out democratic transformations are determined. An idea is proposed that the remote internal cause of sensitivity of the Ukrainian social life towards the various external influences is lack of systemic cultural imperialism, which could serve both as a shield for external influences and as a value axis to avoid a danger of internal centrifugal destruction. Novelty. An attempt is made to show the importance of cultural values and archetypes in the analysis of the preconditions and prospects for the modernization of modern socio-cultural space and the choice of effective activity strategies.The practical significance. The results of the study can be used in the analysis of leading trends in the global world and in solving specific regional problems. ; Статья посвящена исследованию феномена идентичности и ее проявления в современном глобализованном мире. Осуществлена попытка определения особенностей поиска культурных архетипов в контексте региональной специфики мира и украинских реалий в частности. Указывается на глубинную роль культуры в современных модернизационных процессах. Анализируются основные элементы трансформационных изменений в украинском обществе и координаты новой социокультурной реальности в век постмодерна. Цель статьи: изучить главные особенности прояления национальной идентичности в глобализованном мире и роли культуры в современных социокультурных процессах в Украине и в мире.Содержание полученных результатов. Отмечается, что после провозглашения независимости в Украине происходят трансформации, которые под. влиянием внутренних и внешних факторов совмещают элементы различных политических режимов, экономических укладов, культурные стереотипы былых и нынешних эпох. Эти влияния способны стимулировать рост регионалистских и сепаратистских настроений и движений внутри государства.Выдвинут тезис о том, что отдаленной внутренней причиной результативности этих влияний является отсутствие системного культурного империализма, который бы выступал в качестве «защитной оболочки» по отношению к воздействиям извне и в качестве консолидирующего ценностного стержня, способного сдерживать внутренние центробежные тенденции (регионализм, сепаратизм и т.п.).Делается вывод о том, что, несмотря на недостаток на уровне госинститутов, идеологии, политических стратегий профессионализма, компетентности и видения новых вызовов, стоящих перед Украиной, возможности для демократического решения социально-экономических проблем и развития гражданского общества не исчерпаны. Положительные сдвиги в стране возможны только при условии учета ее ментальных традиций, что актуализирует и обуславливает практическую значимость изучения вопросов идентичности и роли культуры в этом контексте. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу феномену ідентичності та її проявів у сучасному глобалізованому світі. Здійснено спробу визначити особливості пошуку культурних архетипів у контексті регіональної специфіки світу та українських реалій зокрема. Вказується на глибинну роль культури в сучасних модернізаційних процесах. Аналізуються основні елементи трансформаційних змін в українському суспільстві та координати нової соціокультурної реальності в добу постмодерну. Мета статті: дослідити головні особливості прояву національної ідентичності в глобалізованому світі та ролі культури в сучасних соціокультурних процесах України і світу.Зміст отриманих результатів. Зазначено, що після проголошення незалежності в Україні відбуваються трансформаційні зміни, які під впливом зовнішніх і внутрішніх чинників поєднують у собі елементи різних політичних режимів, економічних укладів, культурні стереотипи давніх і сучасних епох. Ці впливи здатні стимулювати зростання регіоналістських та сепаратистських настроїв і рухів усередині держави. Висунуто тезу, що віддаленою внутрішньою причиною результативності цих впливів став брак системного культурного імперіалізму, який би поставав у якості своєрідної «захисної оболонки» щодо зовнішніх впливів і в якості консолідуючого ціннісного стрижня, здатного стримувати внутрішні відцентрові тенденції (регіоналізм, сепаратизм, тощо).Зроблено висновок, що попри брак фаховості, компетентності і бачення нових викликів перед Україною на рівні державних інститутів, ідеології, політичних стратегій сьогодні не вичерпано можливості для демократичного вирішення суспільно-економічних проблем та розвитку громадянського суспільства. Позитивні зрушення в країні можливі лише за умови врахування її ментальних традицій, що актуалізує і зумовлює практичне значення вивчення питань ідентичності та ролі культури в цьому контексті.

This thesis concerns the connections Irish socialist women made to radical individuals, groups and movements from the 1900s to the 1940s (see Figure 1: 'Mapping Feminist Connections to Radicalism' which follows). This is a biographical study which aims to expose these connections through the activist lives of ten Irish socialist women; Constance Markievicz (1868-1927), Eva Gore-Booth (1870-1926), Hanna Sheehy Skeffington (1877-1946), Rosamond Jacob (1888-1960), Patricia Lynch (1894-1973), Sighle Humphreys (1899-1994), Kathleen Lynn (1874- 1955), Nora Connolly O'Brien (1892-1981), Charlotte Despard (1844-1939), and Helena Molony (1883-1967). The thesis aims to foreground the voices and diverse experiences of Irish socialist women to counter assumptions within the historical record. Therefore, the purpose of the project is to reveal Irish feminists' identification with socialism, as well as the breadth of radical interests and causes they pursued across their sustained and productive political lives. The study explores thematically their backgrounds and politicisation through the prerevolutionary counterculture. It examines how they diversely engaged with the suffrage campaign from 1908 until 1923. The thesis then shifts focus and traces Irish socialist women's connections with the international left through major discourses in international socialism. It follows Irish socialist women's personal experiences of violence through a decade of social and political upheaval (1913-1923). The dynamic development of these insights into a resistance to militarism is investigated. The diffusiveness of feminism in Irish feminists' engagement with republicanism and communism in the Irish anti-imperialist movement is explored. At the forefront of their politics in the 1920s and 1930s, anti-imperialism provided a space for this group of women to expand feminist consciousness in their attempts to gender socialist republicanism. They were also active organising in the unemployed movement, supporting Soviet Russia, and through anti-fascist activism in support of the Spanish Republicans. The Spanish Civil War marked the end of their political journeys and a 2 decline in interwar radicalism as the approaching Second World War changed the landscape of the left. This study about Irish socialist women asks questions about the wider phenomena of Irish feminisms; the assumptions made about it, the ways we can (re)define it, and how we should historicise it. What do the interactions between Irish socialist women and radicalism say about the relationship between feminism and social change? How do the unconventional backgrounds and diverse political identities of Irish socialist women affect who is included within the description 'Irish feminist'? This study investigates how Irish women attempted to fuse the claims of class, gender and nation, and the implications these experiments have for understanding the assumption that division was an overwhelming dynamic in Irish feminism. The thesis interrogates whether Irish socialist women were able to develop a woman-focused politics in Irish socialism, and what this can tell us about the relationship between feminist ideas and activism. The study also explores the implications of this relationship for exploring the boundaries of Irish feminism, and whether Irish socialist women were a radicalising influence on Irish feminism. The implications that a biographical focus has for expanding the historical understandings of Irish feminisms are explored. Focusing on the biographical sources foregrounds the activist experiences of Irish socialist women to expose the range of connections they made; to each other, to leftwing individuals, groups and movements. This biographical study of Irish socialist feminism provides an alternative lens through which to view Irish feminism and shift the historical narrative. The privileging of immediate narratives, such as letters, diaries, and eyewitness accounts, draws attention to how Irish socialist women balanced competing claims on their political identity, made alliances and formed a new feminist dynamic through their everyday activist encounters. Therefore, this thesis makes conclusions about how biography shifts the perception of nationalism as the dominant movement with which feminists interacted, towards socialist alliances and the broader counterculture which facilitated these complex 3 interconnections. The presence of a group of Irish socialist women identified in this study lends Irish feminism a more inclusive quality than has previously been assumed. The thesis documents the fluid and shifting approaches Irish socialist women took towards the different political choices they made, and this suggests the dynamic quality of Irish socialist feminism necessary to overcoming tensions and building alliances. Irish socialist feminists' gendering of radicalism through domestic discourses highlights the presence of a broadening feminist consciousness and the diffusiveness of Irish feminism. The radicalising impact of Irish socialist women on Irish feminism is evidenced through the expansion of suffrage demands by 1923. Irish socialist women's interwar radicalism extends the usual historical timeframe beyond suffrage and nationalist accounts, and establishes a persistent feminist presence across the first half of the twentieth century. All of these conclusions relate to how Irish socialist women's lives indicate an interactivity, plurality, dynamism, diffusiveness and persistence presence to Irish feminism, changing how we perceive the history of Irish feminism.

Rarely spoken in the same breath, the loaded terms of trauma and utopia serve as provocations to rethink how shared histories of struggle call new collectives into being. This dissertation examines the generative tension between trauma and utopia in Black and Latin@ queer performance texts from the 1960s to the present. In so doing, it offers a theoretical model I term "traumatic utopia," or the use of historical traumas as the raw material for generating concrete utopias in creative and activist spaces. By focusing on what Josefina Báez calls "that very concrete utopia," I look to how participatory performance practices do not model a utopian future but actually create the space in which transformation becomes possible. My use of utopia, then, is not unbounded or existential but about discrete settings—in the theatre, in the cultural studies classroom, in the performance workshop structure—that collaboratively enable other visions of collective sociality and healing. Traumatic utopias exist in creative spaces as a site for social transformation through the power of art to expose the root of suffering, not a spectacle of sufferers, to provoke rather than pacify audiences into enacting visions of liberation in their own lives—in ways often illegible to the demands of mainstream representation or state recognition. In the so-called post-Civil Rights era social actors often locate trauma in a static past, and reduce utopia to a fantasy informed by naïve investments in change. This dissertation intervenes in cultural and critical discourses of trauma by arguing that remembering and mourning are not incompatible with healing, hope, and transformation. Through interdisciplinary analysis of a rich performance archive, my project shifts conversations about trauma in queer and critical race theory away from a politics of (spectacularized) hopelessness and toward the everyday transformation of social realities constituted in struggle. While never losing sight of the institutional, I pay close attention to the way power operates and circulates between bodies at the level of the quotidian. This project thus bridges the divide between analyses that emphasize the institutional at the expense of the individual and those that romanticize agency at the risk of neglecting the devastating effects of power. That is to say, the critique of institutional trauma and the imagination of liberatory possibilities both provide vital optics for art and activism. Building on Black and Chicana feminist queer traditions of self-definition in the face of trauma, each chapter centralizes social life and spirituality against the grain of a ubiquitous politics of hopelessness—from plays that address Emmett Till's sonic legacy and #BlackLivesMatter, explored in Chapter 1; to Black feminist revolutionary theatre, explored in Chapters 2 and 3; to digital activism and tactical poetry along the Mexico/U.S. border, explored in Chapter 4. In addition, an epilogue reflects on the Afro Latin@ utopian imagination. The Black/Latin@ queer performance literature I close read attends equally to the very real violences and daily lived traumas of imperialism, colonialism, sexism, and racism, and the need for imagining other ways to be in the world. I define performance literature broadly as texts that exist on the page and stage (plays, ensemble pieces, choreopoems and other works that combine dance, gesture, music, and spoken word)—materializing in and between situated bodies. A genre by definition meant to be read aloud and to transform (in) provisional communities, I take seriously the work of performance literature in shaping and transforming reading publics, particularly when classroom and other communal spaces negotiate texts collectively. My reading of performance (as) literature centers the critical methodologies of literary and cultural studies more than theatre studies per se. Pedagogy also informs this approach: I have taught all of the texts assembled here so my readings reflect, sometimes explicitly, how classrooms can operate like theatre spaces. In examining performance texts that generate new social modalities, I remain attentive to each work's reception history and cultural context to assess the stakes of its political juncture. This constellation of works rethinks the discursive limits of trauma alongside abolitionist politics and utopian poetics of social upheaval. Amidst dystopian realities, Black and Latin@ performance literature contends with the structural traumas of global racial capital to forge queer networks of creative solidarity that imagine and inhabit a livable social world. Against the colonialist imposition of borders, nations, binaries, walls, and cages, utopian visions activate the abolitionist demands of cultural producers who seek the dissolution of oppressive institutions. In the face of state violence exist possibilities for speaking truth to power, for mobilizing around social issues, and for creating spaces to grieve personal and shared traumas. Performance literature can be a rich site for all three of these aims: the creation of alternative forms of knowledge production, grassroots coalitional work, and community healing. In exploring performance's unique possibilities for social transformation, this project demonstrates that understanding trauma as institutional, not exceptional, unearths cultural silences around its experience, as well as creates a more inclusive and urgent space for its articulation.

A trailblazing look at the historical emergence of a global field in contemporary art and the diverse ways artists become valued worldwidePrior to the 1980s, the postwar canon of "international" contemporary art was made up almost exclusively of artists from North America and Western Europe, while cultural agents from other parts of the world often found themselves on the margins. The Global Rules of Art examines how this discriminatory situation has changed in recent decades. Drawing from abundant sources—including objective indicators from more than one hundred countries, multiple institutional histories and discourses, extensive fieldwork, and interviews with artists, critics, curators, gallerists, and auction house agents—Larissa Buchholz examines the emergence of a world-spanning art field whose logics have increasingly become defined in global terms.Deftly blending comprehensive historical analyses with illuminating case studies, The Global Rules of Art breaks new ground in its exploration of valuation and how cultural hierarchies take shape in a global context. The book's innovative global field approach will appeal to scholars in the sociology of art, cultural and economic sociology, interdisciplinary global studies, and anyone interested in the dynamics of global art and culture

"Scott Douglas Gerber reveals that America has been devoted to the free exercise of religion since well before the First Amendment was ratified. An important contribution to the history of colonial America and religious liberty, this work will interest scholars of history, political science, and the law of religious freedom"--