Suchergebnisse

This thesis studies the relationship between international law and the constitutional law of post-conflict States. This relationship can be summed up as the active influence of international law on the constitutional order of post-conflict States. Peace administrations, which deconstruct conflicts and pacify territories, represent, exceptionally, the entry point of international law into the internal legal order or even disorder that it temporarily replaces. The writing and adoption of post-conflict constitutions, in conformity with international constitutional law (human rights, democracy, the rule of law, international peace and security, etc.), is the way out for international peace administrators. They facilitate the transfer of power to the new state authorities, responsible for implementing the internationalized crisis exit constitution. Unfolding in time and space, international peace law has become a vector for the expansion of global constitutionalism. Peace processes, governed by international peace law, promote the inclusion of fundamental international norms in post-crisis constitutions. This constitutionalization of international law at the domestic level has become a tool for conflict resolution and prevention through law. They give rise to a problematic that revolves around three lines of research: (1) the constitutional framework of peace administrations; (2) the internationalization of the writing of national constitutions; and (3) the implementation of internationalized constitutions in the internal legal order. ; Cette thèse étudie les rapports entre le droit international et le droit constitutionnel des États post-conflits. Ces rapports se résument à l'influence active du droit international sur l'ordre constitutionnel des États post-conflits. Les administrations de paix, qui déconstruisent les conflits et pacifient les territoires, représentent, exceptionnellement, la porte d'entrée du droit international dans l'ordre voire dans le désordre juridique interne auquel il se substitue ...

This thesis studies the relationship between international law and the constitutional law of post-conflict States. This relationship can be summed up as the active influence of international law on the constitutional order of post-conflict States. Peace administrations, which deconstruct conflicts and pacify territories, represent, exceptionally, the entry point of international law into the internal legal order or even disorder that it temporarily replaces. The writing and adoption of post-conflict constitutions, in conformity with international constitutional law (human rights, democracy, the rule of law, international peace and security, etc.), is the way out for international peace administrators. They facilitate the transfer of power to the new state authorities, responsible for implementing the internationalized crisis exit constitution. Unfolding in time and space, international peace law has become a vector for the expansion of global constitutionalism. Peace processes, governed by international peace law, promote the inclusion of fundamental international norms in post-crisis constitutions. This constitutionalization of international law at the domestic level has become a tool for conflict resolution and prevention through law. They give rise to a problematic that revolves around three lines of research: (1) the constitutional framework of peace administrations; (2) the internationalization of the writing of national constitutions; and (3) the implementation of internationalized constitutions in the internal legal order. ; Cette thèse étudie les rapports entre le droit international et le droit constitutionnel des États post-conflits. Ces rapports se résument à l'influence active du droit international sur l'ordre constitutionnel des États post-conflits. Les administrations de paix, qui déconstruisent les conflits et pacifient les territoires, représentent, exceptionnellement, la porte d'entrée du droit international dans l'ordre voire dans le désordre juridique interne auquel il se substitue ...

This thesis studies the relationship between international law and the constitutional law of post-conflict States. This relationship can be summed up as the active influence of international law on the constitutional order of post-conflict States. Peace administrations, which deconstruct conflicts and pacify territories, represent, exceptionally, the entry point of international law into the internal legal order or even disorder that it temporarily replaces. The writing and adoption of post-conflict constitutions, in conformity with international constitutional law (human rights, democracy, the rule of law, international peace and security, etc.), is the way out for international peace administrators. They facilitate the transfer of power to the new state authorities, responsible for implementing the internationalized crisis exit constitution. Unfolding in time and space, international peace law has become a vector for the expansion of global constitutionalism. Peace processes, governed by international peace law, promote the inclusion of fundamental international norms in post-crisis constitutions. This constitutionalization of international law at the domestic level has become a tool for conflict resolution and prevention through law. They give rise to a problematic that revolves around three lines of research: (1) the constitutional framework of peace administrations; (2) the internationalization of the writing of national constitutions; and (3) the implementation of internationalized constitutions in the internal legal order. ; Cette thèse étudie les rapports entre le droit international et le droit constitutionnel des États post-conflits. Ces rapports se résument à l'influence active du droit international sur l'ordre constitutionnel des États post-conflits. Les administrations de paix, qui déconstruisent les conflits et pacifient les territoires, représentent, exceptionnellement, la porte d'entrée du droit international dans l'ordre voire dans le désordre juridique interne auquel il se substitue temporairement. L'écriture et l'adoption des constitutions post-conflits, conformes au droit international constitutionnel (les droits humains, la démocratie, l'État de droit, la paix et sécurité internationales, etc.), représentent la porte de sortie des administrateurs de paix internationaux. Ceux-ci facilitent le transfert du pouvoir aux nouvelles autorités étatiques, chargées de mettre en œuvre la constitution de sortie crise internationalisée. Se déployant dans le temps et dans l'espace, le droit international de la paix est devenu un vecteur d'expansion du constitutionnalisme global. Les processus de paix, régis par le droit international de la paix, favorisent l'insertion des normes internationales fondamentales dans des constitutions de sortie de crise. Cette constitutionnalisation du droit international sur le plan interne est devenue un outil de règlement et de prévention des conflits par le droit. Ils suscitent une problématique qui s'articule autour de trois axes de recherche : (1) le cadre constitutionnel des administrations de paix ; (2) l'internationalisation de l'écriture des constitutions nationales ; et (3) la mise en œuvre des constitutions internationalisées dans l'ordre juridique interne.

International audience ; The twin development of the Internet and information technology, the globalisation of international economic exchanges, has changed the classic pattern of commercial relations and led to the emergence of new types of contracts. Indeed, national legislations and International conventions are trying to adapt to this evolution, but the characteristics of the Internet and its particularities, especially its dematerialization and internationality, thwart the localizing logic of international Private law. Consequently, internet actors are trying to establish adequate rules that are better adapted to the electronic environment. It is in this perspective that this article analyses the problem of applicable law in the international electronic contract. ; Le développement jumelé de l'internet et de l'informatique, tout comme la mondialisation des échanges économiques Internationales, ont changé le schéma classique des relations commerciales et conduis à l'émergence de nouveaux types de contrats. En effet, les législations nationales et les conventions internationales essayent de s'adapter à cette évolution. Cependant, les caractéristiques de l'internet et ses particularités, notamment sa dématérialisation et l'internationalité, contrarient la logique localisatrice du droit International Privé. Par conséquent, les acteurs de l'internet tentent d'instaurer des règles adéquates qui s'adaptent mieux à l'environnement électronique. C'est dans cette optique que cet article fait l'analyse de la problématique de droit applicable dans le contrat électronique Internationale.

International audience ; The current concern, in the number of local or international conflicts, where there are problems of reconciliation, collective identity, political, security, economic and environmental interdependencies is in favour of a closer look at these issues, which can only encourage such international negotiations. International negotiation is a complex and specific decision-making process in which people tend to find a common agreement instead of acting unilaterally. A privileged tool of exchange between people, of the adjustment of their points of view, of the coexistence of their social identities and of the resolution of their conflicts, international negotiation is one of the most fundamental springs of life. Moreover, international negotiation of all types (diplomatic, political, commercial, cultural, economic, and environmental) is affected by cultural phenomena: the differences in goals and objectives that separate negotiators are added here, a cultural difference, which can make them difficult and opaque. Culture greatly influences the process, communication, cognition, motivation and actions of the protagonists. Knowledge of the cultural peculiarities of the opposing party could have a positive effect on the perception of the country and on the communication of negotiators and the search for solutions, on the other hand, its ignorance or negligence can lead to complications, risks of disagreements or interruptions of negotiation, etc. Moreover, the international negotiator is in a position of the interface of two relations that with his own country and that with the opposing party. His dilemma here, caught between conflicting objectives, is to defend the positions of his own country, his own interests and reach an agreement with the opposing party. During long or short discussions at the negotiating table, he must propose new solutions, try to change expectations, adapt strategies, styles and tactics and, at the same time, exchange ideas with his adversary to reach a mutually acceptable ...

International audience ; The current concern, in the number of local or international conflicts, where there are problems of reconciliation, collective identity, political, security, economic and environmental interdependencies is in favour of a closer look at these issues, which can only encourage such international negotiations. International negotiation is a complex and specific decision-making process in which people tend to find a common agreement instead of acting unilaterally. A privileged tool of exchange between people, of the adjustment of their points of view, of the coexistence of their social identities and of the resolution of their conflicts, international negotiation is one of the most fundamental springs of life. Moreover, international negotiation of all types (diplomatic, political, commercial, cultural, economic, and environmental) is affected by cultural phenomena: the differences in goals and objectives that separate negotiators are added here, a cultural difference, which can make them difficult and opaque. Culture greatly influences the process, communication, cognition, motivation and actions of the protagonists. Knowledge of the cultural peculiarities of the opposing party could have a positive effect on the perception of the country and on the communication of negotiators and the search for solutions, on the other hand, its ignorance or negligence can lead to complications, risks of disagreements or interruptions of negotiation, etc. Moreover, the international negotiator is in a position of the interface of two relations that with his own country and that with the opposing party. His dilemma here, caught between conflicting objectives, is to defend the positions of his own country, his own interests and reach an agreement with the opposing party. During long or short discussions at the negotiating table, he must propose new solutions, try to change expectations, adapt strategies, styles and tactics and, at the same time, exchange ideas with his adversary to reach a mutually acceptable ...

International audience The current concern, in the number of local or international conflicts, where there are problems of reconciliation, collective identity, political, security, economic and environmental interdependencies is in favour of a closer look at these issues, which can only encourage such international negotiations. International negotiation is a complex and specific decision-making process in which people tend to find a common agreement instead of acting unilaterally. A privileged tool of exchange between people, of the adjustment of their points of view, of the coexistence of their social identities and of the resolution of their conflicts, international negotiation is one of the most fundamental springs of life. Moreover, international negotiation of all types (diplomatic, political, commercial, cultural, economic, and environmental) is affected by cultural phenomena: the differences in goals and objectives that separate negotiators are added here, a cultural difference, which can make them difficult and opaque. Culture greatly influences the process, communication, cognition, motivation and actions of the protagonists. Knowledge of the cultural peculiarities of the opposing party could have a positive effect on the perception of the country and on the communication of negotiators and the search for solutions, on the other hand, its ignorance or negligence can lead to complications, risks of disagreements or interruptions of negotiation, etc. Moreover, the international negotiator is in a position of the interface of two relations that with his own country and that with the opposing party. His dilemma here, caught between conflicting objectives, is to defend the positions of his own country, his own interests and reach an agreement with the opposing party. During long or short discussions at the negotiating table, he must propose new solutions, try to change expectations, adapt strategies, styles and tactics and, at the same time, exchange ideas with his adversary to reach a mutually acceptable ...

despite the conclusions of the liberal analysis, war and militarism appear in international economic relations because interests between states are often divergent. The sharing of rents of raw materials and the concrete conditions for economic competition create many opportunities for conflict. Under certain conditions, war is still an interesting situation and an opportunity for certain economic and political interests. The globalisation of international flows of goods, capital and information poses major risks, including shortages of food and raw materials, systemic financial crises and global cyber attacks. ; International audience This article questions the persistence of militarism in a globalized economy, contrary to the conclusions of the liberal economic theory. Globalization even seems to generate new sources of international conflict and new ways of waging war. ; despite the conclusions of the liberal analysis, war and militarism appear in international economic relations because interests between states are often divergent. The sharing of rents of raw materials and the concrete conditions for economic competition create many opportunities for conflict. Under certain conditions, war is still an interesting situation and an opportunity for certain economic and political interests. The globalisation of international flows of goods, capital and information poses major risks, including shortages of food and raw materials, systemic financial crises and global cyber attacks. ; Malgré les conclusions de l'analyse libérale, la guerre et le militarisme s'invitent dans les relations économiques internationales parce que les intérêts entre les Etats sont souvent divergents. Le partage des loyers des matières premières et les conditions concrètes de la concurrence économique créent de nombreuses opportunités de conflits. Dans certaines conditions, la guerre est toujours une situation intéressante et une opportunité pour certains intérêts économiques et politiques. La mondialisation des flux internationaux de ...

International audience ; The interactions between economics and security are complicated because economics and politics each have distinct logics, with different dynamics operating at independent speeds. The credit crisis is having a significant time-dependent impact on international security. States are forced to run budget deficits to maintain the balance of the financial system, while at the same time addressing oil and environmental issues. The alternative to global organisation by a dominant power is the creation of international public or non-governmental institutions. The moral imperative to maintain peace may be universally accepted, but a country's decision to participate is also based on national interest and the geostrategic dimension. The main strategic danger is that politicians, still preoccupied with national budgetary and financial crises, do not respond to potentially explosive international issues with the necessary speed and interest. ; Les interactions entre l'économie et la sécurité sont compliquées parce que l'économie et la politique ont chacune des logiques distinctes, avec des dynamiques différentes opérant à des vitesses indépendantes. La crise du crédit exerce des effets importants dé »calés dans le temps sur la sécurité internationale. Les Etats sont contraints d'engager un déficit budgétaire pour maintenir l'équilibre du système financier, tout en s'interrogeant sur les questions pétrolières et environnementales. L'alternative à l'organisation mondiale par une puissance dominante réside dans la création d'institutions internationales publiques ou non gouvernementales. L'impératif moral pour le maintien de la paix peut être universellement accepté mais la décision d'un pays de participer est aussi basée sur l'intérêt national et sur la dimension géostratégique. Le principal danger stratégique réside sans le fait que les hommes politiques, toujours préoccupés par les crises budgétaires et financières nationales, ne répondent pas aux questions internationales potentiellement explosives ...

La premiere edition de cet ouvrage, publiée sous le titre de Traité élémentaire de droit international privé, a été honorée d'une récompense part l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques (Concours Wolowski, 1888)." ; Mode of access: Internet.

International audience ; This article questions the persistence of militarism in a globalized economy, contrary to the conclusions of the liberal economic theory. Globalization even seems to generate new sources of international conflict and new ways of waging war. ; Malgré les conclusions de l'analyse libérale, la guerre et le militarisme s'invitent dans les relations économiques internationales parce que les intérêts entre les Etats sont souvent divergents. Le partage des loyers des matières premières et les conditions concrètes de la concurrence économique créent de nombreuses opportunités de conflits. Dans certaines conditions, la guerre est toujours une situation intéressante et une opportunité pour certains intérêts économiques et politiques. La mondialisation des flux internationaux de biens, de capitaux, mais aussi d'informations, entraîne des risques majeurs, notamment la pénurie de denrées alimentaires et de matières premières, les crises financières systémiques et les cyberattaques mondiales.

International audience ; This article questions the persistence of militarism in a globalized economy, contrary to the conclusions of the liberal economic theory. Globalization even seems to generate new sources of international conflict and new ways of waging war. ; Malgré les conclusions de l'analyse libérale, la guerre et le militarisme s'invitent dans les relations économiques internationales parce que les intérêts entre les Etats sont souvent divergents. Le partage des loyers des matières premières et les conditions concrètes de la concurrence économique créent de nombreuses opportunités de conflits. Dans certaines conditions, la guerre est toujours une situation intéressante et une opportunité pour certains intérêts économiques et politiques. La mondialisation des flux internationaux de biens, de capitaux, mais aussi d'informations, entraîne des risques majeurs, notamment la pénurie de denrées alimentaires et de matières premières, les crises financières systémiques et les cyberattaques mondiales.

The search of the law applicable to the company, lex societatis is a must because it isthis law which will depend on the rules of formation, operation and dissolution of thecompany. But the problem of determining the lex societatis in International Business Law isthe identification of a suitable method of attachment of cross-border companies on a nationalterritory. The transboundary nature of today's societies accentuates the conflict between thedifferent companies of connecting systems traditionally retained by the legislation. Theplurality of connecting corporate system is causing conflicts that standardization of the rulesof conflict of laws determining the lex societatis can be a solution.Company law should be a tool for business, not a hindrance to their development andtheir development. So to meet the needs of international business, besides the elimination ofbarriers to trade should be considered an adaptation of the contents of the current conflict oflaws rules that allow the determination of the lex societatis and a change of their source. ; La recherche de la loi applicable à la société, lex societatis, est incontournable carc'est de cette loi dont dépendront les règles de constitution, de fonctionnement et dedissolution de la société. Mais la problématique de la détermination de la lex societatis enDroit International des Affaires réside dans l'identification d'un mode adéquat derattachement des sociétés transfrontalières à un territoire national. Le caractère transfrontalierdes sociétés actuelles accentue le conflit entre les différents systèmes de rattachement dessociétés traditionnellement retenus par les législations. La pluralité de système derattachement des sociétés est à l'origine de conflits auxquels l'uniformisation de la règle deconflit de lois en matière de détermination de la lex societatis peut être une solution.Le droit des sociétés doit être un instrument au service des affaires, et non un frein àleur évolution et à leur développement. Ainsi pour répondre aux besoins des ...

As críticas às intervenções humanitárias têm aumentado nas últimas décadas, uma vez que o equilíbrio entre soberania e a possibilidade de intervenções no seio da Sociedade Internacional (SI) permanece complicado. O estabelecimento de um "sinal verde" para intervenções em quaisquer situações ditas humanitárias daria intensificaria o imperialismo das grandes potências; entretanto, um "sinal vermelho", resultando na impossibilidade de intervenções em todas as situações, seria um argumento absurdo, visto que existem situações de emergências humanitárias reais. A busca pelos melhores parâmetros de uma "luz amarela" é, portanto, um sério desafio, dadas as dificuldades em estabelecer os limites legais e políticos das respostas humanitárias. No entanto, não podemos conceber essa "luz amarela" sem entender que a ausência de neutralidade da SI em relação às intervenções humanitárias parece ser, na verdade, um mito hegemônico positivista. Desse modo, o objetivo mais importante deste artigo é demonstrar a presença da sociedade internacional antes, durante e depois dos conflitos, principalmente por meio de políticas neoliberais/neocoloniais. Para atingir esse objetivo, a Teoria Crítica e a Economia Política Internacional (EPI) serão fundamentais, assim como a estreita relação entre os campos de conhecimento do Direito Internacional (DI) e das Relações Internacionais (RI). Com base nesses preceitos metodológicos, destacaremos essa falta de neutralidade a partir da análise das intervenções humanitárias na Bósnia-Herzegovina e no Timor-Leste. O principal resultado desta pesquisa demonstra a presença de políticas neocoloniais no contexto do DI. Palavras-chave: Neocolonialismo; Neoliberalismo; Direito Internacional; Hegemonia; Intervenções Humanitárias. ; Criticism on humanitarian interventions has been increasing in recent decades, as the balance between sovereignty and interventions within International Society (IS) remains difficult. The establishment of a 'green light' for interventions for any so-called humanitarian situation would provide a free path to the imperialism of the great powers; however, a 'red light' resulting in the impossibility of interventions in all situations would be an absurd argument, since there are situations of real humanitarian emergencies. Searching for the best parameters of a 'yellow light' is thus a serious challenge, owing to the difficulties in establishing the legal and political boundaries of a humanitarian response. Nevertheless, we cannot envisage this 'yellow light' without comprehending that the absence of neutrality of the IS as concerns humanitarian interventions seems to be a positivist hegemonic myth. Therefore, the foremost objective of this article is to demonstrate the presence of international society before, during and after conflicts, particularly through neoliberal/neocolonial policies. To achieve this goal, Critical Theory and International Political Economy (IPE) will be essential, as well as the intrinsic relation between International Law and International Relations' scopes of knowledge. Based on these methodological precepts, we will highlight this lack of neutrality by analyzing the humanitarian interventions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Timor-Leste. The utmost result of this research highlights neo-colonial policies in DI's background.Keywords: Neocolonialism; Neoliberalism; International Law; Hegemony; Humanitarian Interventions.

The goal of this work is to understand how deep the commercial war between North America and Europe regarding the use of growth hormones in food-producing animals impacted institutional history of global food trade regulation. Between 1980 and the contemporary period (2016), several crises revealed the atypical nature of the European Union ban. As a result, the European Union views legitimacy was contested in the globalization context. The conflict takes places in several arenas. First of all, it constitutes an issue for Europe, which strived to find an interinstitutional agreement on how to legislate on growth hormones at the European level during the 80ies. Then, it has been one of the most talked about disagreements of the General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) and the World trade organization (WTO) negotiations from 1987 onwards. Finally, it involves the CodexAlimentarius Commission, the international organization in charge of setting food standards. In each of these institutions, the beef-hormones conflict management goes with important institutional changes: new specific units, working principles and procedures were created. Thus, my work aimed to precisely describe what consequences the beef-hormones conflict might have had on any of these institutions. As a result, I show how this specific case contributed to the instauration of internationalfood trade regulation.My work relies on a socio-historical inquiry based on diverse and rich empirical data, in order to cover the three aforesaid institutions between 1980 and 2016. I constituted a documentary corpus from institutional archives, and I performed about thirty sociological interviews. I spent several hundreds of hours realizing ethnographing observation, most of which being facilitated by my belonging to the ministry of agriculture's services. Analysis of this data emphasizes the transforming role of the beef-hormones conflict at an international scale. The conflict first convinced all the stakeholders that it was crucial to strengthen ...