by Lam Lai Ming, Regina, Tang Oi Tai. ; Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-66). ; Questionnaire also in Chinese. ; ABSTRACT --- p.ii ; TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv ; LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi ; LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.ix ; Chapter ; Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 ; Genes and GM Food --- p.1 ; Examples of GM Food Available in the Market --- p.2 ; Potential Benefits and Risks of GM Food --- p.2 ; Scientific Evidence for the Safety of GM Food --- p.5 ; The International Scene of GM Food Labeling System --- p.6 ; Pros and Cons of GM Food Labeling --- p.7 ; Consumers' Perception and Acceptance of GM Food --- p.9 ; Situation in Hong Kong --- p.11 ; Hong Kong Public´ةs Concern --- p.13 ; Chapter II. --- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY --- p.15 ; Research Objectives --- p.15 ; Methodology --- p.15 ; Research Design --- p.15 ; Questionnaire --- p.16 ; Data Collection --- p.17 ; Data Analysis Method --- p.17 ; Chapter III. --- FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS --- p.19 ; General Public's knowledge about / awareness of GM food --- p.19 ; Consumers' Perception and Attitudes towards GM Food and Traditionally Produced Food --- p.22 ; Quality --- p.25 ; Nutritional Value --- p.27 ; Price --- p.29 ; Safety of consumption --- p.31 ; Consumers' Purchasing Behavior --- p.34 ; To evaluate consumers' opinions and reactions to the GM Food labeling system in Hong Kong --- p.40 ; Profiles of the respondents --- p.43 ; Limitations --- p.46 ; Chapter IV. --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.48 ; For Government --- p.48 ; For GM Food Manufacturers --- p.50 ; For Suppliers --- p.51 ; APPENDIX --- p.53 ; BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.65
Δεν παρατίθεται περίληψη στα ελληνικά. ; Juan Suriano, Cultural practices and politics of the argentine anarchism The writer attempts to establish the basic characteristics of the argentine anarchism, analyze its cultural dimensions and show the limits of its strategies. The basic concepts of the anarchism in Argentina were developed during the years 1870-1920, within a constantly changing and cosmopolitan social environment, since it was in that period that the country became part of the international market place. The anarchists' discourse, being flexible and out of rigid structures, based on the principles of class heterodoxy, individualism and universality, as well as on the spontaneous action, achieved to interpret, during the years 1890-1910, not only the demands of the working class, but also the discontent and frustration of the lower classes and oppressed social groups, in general. The anarchists undertook the mission to «illuminate» and educate morally the working class, through the doctrinaire press and a network of a considerable number of circles, clubs and alternative schools, which offered not only economic help but also education and entertainment to the workers and their families. On the other hand, the constant rejection, by the anarchists, of the concepts of citizenship, representation and political participation had a negative effect on the popularity of the movement: because of the new political situation during the 1910s —in 1912 all men obtained the right to vote—, the working class changed its attitude towards the electoral process and got interested in the social measures taken by the radical governments of the period; as a result, the anarchism faced serious difficulties to attract the interest of the lower classes.
by Chan, Cheuk-Wah. ; Thesis submitted in: August 1997. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- p.1. ; Chapter 1.1.-- --- The main theme ; Chapter 1.2. -- --- Theoretical background ; Chapter 1.2.1. -- --- The proper role of the state in the economy ; Chapter 1.2.2. -- --- Conception of the development state ; Chapter 1.2.3. -- --- Politics of defining the role of the state ; Chapter 1.2.4. -- --- The relative autonomy of the state ; Chapter 1.2.5. -- --- "The ISH Model-- Institutions, Strategic actions of agents, Historical contingencies" ; Chapter 1.2.6. -- --- The ISH Model and the economic dynamics in Hong Kong ; Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- p.22. ; Chapter 2 -- --- "Historical Background, Contingency and International Hurricane (from the mid of 1940s to the mid 1950s)" ; Chapter 2.1. -- --- Introduction ; Chapter 2.2. -- --- Historical background ; Chapter 2.3. -- --- Conflicts between China and the West (Korean War and Cold War) ; Chapter 2.4. -- --- Hong Kong's fluctuating economy and the colonial minimal government ; Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- p.44. ; Chapter 3. --- The Dynamics of the Process of Economic Restructuring and the Strategies of the Industrialists (1950s-60s) ; Chapter 3.1. -- --- Introduction ; Chapter 3.2. -- --- The path of economic restructuring ; Chapter 3.2.1. -- --- Profile of textiles industry ; Chapter 3.2.2.-- --- rofile of clothing industry ; Chapter 3.2.3. -- --- Profile of toys and plastic industry ; Chapter 3.3.-- --- Strategies of the Chinese industrialists ; Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- p.62. ; Chapter 4. --- Hong Kong Government's Role and Selective Interventions in the Economy ; Chapter 4.1. -- --- Introduction ; Chapter 4.2. -- --- Monetary/fiscal policy with colonial bias ; Chapter 4.3. -- --- Housing policy ; Chapter 4.4. -- --- Investment and trade promotion ; Chapter 4.5. -- --- Land and infrastructure development ; Chapter 4.6. -- --- Influences on the prices and ...
So Ka Lok Carol. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-200). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction ; Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Research Puzzle --- p.4 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Research Questions and Major Thesis --- p.6 ; Chapter 1.4 --- Layout of the Thesis --- p.8 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review and Analytical Framework ; Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.12 ; Chapter 2.2 --- State Feminism and the Stetson and Mazur Model --- p.12 ; Chapter 2.3 --- The Macro Movement Dynamics: Political Opportunities Structure --- p.25 ; Chapter 2.4 --- The Micro Movement Dynamics: Framing Political Opportunities --- p.33 ; Chapter 2.5 --- Analytical Framework --- p.37 ; Chapter 2.6 --- Methodological Orientations --- p.44 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Women's Policy Machineries in Hong Kong: A Historical and Structural Overview ; Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.51 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Paving the Road --- p.51 ; Chapter 3.3 --- "The Equal Opportunities Commission: The ""Equality"" Project" --- p.55 ; Chapter 3.3.1 --- Appointment of Members: The Critical but Mysterious Process --- p.57 ; Chapter 3.3.2 --- EOC as Characterized by Investigation and Conciliation --- p.59 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Women's Commission: The Umbrella Organization --- p.60 ; Chapter 3.4.1 --- Actions of WoC --- p.62 ; Chapter 3.4.2 --- Appointment of WoC Members --- p.63 ; Chapter 3.4.3 --- The Structure of WoC: Following the International Pace? --- p.64 ; Chapter 3.4.4 --- Relationship Between EOC and WoC --- p.66 ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- Struggling for a Seat: Participation in the Political Arena ; Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.69 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Gaining an Entrance --- p.70 ; Chapter 4.2.1 --- The Significance of Gaining an Entrance --- p.79 ; Chapter 4.2.2 --- Obstacles in Entering the System --- p.81 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Collaborations and Participations with the System --- p.89 ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- Gender ...
Δεν παρατίθεται περίληψη στα ελληνικά. ; Maria Papathanassiou, Illegitimate Children and Foster Children in the Eastern Alps: Research Directions and Perspectives This article deals with the history of illegitimate and foster children (usually also illegitimate) in the region of Eastern Alps (Austria) between the mid-18th and the early 20th centuries. During that period these childrens' number, though not stable, remained considerably high in absolute and relative terms. The paper discerns three basic trends in literature on the subject and comments on their results: a) Studies related to an international historical debate on bastardy in Europe and trying to explain impressive statistical data by pointing to social and economic factors, such as the domination of animal husbandry, the system of inheritance, the family system, labour organization and the so-called «agricultural revolution» in Europe. b) Studies on legislation, on official politics regarding single mothers and illegitimate or foster children, as well as studies on public institutions taking care of illegitimate children and their mothers from the second half of the 18th century on. Austrian law did not provide clearly for illegitimate children until the civil code was enacted in 1811 and only in 1919 a new law came into being regarding illegitimate and foster children together. c) Studies in a «history from below» direction, regarding people and their experiences but clearly not dominating the field in terms of numbers as well as analytical breadth. This essay suggests a more systematic approach in this last direction, particularly by comparing social groups, for example illegitimate children with peasant children, illegitimate children in rural with illegitimate children in urban environments, illegitimate foster children with other foster children in rural Austria, single mothers born and grown up as illegitimate children themselves with single mothers born and grown up as peasant daughters etc.
Peng, Handa. ; "August 2011." ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-83). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.1 ; 摘要 --- p.2 ; Acknowledgements --- p.3 ; Introduction --- p.6 ; Chapter Section I --- Literature Review --- p.11 ; Theories on Sovereign Default --- p.11 ; Historical Case Studies on Sovereign Default --- p.15 ; Brief Summary on the Existing Theories and Empirical Cases --- p.16 ; Chapter Section II --- Historical Backgrounds --- p.21 ; Political Instability and Military Expenditures --- p.21 ; Fiscal Status during the rule of the Nanking Government --- p.22 ; Silver Standard and Currency Reform in 1935 --- p.26 ; Chapter Section III --- Sovereign Default and Restructuring Episodes of the Nanking Government --- p.29 ; Data --- p.29 ; Sovereign Debt as a Heritage --- p.30 ; Background Information of the Debts --- p.34 ; The Restructuring Episode --- p.37 ; Market Reactions --- p.42 ; Chapter Section IV --- Capital Market Access and Reputational Theories in the Restructuring Episode --- p.45 ; Access to the International Capital Market --- p.45 ; Relevance of the Traditional Reputational Model --- p.48 ; Signaling Model and Role of Reputation --- p.51 ; Chapter Section V --- Role of Sanctions in the Restructuring Episode --- p.57 ; Analytical Framework of the Sanctions Model --- p.57 ; Three Possible Channels of Direct Sanctions --- p.60 ; Chapter Section VI --- Informational Explanation of the Restructuring Episode --- p.64 ; A Practical Analytical Framework for the Informational Model --- p.64 ; Issue of Credibility and Currency Reform --- p.66 ; The Need for the Settlement of Old Debts --- p.68 ; Outcomes --- p.73 ; Summary --- p.77 ; Conclusion --- p.79 ; References --- p.81 ; Chapter Appendix I --- Basic information on Chinese sovereign bonds traded in the London Stock Exchange --- p.84 ; Chapter Appendix II --- Price of Chinese Sovereign Bonds traded in the London Stock Exchange --- p.86 ; Chapter Appendix III --- ...
Zhang, Jiayu. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-147). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.iiii ; Table of Contents --- p.viii ; List of Abbreviations --- p.ix ; List of Figures --- p.x ; List of Tables --- p.x ; Chapter Chapter I: --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1. 1 --- What happened to China´ةs SRB? --- p.1 ; Chapter 1. 2 --- Women´ةs Human Rights as important Human Rights --- p.3 ; Chapter 1. 3 --- SRB and Women´ةs Rights --- p.6 ; Chapter 1. 4 --- Research Purpose and Methods --- p.7 ; Chapter 1. 5 --- Research Outline --- p.17 ; Chapter Chapter II. --- The Particular Features in China´ةs SRB --- p.20 ; Chapter 2. 1 --- The Regional Features in SRB --- p.20 ; Chapter 2. 2 --- The Ethnic Features in SRB --- p.23 ; Chapter 2. 3 --- The Features by Birth Order --- p.24 ; Chapter Chapter III. --- The Causes of Imbalanced SRB --- p.26 ; Chapter 3. 1 --- The Proximal Causes --- p.26 ; Chapter 3. 2 --- The Fundamental Cause --- p.31 ; What Encourage son preference in China? --- p.32 ; Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cultural and Historical Factors --- p.33 ; Chapter 3.2.2 --- Economic Factors --- p.38 ; Chapter 3.2.3 --- Law and policy as a Structural Factor --- p.40 ; Political Silence --- p.42 ; Economic Subordination --- p.43 ; Sexual Subordination --- p.48 ; Birth Control --- p.50 ; Chapter Chapter IV. --- The Consequences of Imbalanced SRB from a Human Rights Perspective --- p.58 ; Human Rights Violation against Women in the SRB Issues --- p.59 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Rights Violations Which Cause the Distorted SRB --- p.59 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Rights Violations for Which the Abnormal SRB is a Cause --- p.66 ; Chapter 4.2.1 --- Trafficking in Women --- p.70 ; Chapter 4.2.2 --- Sexual Crimes --- p.72 ; Chapter 4.2.3 --- Women´ةs Civil and Political Rights --- p.73 ; Chapter Chapter V. --- Women´ةs Human Rights Mechanism and Domestic Measures Adopted to Control Abnormal SRB --- p.76 ; Chapter 5.1 --- The International Human Rights Fundamental for ...
Wu, Ka Ming. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-163). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i-iii ; Table of Content --- p.iv-v ; Abbreviations --- p.vi ; Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction: Women and Poverty in Hong Kong --- p.1 ; Poor Women: Where and Who are They? ; Research Purpose and Questions ; Research Methodology ; Some Research Reflections ; Chapter Chapter Two --- "Engendering the Question of Poverty: Power in Economy, State and Discourse" --- p.14 ; Women and Development under Economic Globalization ; Working Daughters Getting Old: The Hong Kong Case ; Hong Kong in the International Political Economy ; Poor Women: The Opposition of Workers and Citizens ; Welfare Perspectives: Three Different Theoretical Streams ; The Political Economy of Welfare State ; Feminist Critique of Welfare State ; Poor Women and Welfare Services in Hong Kong ; The Genealogy of Modern Power: Foucault on Power and Discourse ; Discourse Analysis ; Ideology versus Truth ; The Power of Gaze ; The Welfare Cut: The Poor as Objects of State Intervention ; Power/ Knowledge ; Chapter Chapter Three --- poor Women as Product of Economic Development: Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy --- p.45 ; Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy ; Poor Women after Economic Restructuring ; Reproductive Work Positions: Sliding Ranks and Salaries ; No Jobs for Poor Mothers ; Working Poor Mothers: Reconciling Paid Work and Family Responsibility ; Familialism and the Incorporation of Women as Labor ; Capitalist Production of Familialism ; The Matron Workers in the 1970s vs the Disabled Women in the 1990s ; Entering the Information Age in the late 1990s: Poor Women and Development ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter Four --- "Women, Poverty and the Welfare System in Hong Kong " --- p.72 ; Concern of Hong Kong Social Policy ; The Myth of Lassie-faire in Social Welfare ; Productivity: Philosophy of Hong Kong Social Welfare ; Single Mothers as Study ...
by Chan Tsz Fai. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-136). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; ABSTRACT --- p.iii ; 撮要 --- p.v ; TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi ; LIST OF TABLES --- p.x ; Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 ; Chapter CHAPTER II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.6 ; Contemporary IJVs in China --- p.6 ; Prior Analysis of IJV Partnership and Performance --- p.9 ; Definition of JVs Partnership --- p.9 ; Performance --- p.10 ; Relationship between Partnership and Performance --- p.10 ; Japanese Investment in China --- p.12 ; IJVs Problem in China: A Global Perspective --- p.15 ; Cultural Differences --- p.16 ; Language Barrier --- p.18 ; Cross Cultural Negotiation Style --- p.19 ; Management Style --- p.20 ; Government Policies --- p.22 ; Disparate Management Style between Foreign-Chinese IJVs Partnership --- p.23 ; Chinese Enterprises with Foreign Exchange Shortages --- p.25 ; Lack of Strong Technology Base of Chinese Enterprises --- p.26 ; Inadequate Infrastructure Support --- p.31 ; Hong Kong Firms' Advantage in Interconnecting Economic and Socio-Cultural Systems between the East and the West --- p.35 ; The Role of Hong Kong Companies: the Source of Boosting the Competitive Advantage of Future Foreign-Chinese Joint Venture --- p.35 ; Intermediary Organization --- p.37 ; Hong Kong: as an Economic Center for Trade and Investment to China --- p.40 ; The Japan --- p.41 ; China --- p.42 ; "Opportunities, Geographical Location and Human Factors have Brought About Hong Kong's Unique Status and Role in China's Opening Up" --- p.42 ; "Similarity Between Hong Kong, China and The West (Japan)" --- p.43 ; Trade Policy --- p.43 ; Language --- p.44 ; Geographical Proximity --- p.44 ; Infrastructure --- p.45 ; "Similarity in Cultural Systems Between Hong Kong, China and the West" --- p.45 ; Why the Intermediary Organization Formed: The Theory of International Trade in Intermediary Services --- p.50 ; Decentralization and Intermediation --- ...
New Vice-Chancellor to Install at the 34th Congregation; Ordinary Degrees Congregation Scheded for December 10; Vice-Chancellor Away; New Dean for Business Administration; New Professor in Chemical Pathology; Honorary Appointment; Re-appointment; Consurrent Appointment; Warden Appointment; Promotion; New Appointment; Acting Appointment; Resignation; Leave of Absence; Staff Vacancies; Local Education Allowance; \"Department Chairman\" as a Standardized Term; Rests of the 1987 Bachelor's Degree Examination; Staff News; Staff Development; Government Supports CAD/CAM Development ; New Construction Programmes; CU Hosted Third International Summer School and Symposium; Male Resident Tutor Openings at Postgraduate Hall; Art Gallery Closed for Renovation; Mandarin and Cantonese Courses for Staff and Spouses; Children Bus Service 1987/88; Registration of Electors; New Publications of the University Press; Visitors; 高錕校長就職典禮; 頒授各科學位典禮於十二月十日舉行; 馬臨校長離港出席會議; 工商管理學院新院長; 化學病理學系新任講座教授; 名譽職務; 續任; 兼任; 舍監委任; 榮升; 聘任; 署理職務; 辭職; 休假(三個月或以上); 職位空缺; 教職員子女本地教育津貼; 系主任英文名稱劃一採用 'DEPARTMENT CHAIRMAN'; 一九八七年度學士學位考試成績公佈; 教職員消息; 教職員進修消息; 政府資助兩大發展電腦輔助設計製造技術研究; 校園建設新發展; 本校主辦國際暑期研討會及會議; 研究院宿舍男導師宿位; 文物館閉館籌備新展覽; 教職員及配偶國粵語課程; 下學年度學童巴士服務; 選民登記; 大學出版社新書; 訪校嘉賓
Książka stanowi tom studiów autorstwa polskich i zagranicznych językoznawców poświęcony zmianom we współczesnych językach słowiańskich, szczególnie widocznym w słownictwie i słowotwórstwie. Uwzględnienie aspektu stylowo-funkcjonalnego w rozwoju leksyki pozwala lepiej zrozumieć dynamikę zmian językowych i skuteczność działań komunikacyjnych. Celowościowy i pragmatyczny charakter zachowań komunikacyjnych ujawnia się szeroko w uwzględnionych przez Autorów kontekstach społecznych, politycznych i kulturowych. Prace zostały pogrupowane w trzy działy tematyczne: - Zjawiska, procesy i tendencje rozwojowe w słownictwie specjalistycznym (terminologii); - Dynamika mechanizmów słowotwórczych i leksykalnych; - Zmiany leksykalne we współczesnej komunikacji językowej i dyskursie. Wyodrębnione działy pomagają uporządkować przedstawioną w tomie problematykę, wskazując na dominantę tematyczną w poszczególnych tekstach. Zakresy tych grup nie są jednak ostre, złożona i wielowarstwowa problematyka tendencji i zmian we współczesnym słownictwie słowiańskim jest omawiana w różnym stopniu w każdym z wydzielonych działów. W większości prac zastosowano podejście konfrontatywne, pozostałe stanowią podstawę do takiego ujęcia. Do badań wykorzystany został bogaty materiał języków słowiańskich: polskiego, czeskiego, słowackiego, białoruskiego, rosyjskiego, ukraińskiego, bułgarskiego, słoweńskiego, a także innych języków, jak np. nowogreckiego. ; This volume of studies by Polish and international linguists is devoted to changes in modern Slavic languages, which are especially noticeable in the spheres of vocabulary and word formation. Taking into consideration the stylistic and functional aspect of lexis development allows for a better understanding of the dynamics of language change and the efficacy of communicational acts. The purposeful and pragmatic character of communicational behaviour manifests itself widely in the social, political and cultural contexts considered by the Authors. The works comprising the volume are divided into three thematic sections: - Phenomena, processes and tendencies in the development of specialist lexis (terminology); - Word formation and lexical mechanisms dynamics; - Lexical change in modern language communication and discourse. The sections help organize the volume by highlighting the dominant theme in particular texts. The scopes of the sections are, nevertheless, not sharply delineated – each section is to an equal extent devoted to the complex and multifaceted subject-matter of the tendencies and changes in modern Slavic vocabulary. Most of the works comprised in the volume adopt a contrastive approach, the remaining ones can serve as bases for contrastive studies. The text analyse the rich material of the Slavic languages – Polish, Czech, Slovak, Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian and Slovene – as well as of other languages, like Modern Greek. ; Publikacja finansowana ze środków Instytutu Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Athena Syriatou, Duty and Instinct: History in Schools in Post-war Britain 1945-1995 This article deals with the moral role of history in post-war British education, by examining the relationship between the expectations of educationalists and intellectuals from history teaching at schools, and the actual changes which did occur in the classroom on the subject of history as a result of general changes in society and education. It argues that despite the intentions of the educationalists who saw history teaching as a means of promoting ideas which were considered necessary for the moral upbringing of the nation, these ideas very often never reached the classroom or they were considerably altered, demonstrating different ideological dynamics in British society. It initially focuses on the immediate post-war decade when international is educationalists were arguing for the need of history teaching which leads to a world citizenship. The idea of an internationalist approach on history contradicted the conservative, Britocentric, Whiggish history which was finally taught at schools during that period, since there were very few new books published, while civil servants from the Ministry of Education were concerned with the more urgent problems of schools which were affected by enemy action rather than new views on history teaching. The second period which is examined is the decade of mid sixties until mid seventies. Great changes were initiated then, to cover the disparity between the two tier system of education, with the introduction of comprehensive secondary schools, which at the time were considered to contribute to further démocratisation of the welfare state. The spirit of a more tolerant, affluent and democratic society led some educationalists to propose the expulsion of history from schools and its replacement with other humanities such as sociology and behavioural studies. However, history did remain at schools during that period and in many ways it incorporated the new ideas, creating the so called 'new history' with the efforts of the progressive, non traditionalist, and often leftist historians. Problems of implementation of the new history' appeared during the following years as a result of the difference of academic standards at schools which at this period comprehensive education could not eliminate. The final period which is examined is the decade of mid eighties until mid nineties when the New Right ideology was dominant in the political scene, while a National Curriculum for all schools was deemed necessary. Educational planners of the Conservative Party argued that history should teach again traditional values, which were, according to them, intrinsic to the British nation. However, the National Curriculum for History which was drafted by educationalists coming various convictions,(nevertheless appointed by the Conservative government), was closer to the beliefs of the new history' creators, rather than the beliefs and national values that the Conservatives initially wanted to promote. ; Athena Syriatou, Duty and Instinct: History in Schools in Post-war Britain 1945-1995 This article deals with the moral role of history in post-war British education, by examining the relationship between the expectations of educationalists and intellectuals from history teaching at schools, and the actual changes which did occur in the classroom on the subject of history as a result of general changes in society and education. It argues that despite the intentions of the educationalists who saw history teaching as a means of promoting ideas which were considered necessary for the moral upbringing of the nation, these ideas very often never reached the classroom or they were considerably altered, demonstrating different ideological dynamics in British society. It initially focuses on the immediate post-war decade when international is educationalists were arguing for the need of history teaching which leads to a world citizenship. The idea of an internationalist approach on history contradicted the conservative, Britocentric, Whiggish history which was finally taught at schools during that period, since there were very few new books published, while civil servants from the Ministry of Education were concerned with the more urgent problems of schools which were affected by enemy action rather than new views on history teaching. The second period which is examined is the decade of mid sixties until mid seventies. Great changes were initiated then, to cover the disparity between the two tier system of education, with the introduction of comprehensive secondary schools, which at the time were considered to contribute to further démocratisation of the welfare state. The spirit of a more tolerant, affluent and democratic society led some educationalists to propose the expulsion of history from schools and its replacement with other humanities such as sociology and behavioural studies. However, history did remain at schools during that period and in many ways it incorporated the new ideas, creating the so called 'new history' with the efforts of the progressive, non traditionalist, and often leftist historians. Problems of implementation of the new history' appeared during the following years as a result of the difference of academic standards at schools which at this period comprehensive education could not eliminate. The final period which is examined is the decade of mid eighties until mid nineties when the New Right ideology was dominant in the political scene, while a National Curriculum for all schools was deemed necessary. Educational planners of the Conservative Party argued that history should teach again traditional values, which were, according to them, intrinsic to the British nation. However, the National Curriculum for History which was drafted by educationalists coming various convictions,(nevertheless appointed by the Conservative government), was closer to the beliefs of the new history' creators, rather than the beliefs and national values that the Conservatives initially wanted to promote.
自1840年清廷與英國簽訂《南京條約》以來,長久以來東亞地區傳統國家對於人身的掌握方式以及以朝貢冊封作為手段所建立的天下秩序便日漸被削弱且重新被編入近代西方國際法秩序之中。在此過程中,當時的東亞各國,皆曾嘗試一方面遵行近代西方的國際法秩序,一方面使用西式的法律將自身塑造為符合西方意義下的近代國家以達到可以完全在其「國」內外掌控其臣民之人身並同時受到西方列強所承認的目的。而所謂的近代西方國際法秩序,特別是在其秩序下主權國家所代表的對外擁有獨立性以及對內之臣民與領土擁有排他性權力等特質,更被明治維新之後的日本政治家與知識分子視為是國體存在的憑藉與證明,是使日本得以與歐美列強建立平等外交關係的前提之一。換句話說,日本近代法秩序中具有明顯地使日本作為一個主權國家融入近代西方國際法秩序的企圖。 ; 然而自1890年《大日本帝國憲法》正式實施以來,日本先後在甲午戰爭以及日俄戰爭後領有臺灣與朝鮮。日本帝國在法律上所須支配的範圍不再僅限於日本列島,同時更包含了以上在帝國轄下這些地域的人身流動。在此種情況下,本研究企圖解決兩個問題,即:第一,當時什麼是「臺灣人」?而臺灣人在帝國內被日本政府以法律的方式賦予怎樣的法律地位?而這個法律地位在治安法律的適用上與帝國內的其他人群,特別是日本內地人之間又具有怎樣的差別,而其成因又是什麼?第二,當《治安維持法》作為當時日本帝國下日本與臺灣兩地域所共同擁有的治安法律時,帝國的裁判機構是如何根據帝國下各地域在地社會的情形而處理在各地域的治安法律案件的?而這些法院的判例又對於當時「臺灣人」族群意識的形成具有怎樣的影響?以及這些法律關係對於了解整個日本帝國的發展所具有的意義上有什麼幫助? ; 而經由本研究,筆者得出結論,認為帝國下的「臺灣人」的法律地位與其治安法律的適用是與日本帝國權力秩序之結構有著深刻的關係。而當時帝國權力秩序之結構事實上即是近代西方國際法秩序在東亞的滲透、天皇制國家的國體論述、兩地各自過往治安法律的實施背景,以及當時日本國內外的臨時事件的各個因素所形成的,並且影響了「臺灣人」作為一個族群意識的形成。 ; Ever since the mid-19th century, the traditional East Asian Hua Yi (華夷) system has been weakening and was re-incorporated into the modern Western world order because of the rise of the Western powers. This process not only broke the old ruling order (in East Asia connected through the Tribute system), but also made the East Asia countries greatly shaped by the new concept of the International Law, for example the equal status between all sovereign states and the sovereign states had exclusive authorities over their people and territories. In this trend, Japan, China, and other East Asian countries were to some extent, tried to not only comply with the order of the International Law, but also made themselves a sovereign state recognized by the Western powers in order to avoid their diplomatic intervention using the excuse of different concept of law. ; In this pursuit, the legal system, particularly the characteristics in the constitution that a country owning a constitution was independent from external interferences and superior to domestic affairs have attracted many Japanese intellectuals and politicians in the Meiji period (1868-1912). They ...