Suchergebnisse

The main reason for blaming the EU for not watching the regional reforms more often is based on the idea that the EU has a chance to stimulate and positively influence developments in Central Asia and Kazakhstan and to provide a democratic social model. Many analysts think the EU could use economic relations and business ties in the region for the sake of social development and vice versa arguing that social instability affects the EU business relations forcing Kazakhstani government to finally solve problems and execute necessary democratic reforms. For instance, Sebastien Peyrouse sees the following behavior: "In theory, Europe could make use of its business potential to help spread the social model it incarnates. The EU could thus choose to privilege business relations that commit the participants to ensuring certain legal standards in economic activity and to strengthening the rule of law. This could be done, for instance, by giving preference to Central Asian companies that are committed to respecting the rights of local workers, to fighting corruption, promoting fair competition and good corporate governance, and recognizing the importance of contracts. The long-term objective would be to increase the social responsibility of Central Asian companies – something that has indirect repercussions on the societies" (PEYROUSE 2009, P. 11). Nevertheless, he also doubts that it can be easily done because of possible accusations by using "its own doorstep to tax heavens – particularly in Luxembourg - where Central Asian heads of state, their families and the oligarchs close to them deposit money siphoned off from national wealth" (PEYROUSE 2009, P. 11). However, the history of the EU as a welfare union of states is more powerful than the use of accusations. Therefore, European politicians may successfully use economic ties, contacts, and obligations in long-term trade relations to influence the government to provide better social reforms to secure stability, as well as strengthen the power of the EU as an external player in the region. In this case, the economic topic should serve as a basis for the European strategy in the region. "The EU therefore has every reason to implement forms of development assistance which, by helping European companies to establish themselves in the market, will play a key role in reducing Central Asia's social vulnerability and will contribute to the fight against poverty, which is currently the main issue that needs to be addressed by the international community and by regional governments" (PEYROUSE 2009, P. 11). Continuation of this strategy that will enforce Kazakhstani government to provide the society with necessary reforms will gain a positive image for the union both within the region and globally. This also may help the EU, as an external player, to further obtain influence on governmental decision-making processes. It is obvious that social stability is the key to decrease economical risk factors and to improve the investment climate to benefit the whole development of a country or union. In this case, the EU strategy will profit the EU itself. Chances for a successful realization of such a plan are relatively high. Kazakhstan has been conduction fruitful business with EU Member States. According to the statistics, provided by the German Auswaertiges Amt, Germany takes place number eight in the list of Kazakhstan trading partners with a commodity turnover of EUR 5.7 billion in 2008, and it continues to grow (AUSWAERTIGES AMT 2009). "In this area, Kazakhstan does not hide its ambitions; its "Path to Europe" program clearly states its intention to become one of the main communications hubs between Asia and Europe" (PEYROUSE 2009, P. 9), according to Sebastien Peyrouse, who specialized on Central Asian trade and economic relations. The program called "Path to Europe" was signed by the President in August 2008 and supposed to be implemented during 2009-2011. According to evaluations made by the EU and Kazakhstani political analysts, the program will help to intensify and deepen the political collaboration between Kazakhstan and the EU. The introduction of the program has 3 stages and the basis for implementation of the program was prepared carefully. First of all, the president addressed his hopes for future profitable relations with the EU beforehand, in his annual message to the people of Kazakhstan. This message was used by Kazakhstani officials during political meetings to announce the future document. Finally, the document was signed and came into force in August 2008. The program seemed to be very promising. For instance, in March 2008, during the conference in the Netherlands, organized with the help of the Kazakhstan embassy, the ambassador of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Mainura Murzamadiyeva, familiarized more than 70 representatives of political, informational, and business layers of the Netherlands with the President´s message to the people of Kazakhstan, where he had announced the future program. Many of Dutch political scientists stated that the proposals the president made in his message will definitely intensify political cooperation between Kazakhstan and the EU, attract foreign investments, bring new technologies, and help to bring people of different regions close to each other. Analyzing the program "Path to Europe" that is celebrating its first anniversary this August, since it was signed in 2008, the following objectives are performed by the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan: - Cooperation with the EU countries; - Creation of required conditions for technological cooperation; - Energy cooperation development; - Transport cooperation development; - Technical regulation and metrology cooperation; - Trade-economic relation strengthening and broadening; - Small and medium-sized enterprises development; - Living conditions improvement cooperation; - Humanitarian cooperation; - Kazakhstani legal base improvement and European experience application. Kazakhstan clearly stated that it expects the level of a strategic partnership with leading European countries in political, economic, and humanitarian spheres and a trade commodity turnover increase by 10% per year as well as a high level of exchange visits. The country also expects the EU to help to promote Kazakhstan internationally which will improve the investment climate and, therefore, the economic situation. However, priorities of the country remain unclear showing the country's reluctance to answer the questions on how to establish democracy and solve the following problems "continuation of efforts on creation of conditions for democracy institutions development on the OSCE territory; transport and transit potential development; Eurasian transcontinental transport corridors development; ecological problems solutions; trust measures and regional security strengthening; non-military aspects of safety development under the OSCE activities including terror, extremism, drug trafficking, organized crime, weapons' and people's sale fighting and Afghanistan reconstruction". To reach the declared goals and priorities, Kazakhstan needs the support of the EU and cooperation. Many political and business analysts provide recommendations suggesting to establish trade chambers and delegation sections related to trade and business that will monitor the activities, provide more legal support and consultations for small and medium-sized business in the region. Further, they suggest establishing more exchange programs for Kazakhstani businessmen to bring more business culture and experience. To monitor and evaluate the progress, the EU can establish clear and visible rating systems with distinct conditions and deadlines. In this case, evaluation committees and reports with full transparency are crucial. However, the first step, the EU should fulfill, is to admit that the time of 'soft power' has ended and finally declare a clear political dimension. Without a distinctive view and goal, the EU will not succeed in representing a strong power and will not improve the policy that has been executing in Kazakhstan since signing the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement in 1992.

Models of relations between the state and religious organizations and the basic principles of their implementation are analyzed with the aim to determine which model of relations is being realized in the Republic of Latvia as well as to establish whether a model of relations, secured by a normative act, corresponds to the one implemented in practice. Within this work, the method of analysis has been used when considering the models of relations between the state and religious organizations, as well as the comparative method in the comparison of application of the basic principles of these models in the Republic of Latvia. The relations between the State and religious organizations are examined from the administratively legal and constitutionally legal aspect. The normative acts of the Republic of Latvia are discussed, as well as their mutual interaction and the collisions having sprung up between them. Laws and regulations of the Republic of Latvia are evaluated in connection with the norms of other European Union Member States, which regulate the relations between the state and religious organizations, and their experience. Evaluating the practice of other countries and the implemented models of relations between the state and religious organizations monographs and scientific papers by the scientists of the respective countries have been used. The content of international legal norms regulating freedom of religion have been analyzed as well as the requirements of the normative acts of the Republic of Latvia and their interaction. As grounds for conclusions, rulings by the court are chosen in cases where the application of legal norms is adjudicated concerning the realization of the right to the freedom of religion. Three fundamental principles are pointed out in the research basing on which the relations between the state and religious organizations are formed: association between the state and religious organizations, cooperation between the state and religious organizations and segregation between the state and religious organizations. Basing on the abovementioned principles, all models of relations between the state and religious organizations are formed. The model being implemented in a state can be determined by the regulation of the activity of religious organizations ensured with normative acts, by the range of rights of religious organizations, by peculiar features of preconditions, by the range of privileges, and by the burden of responsibilities imposed on religious organizations. To a large extent, the model of relations between the state and religious organizations depends on state traditions, historical development, distribution and impact of the definite religion within the state territory. The principle of unity between the state and religious organizations indicate the unity between them, institutions of religious organizations are identified as state institutions. Implementation of the abovementioned principle can manifest as an absolute unity between the state and church when state laws are based on definite religious norms and, in case of collisions, the principles of religious doctrine are applied. Or, within the abovementioned principle, two models of relations can be distinguished: a model of religious state and a model of state religion (church). The principle of cooperation between the state and religious organizations provides for separation of the state and religious organizations, they are functioning as autonomous subjects, religious organizations form their own structure and define their inner administration, the state on its part does not interfere in the inner affairs of religious organizations. Nevertheless, the state and religious organizations cooperate in order to achieve definite aims. Such a model of cooperation can be called the model of cooperation. In countries where the principle of separation of the state and religious organizations is in force and the model of segregation is functioning, the autonomy of religious organizations and the state are strictly separated. Each of these subjects is functioning in its own sphere, in parallel to one another. Religious organizations are not vested the rights to perform the functions of the state, and they do not receive financial support. Registration of a religious organization is the starting point where the activities of the state and of religious organizations come into contact. Registration of a religious organization is a basis for the model of relations between the state and religious organizations to be implemented in the given country. In the Republic of Latvia, the process of registration of religious organizations is regulated by the Law on Religious Organizations which provides for the order of registration of religious organizations as well as the legal status of the religious organizations to be registered; registration has a multi-stage structure. Initially, a congregation is registered as reregistrable, but later it acquires a regular status and after uniting the congregations can form a religious union (church). Religious unions (churches) have the right to establish dioceses and institutions. The next step in the mentioned chain includes religious organizations whose relations with the Republic of Latvia can be regulated by special laws. The State has established special relations with Evangelical Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Old Believer, Methodist, Baptist, Seventh-day Adventist and Moses faith (Judaist) denominations. These denominations have a peculiar status in the Republic of Latvia, the range of their rights differs from the rights of other congregations. Relations between the religious unions (churches) of these denominations and the State are regulated by special laws that define their rights and status. The Latvian Constitution (Satversme) contains a reference to the model of relations between the Republic of Latvia and religious organizations providing that the State is separated from the church. Evaluation of the features of a model of separation and its application to the relations between the Republic of Latvia and religious organizations allows to determine whether the implemented model is a model of separation or whether the relations between the State and religious organizations realized in practice belong to quite another model. The requirement for autonomy of religious organizations and the State can be regarded as satisfied, since the demand for non-interference by the State in the inner activities of religious organizations (except for the cases of violating laws) is included in the Law on Religious Organizations. Separation of religious organizations from the public rights sector presently is not being implemented. In state schools there are religious instruction lessons, religious organizations carry out religious activity in medical institutions and prisons, a service of chaplains has been established whose activity is funded from the state budget. Equality of the forms of activity of religious organizations is not guaranteed, since there exists a multi-stage registration system. A state function of performing marriage ceremonies is delegated to religious organizations. Thus, state functions are delegated to religious organizations. Besides the religious organizations are offered direct and indirect financial support which manifests in allotting tax relief as well as allocating direct grants from the state budget. The model having been established in the Republic of Latvia is a model of cooperation between the State and religious organizations. In the Constitution no state religion is provided but also no segregation of the State and religious organizations is realized. The State acknowledges the autonomy of religious organizations, however, the religious organizations receive financial support, definite functions are delegated to them, and religious organizations are operating in the public sector. Satversme lacks provisions that would truly provide that no state church exists in Latvia, but at the same time definite procedures and operations are being delegated to the church as stated by the law. The idea of amending the Satversme of the Republic of Latvia ought to be considered that would contain the provision about the model of cooperation between the State and religious organizations being realized in practice.

Foreword The Max Weber post-doctoral Programme is a unique programme. In 2007– 2008, there were forty Fellows on the Programme, covering a wide range of research interests within the Social Sciences and Humanities, and representing twenty-three nationalities. Among the different activities of the academic year, the conference on "European integration without membership: models, experiences, perspectives" is a good example of Fellows' initiative and their concern for relevant issues. Encouraged by Professor Marise Cremona of the Law Department of the EUI, three Max Weber Fellows, Francesco Maiani, Roman Petrov and Ekaterina Mouliarova, took the initiative to organize the conference, invite the participants, actively participate in its development and, finally, act as editors of the proceedings which follow. The Max Weber Programme, in collaboration with the Law Department, fully supported their initiative, but the credit is theirs and that of the participants who contributed to the conference. Since its foundation more than thirty years ago, "European Integration" has been a recurrent theme in the research agenda of the European University Institute – specially within the Law Department. The conference built on this long tradition, but also took from the new perspectives that young postdoctoral Fellows, with different national experiences, can bring to the discussion, a discussion that brings forward new issues, when the EU27 must reassess its relationships with neighbouring countries that form part of the broader European area without aiming at becoming EU members in the years to come. A fruitful discussion on this relevant issue needs academic reflection, as well as practical legal and political experience, it needs understanding of the EU perspective, as well as that of neighbouring countries. It is again to the credit of the organizers that in the panels of the conference all these perspectives were present in open discussion. The proceedings that follow bring together the papers presented in this conference that took place at our beloved Villa La Fonte on May 23-24, 2008. Ramon Marimon Director of the Max Weber Programme ; At the beginning of the 1990s, the concept of "European integration" could still be said to be fairly unambiguous. Nowadays, it has become plural and complex almost to the point of unintelligibility. This is due, of course, to the internal differentiation of EU membership, with several Member States pulling out of key integrative projects such as establishing an area without frontiers, the "Schengen" area, and a common currency. But this is also due to the differentiated extension of key integrative projects to European non-EU countries – Schengen is again a case in point. Such processes of "integration without membership", the focus of the present publication, are acquiring an ever-growing topicality both in the political arena and in academia. International relations between the EU and its neighbouring countries are crucial for both, and their development through new agreements features prominently on the continent's political agenda. Over and above this aspect, the dissemination of EU values and standards beyond the Union's borders raises a whole host of theoretical and methodological questions, unsettling in some cases traditional conceptions of the autonomy and separation of national legal orders. This publication brings together the papers presented at the Integration without EU Membership workshop held in May 2008 at the EUI (Max Weber Programme and Department of Law). It aims to compare different models and experiences of integration between the EU, on the one hand, and those European countries that do not currently have an accession perspective on the other hand. In delimiting the geographical scope of the inquiry, so as to scale it down to manageable proportions, the guiding principles have been to include both the "Eastern" and "Western" neighbours of the EU, and to examine both structured frameworks of cooperation, such as the European Neighbourhood Policy and the European Economic Area, and bilateral relations developing on a more ad hoc basis. These principles are reflected in the arrangement of the papers, which consider in turn the positions of Ukraine, Russia, Norway, and Switzerland in European integration – current standing, perspectives for evolution, consequences in terms of the EU-ization of their respective legal orders1. These subjects are examined from several perspectives. We had the privilege of receiving contributions from leading practitioners and scholars from the countries concerned, from EU highranking officials, from prominent specialists in EU external relations law, and from young and talented researchers. We wish to thank them all here for their invaluable insights. We are moreover deeply indebted to Marise Cremona (EUI, Law Department, EUI) for her inspiring advice and encouragement, as well as to Ramon Marimon, Karin Tilmans, Lotte Holm, Alyson Price and Susan Garvin (Max Weber Programme, EUI) for their unflinching support throughout this project. A word is perhaps needed on the propriety and usefulness of the research concept embodied in this publication. Does it make sense to compare the integration models and experiences of countries as different as Norway, Russia, Switzerland, and Ukraine? Needless to say, this list of four evokes a staggering diversity of political, social, cultural, and economic conditions, and at least as great a diversity of approaches to European integration. Still, we would argue that such diversity only makes comparisons more meaningful. Indeed, while the particularities and idiosyncratic elements of each "model" of integration are fully displayed in the present volume, common themes and preoccupations run through the pages of every contribution: the difficulty in conceptualizing the finalité and essence of integration, which is evident in the EU today but which is greatly amplified for non-EU countries; the asymmetries and tradeoffs between integration and autonomy that are inherent in any attempt to participate in European integration from outside; the alteration of deeply seated legal concepts, and concepts about the law, that are already observable in the most integrated of the non-EU countries concerned. These issues are not transient or coincidental: they are inextricably bound up with the integration of non-EU countries in the EU project. By publishing this collection, we make no claim to have dealt with them in an exhaustive, still less in a definitive manner. Our ambition is more modest: to highlight the relevance of these themes, to place them more firmly on the scientific agenda, and to provide a stimulating basis for future research and reflection. ; Foreword Ramon Marimon 1 Introduction Francesco Maiani, Roman Petrov and Ekaterina Mouliarova 3 I. The European Neighbourhood Policy and Ukraine's European Ambitions Marise Cremona: The European Neighbourhood Policy as a Framework for Modernization 5 Bart Van Vooren: The Hybrid Legal Nature of the European Neighbourhood Policy 17 Viktor Muraviov: The Impact of the EU Acquis and Values on the Internal Legal Order of Ukraine 29 Roman Petrov: The New EU-Ukraine Enhanced Agreement versus the EUUkraine Partnership and Cooperation Agreement: Transitional Path or Final Destination? 39 II. The EU-Russia "Strategic Partnership" Olga Potemkina and Nikolay Kaveshnikov: EU and Russia in Search of Strategic Partnership 47 Aaron Matta : Updating the EU-Russia Legal Approximation Process: Problems and Dilemmas 59 Paul Kalinichencko: Problems and Perspectives on Modernizing the Legal Background to the EU-Russia Strategic Partnership 71 III. The EEA Model and Norway's Legal Traditions Karin Bruzelius: The Impact of EU Values on Third Countries' National Legal Orders: EU Law as a Point of Reference in the Norwegian Legal System 81 Tor-Inge Harbo: The EEA and Norway: A Case of Constitutional Pluralism 91 IV. The Swiss "Bilateral Way" to Integration Andrés Delgado Casteleiro: Relations Between the European Union and Switzerland: a Laboratory for EU External Relations? 103 Francesco Maiani: Legal Europeanization as Legal Transformation: Some Insights from Swiss "Outer Europe" 111 René Schwok: Towards a Framework Agreement in the Context of New Bilateral Agreements between Switzerland and the European Union 125 Concluding Remarks 137 Marc Franco Contributors 139

This report presents findings on the effects of STCP farmer field school training conducted in 2003 with the cocoa farmers of Atwima District of the Ashanti region, Ghana. The focus of the study is on the measurement of changes in behavior with respect to crop husbandry and input usage and the impact on production. The study also measures changes in the participation of children in hazardous tasks which may have occurred as a result of FFS sensitization exercises. The intended utility of this study is to contribute to the further refinement and adaptation of the farmer field school extension approach as applied to the cocoa farming systems of West Africa. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and CABI organized and conducted the first FFS training and curriculum development workshop for master trainers in March 2003. At this workshop, in addition to the training of master trainers and the development of country action plans, the core elements of the farmer field school curriculum were developed. Researchers from the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) and other national institutes provided the scientific backstopping underlying the curriculum targeting the integrated management of the cocoa cropping system to ensure sustainable and socially responsible production. There is a strong curriculum focus on the control of black pod disease but attention is also given to the problem of capsids, post harvest techniques, and the social issues surrounding child labor (which are addressed with the collaboration and participation of theWest African Cocoa and Commercial Agriculture Project (WACAP ) of the ILO). One of the problems in developing a regional FFS curriculum for adult education lies in the location-specific and region-specific nature of cocoa agronomic constraints. A much lowerincidence of black pod disease faces Ivorian and Ghanaian cocoa farmers as compared to Cameroon and Nigeria, where the more virulent form of the disease exists and the majority of farmers treat with agro-chemicals. As such, the initial Ghanaian training of trainers also included soil fertility management, mistletoe management, cocoa tree thinning, and postharvest issues deemed to be important for Ghanaian cocoa farmers. Following 3 1/2 weeks of training on the curriculum, the facilitators were ready to begin the farmer field school. The program was initiated with 30 schools and 30 facilitators in the Atwima district of Ashanti region in the first year. In 2003 the average number of participants per school was 28. Farmer training occurred on a biweekly basis with the total number of sessions per school ranging from 11 to 15. On average, the session would last four hours. Working in groups, farmers would observe and discuss dynamics of the cocoa's ecosystem and the crop development. Simple experimentation protocols such as the black pod disease zoo helped farmers improve their understanding of ecological functional relationships such as the impact of humidity on disease development. To achieve the study objectives, a survey was conducted in February 2005 with a random sample of 225 of the 829 farmers trained in 2003 and a control group sample of 165 cocoa farmers who had not participated. All 30 farmer field schools were represented in the sample with the number of participants interviewed per school ranging from five to 21. The fieldresearch was conducted in February 2005 and focused mainly on farmer practice during the 2004 growing season. A proportionate number of control farmers were sampled in each of the 30 communities. The differences noted in management practices and production (after controlling for differential resource endowments) between the two groups are attributed to the new knowledge gained through the discovery learning exercises of the farmer field school. 4 Major findings include: Children, education and cocoa farming · Significant reductions were noted in the hazardous employment of children as a result of FFS sensitization methods. Specifically among the 2,800 Atwima cocoa producers sensitized since 2003 it is estimated that there are now 540 fewer childrenemployed in heavy field transport, 440 fewer children employed in clearing fields with machetes, and 170 fewer children employed in pesticide application. Based on the above results, scaling up FFS to 50,000 producers in the Ashanti region would result in the voluntary removal of 10,500 children from all hazardous labor tasks with a predicted 3,000 fewer children employed in pesticide application, 9,700 fewer children in heavy load transport and 7,900 fewer children in clearing fields with machetes. School enrollment rates were in excess of 90 percent for 6 to 14 year old children.· Among FFS-trained farmers the level of education was positively associated withproduction output.Willingness to pay and knowledge diffusion· A large majority of control group farmers were willing to pay to attend FFS training.· The amount of tuition fee that farmers were willing to pay for attending a 15-sessionFFS training was negatively affected by producer age and positively affected byyears of schooling.· Nearly 9 in 10 trained farmers indicated that they shared information with on average2 other persons.· Knowledge on cocoa pruning, shade management and phyto-sanitary harvesting wasthe most commonly shared.Tree stock endowments· The average productivity of FFS farmers' tree stock was more than double that of thecontrol group.· Notable increases as a result of FFS interventions were registered in the number ofproducers planting hand pollinated hybrid cocoa seedlings and the area planted tohybrids.· Farmers acquiring their cocoa farms through share-crop labor exchanges (30% ofsample) had substantially lower production.· Two-thirds of all cocoa farms were established within the last 10 years.· Low average yields of 112 kg ha-1 reflect in part the youthful nature of farmers' treestocks.Crop management and production differences· Increased application of various crop husbandry practices among FFS-trained farmersrelative to control group farmers was noted.· The application of pesticides showed a response 8 times greater than that of thecontrol group.In sum, FFS training and subsequent changes in management practices are estimated to haveresulted in a net production increase of 14% among the 2003 participants. To achieve thisincrease, producers mainly increased their own labor input and indicated hiring more casuallaborers. While the survey was unable to accurately determine the actual change in labor5inputs, the additional labor costs required to achieve this increase are real and should benetted out of the 14% increase in estimated gross revenues.From several different perspectives it is clear that the FFS training received by participantshas had measurable impacts on their productive capacity and on their views towards childlabor. In support of the significant accomplishments already achieved, severalrecommendations can be made to potentially improve the performance and impact of FFStraining.· More attention should be given to address the specific needs of women cocoaproducers and those acquiring their cocoa farms through a share-cropping exchange.A needs assessment with these two groups is recommended as a first step in adaptingthe curriculum.· Given the scarce resources available for training farmers, criteria are needed to selectparticipants so as to maximize expected returns. Age and educational level of theproducer are recommended as discriminating factors.· The positive results seen vis-à-vis child labor participation in hazardous tasks ishighly encouraging and warrants increased efforts at sensitization through the farmerfield school.· Given that the majority of producers were applying insecticides to control capsidsindependent of the government spraying program but with lower use efficiency vis-àvisthe government program, protocols on the safe and rational use of pesticidesrequire more emphasis in the program than they are currently receiving. Additionally,the Ghana program should seek to develop a protocol for the identification and spotspraying of capsid hot spots.· The facilitation provided by the program in the distribution of improved cocoaplanting material substantially increased the area planted to hybrids among participantfarmers. This practice is to be commended and should be augmented with additionalFFS sessions to deal with nursery techniques and planting/replanting options. These sessions should be added on to the school year for those schools where the majority ofproducers are interested. ; Peer Review

Altuğ, Barış (Dogus Author) ; There are lots of rational and irrational variables that effects stock prices. Dividend payment as a significant variable occupies an important role in the finance literature. The dividend payment polices of the firms can be an indicator for investors. Dividend payments have information contents which indicates corporations' performances. The aim of this study is to examine the dividend payment polices of ISE by panel data regression study. The purpose is to find out the variables that effect the corporations' present and future performances, and to determine the variables that effect dividend payment decisions from differently grouped and arranged data sets. Data sets are formed from annualy balance sheets and dividend payment amounts at a sixty firms sample from ISE. Collected data are arranged and grouped according to certain criterias. Corporations' dividend payments are given yearly to find out the effect of balance sheet variables on the dividend polices. By the way, we tried to make assumptions about the effects of firms' earning changes on the dividend policies. The study is given in three parts. In the firts part; literature surveys about the relevance of dividend payments on the value of the firms, and consequently the effect of dividend payments on the balance sheets are given. In the second part of the study, the important issues effecting the dividend policies of the firms are given by considering Turkish and international markets. And in the last part of the study, an application made on the variables effecting the dividend policies of the firms in ISE between 1991-2000. ; Hisse senetlerinin fiyatlarının etkilendiği kabul edilen, rasyonel ve rasyonel olmayan pek çok değişken bulunmaktadır. Bu değişkenlerden biri olan temettü politikası, üzerine yapılan araştırmalar finans literatüründe önemli bir yere sahiptir. Yatırımcılar için firmaların temettü politikaları yatırım kararı almalarında önemli olabilir. Bunun en önemli sebebi, temettü bir şirketin şu andaki ve gelecekteki performansı ile ilgili bilgiler içermektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası'nda işlem gören şirketlerin izlemekte oldukları temettü politikalarını araştırmak ve panel data regresyon metodunu kullanarak bir şirketin şu andaki ve gelecekteki performansını etkileyen, firmanın temettü dağıtım kararı almasında rol oynayan bilanço değişkenlerinin başlıca hangileri olduğunu, ve ek olarak da bu konuda belli kriterlere göre saptanmış firma grupları arasında belirgin farklar olup olmadığını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu araştırmada, yıllar itibariyle her bir hisse senedinin dağıttığı kâr payları ortaya konmuş ve şirketin bilanço verileri ile bu dağıtım kararı arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Bu yolla şirket kazançlarındaki artış yada azalışların temettü dağıtım kararını etkileyip etkilemediği konusunda sonuçlar çıkarılmıştır. Çalışmamız üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, anonim şirketlerin sermaye yapısı, kâr payı dağıtım ve dağıtılan bu temettülerin şirket değerine ve dolayısı ile bilançoya yansıması ile ilgili kavramsal açıklamalarda bulunulmuştur. İkinci bölümde, firmanın sermaye yapısı ile kâr dağıtım kararı alınmasındaki etkenler ülkemiz piyasalarını göz önünde bulunduran görüşler ortaya konmuştur. Üçüncü ve son bölümde ise, hisse senetlerini İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsasına Kota ettirmiş olan farklı sektörlerdeki işletmelerin sermaye yapıları göz önüne alınarak, farklı sektörlerde yer alan işletmelerin 1991-2000 yılı verileri kullanılarak regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. ; INTRODUCTION, i -- ÖZET, iii -- SUMMARY, iv -- TABLE OF CONTENTS, v -- PART I -- I., THEORETICAL APPROACHES ON THE DIVIDEND POLICY, 1 -- 1.1. OPINIONS ABOUT THE IRRELEVANCE OF THE DIVIDEND -- POLICIES ON THE VALUE OF THE FIRM, 2 -- 1.1.1. The Irrelevance of Dividend Policies in Perfect Markets -- (Dividend Irrelevance Theory), 2 -- 1.1.2. The Irrelevance of the Dividend Policies in Imperfect, -- Markets (Clientele Effect), 3 -- 1.2. OPINIONS ABOUT THE RELEVANCE OF THE DIVIDEND -- POLICIES ON THE VALUE OF THE FIRM, 6 -- 1.2.1. Approaches of Constructive Effect of High Dividend, 6 -- Payment on the Dividend Policies -- 1.2.1.1Bird in Hand Theory, 6 -- 1.2.1.2. Information Content of Dividends, 7 -- 1.2.1.3. Real World Factors Favoring a High Dividend Policy, 10 -- 1.2.1.3.1. Desire for Current Income, 10 -- 1.2.1.3.2. Uncertanity Resolution, 11 -- 1.2.1.3.3. Tax Arbitrage, 11 -- 1.2.1.3.4. Agency Costs, 12 -- 1.2.2. Approaches about the Irrelevance of High Dividend, -- Payments Policies on the Value of the Firm, 13 -- 1.2.2.1. Residual Dividend Policy, 14 -- 1.2.2.1.1. Pure Version, 14 -- 1.2.2.1.2. Smooth Version, 15 -- 1.2.2.1.3. Constant Dividend Payout Rate, 16 -- 1.3. DIVIDEND PAYMENT TYPES, 16 -- 1.3.1. Stock Dividends and Stock Splits, 16 -- 1.3.1.1. Reasons for Stock Dividends and Splits, 16 -- 1.3.2. Stock Repurchases, 17 -- 1.3.2.1. Methods for Repurchase, 18 -- 1.3.2.2. Reasons for Repurchase, 18 -- PART II -- II., IMPORTANT ISSUES THAT EFFECT THE FORMATION, -- OF CORPORATIONS' DIVIDEND POLICIES, 20 -- 2.1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIVIDENDS AND VALUE, 21 -- 2.2. LEGAL RESTRICTIONS, 22 -- 2.3. TAX ARRANGEMENTS, 24 -- 2.4. INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES, 25 -- 2.5. FIRMS CASH POSITION, 26 -- 2.6, RESTRICTION AND COST OF FINANCING POSSIBILITIES, 27 -- 2.7. THE STABILITY OF PROFITS, 28 -- 2.8. DEBT STATUS OF THE FIRMS, 29 -- 2.9. CONSERVATION OF AUTHORITY AT FIRM, 29 -- 2.10. CONFLICTS OF MANAGERIAL BEHAVIOUR -- AND STOCKHOLDERS' ATTITUDE, 29 -- PART III -- III., AN APPLICATION: THE ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS -- EFFECTING THE DIVIDEND POLICIES OF -- THE CORPORATIONS IN ISE, 33 -- 3.1. FORMATION OF DATA, 33 -- 3.2. METHODOLOGY, 34 -- 3.2.1. PANEL DATA, 35 -- 3.3. DATA TABLES, 36 -- 3.4. PANEL DATA AND POOLED LEAST SQUARE -- REGRESSION METHOD RESULTS FROM -- TOTAL ASSET SIZE ARRANGED DATA SET, 37 -- 3.4.1. Panel Data Regression Method Result, -- (Least Square Dummy Variable) From Balance -- Sheet Variables Based, Total Asset Size Arranged Data Set, 37 -- 3.4.2. Pooled Least Square Regression Method Result -- From Balance Sheet Variables Based, Total Asset, -- Size Arranged Data Set, 40 -- 3.4.3. Panel Data Regression Method Results -- (Least Square Dummy Variable) From Ratio Based, -- Total Asset Size Arranged Data Set, 42 -- 3.4.4. Pooled Least Square Regression Method Result -- From Ratio Based, Total Asset Size Arranged Data Set, 44 -- 3.5. PANEL DATA AND POOLED LEAST SQUARE -- REGRESSION METHOD RESULTS ARRANGED -- ACCORDING TO PHS RATIO AT ISE IN 1991, 46 -- 3.5.1. Panel Data Regression Method Result -- (Least Square Dummy Variable) From Balance Sheet, -- Variables Based, PHS Ratio Size Arranged Data Set, 46 -- 3.5.2. Pooled Least Square Regression Method Result -- From Balance Sheet Variable Based, PHS Ratio Size -- Arranged Data Set, 48 -- 3.5.3. Panel Data Regression Method Result -- (Least Square Dummy Variable) From Ratio Based, -- PHS Ratio Size Arranged Data Set, 50 -- 3.5.4. Pooled Regression Method Result From Ratio Based, -- PHS Ratio Size Arranged Data Set, 52 -- 3.6, F TESTS, 54 -- 3.6.1. Result of F Tests, 55 -- 3.7. CLASSICAL LEAST SQUARE METHOD RESULTS, 56 -- 3.7.1. Classical Least Square Method Result From Balance -- Sheet Variables Based Data Set, 56 -- 3.7.2. Classical Least Square Model Result Displaying -- Next Years' Total Dividend Payments From Balance -- Sheet Variables Based, Data Set, 59 -- 3.7.3. Classical Least Square Method Result From Ratio -- Based Data Set -- VI., CONCLUSION, 66 -- TABLES -- , T-I, THE CHOOSEN ISE FIRMS AND -- THEIR SECTORS, 68 -- , T-II, ISE FIRMS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO -- TOTAL ASSETS SIZE IN 1991, 70 -- , T-III, ISE FIRMS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO PHS -- RATIO SIZE IN 1991, 71 -- , T-IV, RATIO BASED DATA ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE -- PHS RATIO SIZE AT ISE IN 1991, 72 -- , T-V, GROUPED RATIO BASED DATA ARRANGED ACCORDING -- TO PHS RATIO SIZE AT ISE IN 1991, 74 -- T-VI, NON-GROUPED (WHOLE DATA SET) RATIO -- BASED DATA SET, 76 -- , T-VII, GROUPED BALANCE SHEET DATA ARRANGED -- ACCORDING TO TOTAL ASSET SIZE IN 1991(YTL), 91 -- , T-VIII GROUPED BALANCE SHEET DATA ARRANGED -- ACCORDING TO PHS RATIO SIZE IN ISE AT 1991 (YTL), 93 -- , T-IX, NON-GROUPED (WHOLE DATA SET) BALANCE SHEET -- DATA, 95 -- REFERENCES, 110 -- CV, 112

Suomalaiset ja espanjalaiset perheet yhtenevässä Euroopassa Tutkimus käsittelee perhettä ja perheessä 1900-luvun aikana tapahtunutta muutosta analysoimalla Suomea ja Espanjaa länsieurooppalaisina esimerkkeinä. Tutkimuksessa pohditaan miten, missä määrin ja miksi eurooppalaiset perheinstituutiot erilaisia tai samanlaisia? Mikä on perheinstituution rooli ja merkitys nykyajan yhteiskunnassa? Miten perhe, sen roolit ja siihen kohdistetut vaatimukset määritellään ja mitkä sosiaaliset ja kulttuuriset tekijät ovat vaikuttaneet eri maissa vallitseviin määritelmiin? Aineistona on käytetty Suomea ja Espanjaa koskevaa siviili- ja sosiaalilainsäädäntöä, demografisia ja sosio-ekonomisia tilastoja, arvo- ja asennetutkimuksia, barometrejä, tutkimuksia ja raportteja. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltava ajanjakso kattaa koko 1900-luvun, joskin pääpaino on 1960­1990 lukujen välisessä ajassa. Tämä vertaileva tutkimus tarkastelee perhettä sosiaalisena instituutiona, joka on vuorovaikutuksessa muiden sosiaalisten instituutioiden kuten hyvinvointivaltion, työmarkkinoiden, politiikan, lainsäädännön ja uskonnon kanssa. Tutkimus osoittaa, että suomalaisessa ja espanjalaisessa yhteiskunnassa vallitseva käsitys perheestä (perheidologia) on varsin samanlainen pohjautuen kristilliseen teologiaan. Ideologiat ovat muuttuneet ja kehittyneet samansuuntaisesti patriarkaalisesta ideologiasta sukupuolien ja sukupolvien tasa-arvoa korostavaksi ideologisaksi, joskin muutos on ollut eritahtista. Maiden välillä on myös eroja, joista keskeisin on suomalaisen kulttuurin protestanttisiin arvoihin pohjautuva yksilöllisyys ja espanjalaisen kulttuurin katolisiin arvoihin pohjautuva suurempi kollektiivisuus ja sukukeskeisyys. Tutkimus kuitenkin osoittaa, että perheideologian ja sen historiallisen muutoksen erot ja vaihtelut eivät niinkään johdu perustavanlaatuisista perhekäsityseroista vaan pikemminkin yhteiskuntien historiallisista, sosiaalisista ja poliittisista taustoista ja kehityskuluista. Keskustelu perheen kriisistä länsimaisissa yhteiskunnissa on ollut vilkasta viime aikoina. Demografisiin tilastoihin perustuva analyysi viittaa perheinstituution kriisiin siinä mielessä, että mitään vakioista perhemuotoa ei kummassakaan maassa ole. Toisaalta ihmisten arvot ja asenteet heijastavat sitä tosiasiaa, että ideologisena mallina perhe on edelleen vankka. Ihanteellinen tai ideologinen perhe niin Suomessa kuin Espanjassakin on avioparin ja heidän lastensa muodostama ydinperhe, vaikka yhä suuremman osan perhetodellisuus ei tätä ihannetta vastaakaan. Perheen perustamisen tapojen tarkastelu 1960-1999 välisenä aikana osoittaa, että kummassakin maassa solmittujen avioliittojen määrä on laskenut, perhekoko on pienentynyt ja avioliiton solmimisen ja ensisynnyttäjien keksi-ikä on noussut, joskin espanjalaisnaiset ensisynnyttäjien keksi-ikä on vieläkin korkeampi kuin suomalaisten. Näitä trendejä on selitetty moderneilla ehkäisymenetelmillä sekä avoliittojen ja naisten työssäkäynnin yleistymisellä, mutta tutkimus osoittaa, että edellä mainitut selittävät tekijät eivät ole päteviä Suomen ja Espanjan tapauksissa. Ne eivät selitä, miksi mm. syntyvyys Espanjassa on huomattavasti matalampi kuin Suomessa ja miksi espanjalaiset lykkäävät perheen perustamista vieläkin pidempään kuin suomalaiset. Tarkasteltaessa seikkoja, jotka vaikuttavat perheellistymisen lykkääntymiseen, tutkimus kiinnittää huomiota perheellistymisen rooliin aikuistumisprosessissa. Tutkimus osoittaa, että toisin kuin ennen, vakiintumista ja lastenhankintaa tärkeämmäksi aikuisuuden kriteeriksi on noussut taloudellinen itsenäisyys. Todellisuudessa pidentyneet kouluttautumisajat, työelämän koventunut kilpailu ja työmarkkinoiden epävarmuus ovat niin Suomessa kuin Espanjassakin johtaneet siihen, että nuorten aikuisten taloudellisen itsenäisyyden saavuttaminen vaikeutuu ja pitkittyy ja siten myös perheen perustaminen lykkääntyy. Tutkimuksessa kehitetään selitysmallia niin maiden välisille eroille kuin länsieurooppalaisissa perheinstituutioissa tapahtuneille muutoksille, joka korostaa perheen perustamiseen ja perhe-elämään liittyvien valintojen ja mahdollisuuksien kiinteää liitosta yhteiskunnassa harjoitettuun lainsäädäntöön, perhepolitiikkaan ja erityisesti työmarkkinoihin. Tutkimus oikaisee niin perheestä kuin pohjoisen ja eteläisen Euroopan välisistä eroista vallitsevia stereotypioita ja yksinkertaistuksia ja tuottaa tietoa perheestä, sen roolista ja merkityksestä länsieurooppalaisissa yhteiskunnissa. Tutkimus on ns. artikkeliväitöskirja, joka koostuu laajasta yhteenvetoartikkelista ja neljästä aiemmin julkaistusta artikkelista. ; Finnish and Spanish Families in Converging Europe The study explores the family and its changes during the 20th century and, particularly, between the 1960s and 1990s by comparing Finland and Spain within the West European context. The examination of the family arises from the following questions: (i) How, to what degree and why are family institutions in Europe different or similar? (ii) What are the roles and significance of the family in contemporary societies? (iii) How is the family defined and what social and cultural factors have affected the definitions in different countries? The family is viewed as a social institution, with the interest lying in macro-level social changes and in the interrelationship between the family and other social institutions such as the welfare state, the labour market, politics, legislation and religion. The family as an institution has been examined from the viewpoints of family ideology and family practices. Family ideology has been studied by analysing how public and political institutions such as legislation and family policy define the family and how these definitions changed during the 20th century and, second, by looking at attitudes and values concerning intimate relations, the family and family practices. Family practices have been studied by analysing and comparing socio-demographic statistics between the 1960s and 1990s, the focus being on the formation of the first family. Furthermore, cross-national differences and similarities concerning patterns of family formation and prevailing family ideologies have been examined in association with legislation, social policies, the labour market, housing policies, education, gender relations, and religion. The study questions the stereotypical notions of the modern North and traditional South and their typical families and demonstrates that differences between Finnish (Northern) and Spanish (Southern) families have been greatly exaggerated and oversimplified. Fundamentally, the family ideologies are the same based on Christian tradition and, furthermore, the evolution of ideologies has moved in the same direction along with modernisation processes, albeit at a different pace. The study demonstrates that the variations are not due to fundamentally different conceptions of the family but to the historical, social and political developments of the countries. Analyses of demographic statistics and data on Finns and Spaniards values and attitudes indicate that demographic statistics suggest a crisis of The Family, for in neither of the countries does a fixed or typical family form exist and the growing plurality of family forms is a fact. On the other hand, the study also shows that The Family ­ the conjugal nuclear family - is very much alive and well as an ideological model and ideal. Looking at patterns of family formation and considering a variety of hypotheses usually presented as explaining the differences: contraceptive use, premarital cohabitation and women s labour market participation, the study shows that these reasons do not explain the differences between Finnish and Spanish patterns of first family formation. The study suggests that family-relevant public policies, housing policies and the labour market in particular are factors that better explain why Spaniards have fewer children and form families later than Finns even though the female employment rate is considerably lower and the use of modern contraceptives and premarital cohabitation is clearly more infrequent in Spain than in Finland. Analysis of the role of family formation in the process of attaining adult status shows that financial independence and self-reliance have taken over from marriage and parenthood as the principal markers of adulthood both in Finland and Spain. However, prolonged periods in education and erratic labour markets tend to complicate the attainment of such independence, reflected in the postponement or even rejection of family formation, especially marriage and parenthood. Yet, a de-familialised welfare state like the Finnish one eases gaining independence and family formation even with limited means, whereas a familistic welfare state like the Spanish one makes it more difficult to cut the cord to the parental home and to form new families. The study elaborates a complex and subtle model for explaining both the differences between countries and changes in the West European family institution in general. The model emphasises the role of public policies, housing policies, legislation and the labour market in particular in shaping the framework within which people in different countries make their decisions concerning family and family life. This comparative study is a dissertation comprised of a lengthy summarising article that links four empirical studies that were previously published as articles in international scientific journals and edited volumes.

Text in English; Abstract: English and Turkish ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-98) ; xvi, 106 leaves ; Turkey, one of the most rapidly growing emerging market, is a heaven for investors with young population, dynamic private sector, and liberalised financial markets. In this respect, the question of "Why does the Turkish economy always face with either a crisis or a program for guiding her out of a crisis?", comes to minds. In the analysis period of this research, the Turkish economy has experienced with two major crisis in 1994 and 2000, which are called as "balance of payment crisis". In the period, before 1994 crisis had happened, although the tight monetary and fiscal policies were supposed to be implemented, neither of them were successfully executed. In the final crisis, Turkey launched a comprehensive and consistent disinflation program at the beginning of 2000 in order to stabilise the economy, which resulted as the abondenment of the crawling peg exchange rate regime- the anchor of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)- drawn back the economic reform program, brought instant and massive market devaluation, souring inflation, and tumbling financial markets. Today, Turkish government aim is to keep the window of Turkey open to all investors and widen it enough to ensure that the government meets its borrowing requirements, banks make profit in subsidising the government while the rest of the economy continues to function with reasonable rates on loans and attractive interest on deposits in order to proper functioning of the economy. This research makes a brief survey on the relationship between financial system, particularly in capital markets and economic crisis, in order to give a general background for the role of capital market in the case of Turkey by taking main macroeconomic indicators as the leading variables and their effects on ISE as the coincidental. In the first part of the research, the emerging history of Turkish Republic is viewed for making clear the path, which Turkey followed as a developing country. In addition, the development of financial markets in Turkey is historically reviewed. After this introductory information, the effects of the deregulation and industrialisation are discussed. The discussion reflects the impacts of liberalisation upon the Turkish economy and financial markets. In the second part of this research, 1994 crisis is explained, the most severe crisis ever lived in Turkey of all times. This part continues with the chronology of the 1994 crisis and is followed by economic indicators in terms of results of the economic crisis. In the third part of this research, Turkey's problems remained the same including the high inflation rate. Turkish economy was launched a comprehensive and consistent disinflation program again. This part is followed by January 2000 and February 2001 crisis, which became as the most severe and destructive crisis ever lived in Republic of Turkey's history, worse than 1994 crisis, and resulted as another burden on Turkish economy. In the fourth part of this research, Turkish Capital Markets' development is reviewed particularly and ISE is considered for the assessment of the role of the development of Turkish Capital Markets. Current part is followed by the condition of ISE during the period 1994 through 2000, including movements in the size and the volume of market with major events of daily market environment. In the last part of this research, both crises are examined by using the financial instruments' returns in comparison with the ISE, the most efficient capital market of Turkey. Interest rates, T-Bill, foreign exchange market, money supply, and industrial production monthly returns are considered for plotting the analysis successfully on the ISE. In addition, for determining the relation between the ISE and other variables one-by-one, each of these returns are graphed. According to the results of graphs, the relation between 1994 and 2000 crises are brought into open and the reasons for 2000 crisis' getting longer than 1994 crisis are tried to be achieved. Relevant data and information have been obtained from several books and public sources such as company document press releases' annual reports, governments' statistics, databases, especially Proquest, and finally state's official web-sites and organisations' web-sites for periodic data which has been cross checked and correlated with statistics issued by the several organisations. Finally, it should be noted that, the capital markets is the most important arm of financial sector for Turkey. The future of capital markets in Turkey are highly interrelated with the stabilisation and the development in the entire economy. A better comprehension of the economic development and stabilisation package after the crisis helped public to understand the vital importance of entire capital markets. ; Türkiye genç nüfusu, dinamik özel sektör yatırımları, ve liberalleşmiş finansal piyasalarıyla, hızla büyüyen ve gelişmekte olan pazarlardan biri olarak yatırımcılar açısından cazibesini korumaktadır. Bu bağlamda, " neden Türk ekonomisi sıklıkla finansal krizlere maruz kalarak krizle baş etme programlarıyla karşı karşıya geliyor? "sorusu akıllara geliyor. Çalışmanın analiz dönemleri, 1994 ve 2000 yıllarında Türkiye'nin maruz kaldığı "ödemeler dengesi krizleri" olarak adlandırılan 2 büyük krizi kapsamaktadır, 1994 krizi öncesinde gerçekleşen krizlerde sıkı para ve mali politikaları uygulanmaya çalışıldı ancak başarılı sonuçlar alınamadı. Son yaşanan krizde, Türkiye ekonomiyi istikrara ulaştırabilmek için dalgalı kur rejimini bırakarak 2000 yılı başında kapsamlı ve tutarlı enflasyonla mücadele programı başlattı, Türkiye bant içinde dalgalanma rejimi uygulamaya başlamıştır. Ancak yaşanan 2001 kriziyle ekonomik reform programı geri çekilmiş devalüasyon yaşanmış ve finansal piyasalar dalgalanmıştır. Kriz sonrasında Türkiye dalgalı kur rejimine geçtiğini duyurmuştur. Bugün, Türk hükümetinin amacı, Türkiye'nin penceresini tüm yatırımcılara açık tutmak ve olabildiğince genişletmek bu sayede hükümet borçlanma gereksinimlerini giderirken, bankalar devleti sübvanse ederek kazanacaklar, ekonominin geri kalanı makul kredi düzeyinden faydalanırken, mevduat faizi kazanmak cazip hale gelebilecektir. Bu çalışma, finansal sistemle sermaye piyasaları arasında yaşanan mali krizlerin incelemesi üzerinedir, Türkiye'deki sermaye piyasasının rolünün incelenmesi başlıca makroekonomik göstergeleri kullanarak değişkenlerin İMKB üzerindeki tesadüfi etkileri gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde, Türkiye Cumhuriyet'inin gelişmekte olan bir ülke olarak izlediği yolu açıklamakla başlamak gerekiyor. Bu duruma ek olarak, Türkiye'deki finansal piyasaların gelişimi de tarihsel olarak gözden geçirilmiştir. Başlangıç bilgilerden sonra, fiyat serbestisi ve sanayileşme etkileri tartışılmıştır. İnceleme Türk ekonomisi ve mali piyasalar üzerindeki. küreselleşmenin etkilerini yansıtmaktadır. Araştırmanın ikinci bölümünde ise, Türkiye'de yaşanan tüm zamanların en ağır krizi olan 1994 krizi açıklanmıştır. Bu bölüm 1994 krizinin kronolojisi ile devam ederken ekonomik krizin sonuçları açısından ekonomik göstergeler takip edilmektedir. Bu araştırmanın üçüncü bölümünde, Türkiye'nin yüksek enflasyon dahil aynı kalan sorunları paylaşılmıştır. Bu dönemde Türk ekonomisine yeniden kapsamlı ve tutarlı bir enflasyon düşürme programı başlatıldı. İlgili bölümde, Türkiye tarihinin ve Cumhuriyeti'nin yaşamış olduğu en ağır ve yıkıcı krizlerden olan Ocak 2000 ve Şubat 2001 krizleri takip ediyor. Çalışmanın dördüncü bölümde ise, özellikle Türk Sermaye Piyasasındaki gelişmeler gözden geçirilmiştir ve İMKB'nin bu gelişmedeki rolü değerlendirilmiştir. İMKB'nin günlük piyasalarda gerçekleşen önemli olaylar sonucunda işlemlerinin büyüklüğü ve hacmi 1994 ten 2000 yılına kadar uzanan durumu incelenmiştir. Son bölümde, her iki krizde finansal enstrümanların getirileri IMKB ile karşılaştırılarak incelenmiştir. Faiz oranları, hazine bonoları, döviz piyasası, para arzı ve sanayi üretimi aylık getirileri dikkate alınmıştır. Hazırlanan grafiklerin sonuçlarına göre, 1994 ve 2000 krizleri arasındaki ilişkiye bakılmıştır ve değerlendirme sonucunda 2000 krizinin 1994 krizinde daha uzun sürdüğü açıklanmıştır. Son olarak, sermaye piyasaları Türkiye'de finansal sektörün en önemli kolu olarak dikkate alınmalıdır. Türkiye'de sermaye piyasalarının geleceği ekonominin tamamının gelişimi ve istikrarı ile ilişkilidir. Kriz sonrası ekonomik gelişmenin ve uygulanan istikrar paketinin daha iyi anlaşılması kamunun sermaye piyasalarının önemini anlamasına yardımcı olacaktır.

ÖZETBu doktora tezi temel olarak iki amaca sahiptir. Bunlardan ilki; eski Sovyetler Birliği'nin Güney coğrafyasında, şu anda Orta Asya Cumhuriyetleri'nin bulunduğu bölgede Türkiye'nin ekonomik, siyasal ve güvenliğe ilişkin beklentileri maksimize edebilmesi için işbirliği stratejisi modelleri geliştirmek ve ikincisi; bu işbirliği stratejisi modellerinin uygulanmasını takiben belirecek olası yeni güç dengesi kapsamında Türkiye'nin içinde bulunacağı olası durumu senaryo planlama metodunu kullanarak oluşturulacak gelecek senaryoları ile tahmin etmek ve bunu gerçekleştirerek Türk karar alıcılarını oluşacak bu olası güç dengesi sisteminden önceden bilgilendirmek.Tez üç bölümden oluşmaktadır:Bölüm I'de Orta Asya halkları ve Orta Asya bölgesine ilişkin genel bilgi sunulmaktadır. Bu bölümde temel olarak dört husus üzerinde yoğunlaşılmıştır: İlk olarak; Türk kökenli halkların tarihi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Rus hakimiyeti altındaki Türk Hanlıkları arasındaki münasebetler, Sovyetler Birliği hakimiyeti altındaki Orta Asya halkları ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ndeki Türkler arasındaki münasebetler açıklanmakta, ikinci olarak; Türk karar alıcılarını Orta Asya Cumhuriyetleri'ni Türk dış politikasının ilgi alanına dahil etmeye sevkeden faktörler belirtilmekte, üçüncü olarak; Orta Asya Cumhuriyetleri'nin politik, sosyal, ekonomik yapısı, Orta Asya bölgesinin coğrafi ve ekonomik önemi ve son olarak Türkiye'nin Orta Asya bölgesindeki rolü ifade edilmektedir. Bölüm II'de dört farklı "İşbirliği Strateji Modelleri" önerilmektedir; Strateji Modeli I: Türkiye-A.B.D., Strateji Modeli II: Türkiye-A.B.D-İsrail, Strateji Modeli III: Türkiye-A.B.D.-İran ve Strateji Modeli IV: Türkiye-Orta Asya Ekonomik İşbirliği. Bu strateji modelleri gerçekleşme olasılığı en yüksek olandan gerçekleşme olasılığı en düşük olana şeklinde numaralandırılmaktadır. Diğer bir deyişle tezde işbirliği strateji modellerine dahil edilen beş devletin (A.B.D., İsrail, İran, Hindistan ve Pakistan) Türkiye'ye sunacakları politik ve ekonomik avantajların aynı düzeyde olamayacağı gerçeği göz önünde bulundurularak bu beş devlet ayrı strateji modelleri kapsamına alınmaktadır. Ayrıca, İşbirliği Strateji Modelleri iki temel kritere dayandırılarak yapılandırılmaktadır: İlk olarak; bu devletlerle işbirliği gerçekleştirmesi durumunda Türkiye'nin Orta Asya bölgesindeki politikalarını kolaylaştıracak ve maksimize edebilecek ekonomik, siyasal ve kültürel imkan ve de kabiliyetlere sahip ülkelerin İşbirliği Strateji Modelleri için seçilmesi ve ikinci olarak; uluslar arası ilişkilerde devletlerin milli menfaatleri hususunun hayati önem taşıdığı dikkate alınarak İşbirliği Strateji Modellerine dahil edilen devletlerin Orta Asya bölgesine ilişkin doğrudan ya da dolaylı ilgi ve beklentilerinin göz önünde bulundurulması. Bunun yanısıra, bu bölümde sadece "İşbirliği Strateji Modelleri" üzerinde yoğunlaşmamızı gerektiren beş temel sebep açıklanmaktadır: 1. Türkiye'nin Orta Asya Cumhuriyetleri'nin beklentilerini karşılayabilecek ekonomik güce sahip olmaması, 2. Rusya'nın Orta Asya Cumhuriyetleri'ne ilişkin politik tutumu, 3. Orta Asya Cumhuriyetleri'nin sadece Türkiye tarafından karşılanamayacak ekonomik, politik ve güvenlik beklentileri, 4. Türkiye ve Orta Asya Cumhuriyetleri arasındaki tarihi ve kültürel farklar ve 5. Türkiye'nin Orta Asya bölgesine direkt geçiş sağlayamayan coğrafi konumu. Bölüm III'te beş makro senaryo geliştirilmektedir; Gelecek Senaryosu I: Türkiye'nin Orta Doğu'ya İlişkin Olası Durumu, Gelecek Senaryosu II: Türkiye'nin A.B.D'ne İlişkin Olası Durumu, Gelecek Senaryosu III: Türkiye'nin Rusya Federasyonu'na İlişkin Olası Durumu, Gelecek Senaryosu IV: Türkiye'nin Yunanistan'a İlişkin Olası Durumu ve Gelecek Senaryosu V: Türkiyenin Avrupa Birliği'ne İlişkin Olası Durumu. Makro Senaryoların yanısıra bazı mikro senaryolar da sunulmatadır. Mikro Senaryolar gerçekleşme ihtimali en yüksek olandan en düşük olana şeklinde numaralandırılırken; gerçekleşme ihtimali en yüksek olarak kabul edilen senaryoya, uluslararası sistemde beklenmedik bir sapma olabileceği hususu gözönünde bulundurularak, maksimum realizasyon şansı tanınmaktadır. Bu bölümde işbirliği strateji modellerinin gerçekleştirilmesini takiben Türkiye'nin sadece Orta Doğu, A.B.D., Rusya Federasyonu, Yunanistan ve AB'ne ilişkin olası durumuna ait Gelecek Senaryoları geliştirilmesinin nedeni Türkiye'nin adı geçenlerden herbiri ile köklü güvenlik, ya da politik ya da ekonomik sorunlarının bulunmasıdır. Beş Makro senaryo gerçekleştirilirken "Gelecek Senaryo Planlama Metodu" kullanılmaktadır.ABSTRACTThis study has two main aims; firstly to develop cooperation strategy models in order to maximise Turkey's economic and political advantages in the former Soviet South geopolitical area and secondly to plan future scenarios through future scenario planning method to forecast the probable stand of Turkey in the probable new balance of power to be emerged as the result of the realisation of these strategy models and by doing so, to inform Turkish officials about this new balance of power before hand.The study has three chapters:In Chapter I we try to present necessary and overall information related to the Central Asian peoples and Central Asian region. We focus on four points; first of all, we explain a short history of Turkish origin peoples, give the background information about the relations between the Ottoman Empire and Central Asian Turkish Khanates under Russian dominance and between the Central Asian peoples in the Soviet Union and the Turks in Turkish Republic; secondly, we explain the factors that led Turkish decision-makers to include Central Asian states in Turkish foreign policy menu; thirdly, we present political, social and economic structure of the Central Asian states, geo and eco strategical importance of the Central Asian region, the problems that the Central Asian states face, and last we explain the role of Turkey in the Central Asian region. In Chapter II we propose four different "cooperation strategy models"; Strategy Model I: Turkey - U.S., Strategy Model II: Turkey - U.S. - Israel, Strategy Model III: Turkey - U.S. - Iran, and Strategy Model IV: Turkey - Central Asian Economic Cooperation Organization (CAECO). The strategy models are numbered from the most probable to the least probable. In other words, in the study taking the fact into consideration that cooperating with these five states will not present equal political and economic advantages for Turkey we include different states in different strategy models. In the study, Cooperation Strategy Models are based on two basic criteria: Firstly, economic or political or cultural capabilities and possibilities of the states included in the Models, which can directly facilitate and maximise Turkey's policies in the Central Asian region in case Turkey cooperates with them, and secondly, the states' direct or indirect interests and expectations in the Central Asian region since national interests of the states bear vital importance in international relations. Besides, there have been five main reasons which direct us to propose and concentrate on only "cooperation strategy model".in this study: 1. Economic incapabilities of Turkey which unables her to cover the needs of the CAR, 2. Russian Federation's firm stand towards these republics, 3. CAR's political, economic and security expectations which can not satisfied by Turkey alone, 4. Differences in culture and history between the CAR and Turkey, 5. Geographic location of Turkey which represents no contiquity with the Central Asian region.In chapter III we develop five macro future scenarios; Future Scenario I: Future Scenarios on Turkey's Position Regarding the Middle East Region, Future Scenario II: Future Scenarios on Turkey's Position Regarding the U.S., Future Scenario III: Future Scenarios on Turkey's Position Regarding the Russian Federation, Future Scenario IV: Future Scenarios on Turkey's Position Regarding Greece and Future Scenario V: Future Scenarios on Turkey's Position Regarding the EU. We also develop several micro scenarios which are interrelated with the mentioned macro scenarios. In the study we number the micro scenarios from the most plausible one to the least plausible one and give maximum 60 percent of realisation chance for the most plausible scenario taking the possibility of emergence of wild card (negative) scenarios (negative trends) into consideration. In this chapter we try to forecast Turkey's probable stand in regard to the Middle East region, U.S., Russian Federation, Greece and EU following the application of cooperation strategies and create future scenarios on them only since Turkey has had deep-rooted security, or political or economic conflicts with each one of them in history largely. In addition to these, while forecasting the future and in creating these five macro future scenarios we adopt future scenario planning method.

[SPA] Esta tesis doctoral se presenta bajo la modalidad de compendio de publicaciones. Tradicionalmente, servicios como la regulación y mantenimiento de la frecuencia de los sistemas eléctricos, cobertura de la demanda eléctrica o la existencia de las reservas rodantes (spinning reserves) han sido suministrados y asegurados por las fuentes de generación de energía eléctrica tradicionales. Sin embargo, los sistemas eléctricos han sufrido una serie de cambios en los últimos años que están afectando de manera directa al propio funcionamiento de los mismos. Por un lado, el aumento constante del consumo de energía y de la intensidad del propio uso energético, unido al aumento de las restricciones legislativas medioambientales, y por otro el concepto de la energía eléctrica como un producto comercial junto con la liberalización de los mercados energéticos, hacen que se tambaleen algunas de las premisas hasta ahora asumidas. En este sentido, y en un entorno de promoción de recursos renovables, hace que los servicios hasta ahora proporcionados sólo por la generación clásica deben también ser compartidos por todos los puntos de generación. No obstante, la alta penetración de este tipo de fuentes renovables en el sector eléctrico acarrea una seria de cuestiones derivadas de sus características y peculiaridades que es necesario abordar antes de proceder de manera masiva a su integración y, por tanto, a la independencia de la generación convencional. Adicionalmente, y debido a la naturaleza variable de la generación renovable (principalmente el viento y el sol) recobra mayor importancia el asegurar por parte de los organismos reguladores una reserva energética que permita actuar de manera eficiente y fiel en casos de desequilibrio de potencias. En este nuevo escenario, en el que el director de tesis ha trabajado a lo largo de la última década, se hace necesario contar con el desarrollo y adaptación de nuevas herramientas y soluciones que faciliten la integración de fuentes renovables sin que ello suponga una merma en las capacidades del sistema eléctrico en términos de estabilidad y de respuesta ante contingencias. Así pues, el objetivo principal de esta tesis consiste en el estudio, implementación y evaluación de sistemas eléctricos con alta penetración de recurso eólico y fotovoltaico con el fin de evaluar posibles soluciones para emular inercias virtuales y respuestas similares a las que se obtendrían con generación clásica, integrando así de manera efectiva el recurso renovable al control de la frecuencia del sistema eléctrico. En este escenario, resultaría crucial poder aliviar en parte las necesidades de almacenamiento de energía a los puntos de generación mediante la implementación de estrategias alternativas de control de respuesta ante excursiones de frecuencia en las unidades renovables, aportando éstas el apoyo necesario para mantener la frecuencia de red dentro de los límites establecidos. Por tanto, la solución aquí estudiada favorecería la integración masiva de recursos renovables, dentro de un escenario de estabilidad del sistema eléctrico apoyado por estas instalaciones, y donde la eliminación paulatina de elementos rotativos directamente conectados a la red debe sustituirse y/o emularse de manera que el sistema eléctrico ofrezca la misma fiabilidad que se percibe ante la presencia de generación convencional. Sólo así se conseguirá fomentar de manera argumentada las posibilidades tangibles de integración a gran escala de recursos renovables, adelantándonos a las necesidades que surgirán de manera inevitable como consecuencia de la disminución inicial de inercia del sistema (entendida de una manera clásica como elementos rotativos directamente conectados a red) y como consecuencia de la entrada de fuentes que poseen una variabilidad en sus niveles de generación. Destacar igualmente la importancia cada vez mayor del control de la frecuencia del sistema eléctrico, debido a la sensibilidad y dependencia que poseen de este parámetro la mayoría de las cargas y equipos con algún tipo de etapa de electrónica de potencia. ; [ENG] This doctoral dissertation has been presented in the form of thesis by publication. Over the last decades, most countries have been suffering an electrical energy transition, changing from a model based on non-renewable sources (mainly based on fossil fuels), to a new framework characterised by the integration of renewable energy resources (RES). These important changes have been mainly supported by the development of power electronics, environmental protection policies, and the need to reduce energy dependence on third countries. Moreover, the electrical sector stands out because of the diversity and heterogeneity of sources that can generate electricity. As a result, the current electrical scenario includes a high interest in the integration of variable renewable energy sources (vRES) shifting towards a new generation mix. In fact, these vRES (mainly photovoltaic and wind power installations) already play a relevant role, as some European countries have experienced generation levels over 50% during some time-periods of last years. As aforementioned, the two most mature renewable resources integrated into power systems are solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power (especially variable speed wind turbines, VSWTs). Together with the integration of these two sources, and in contrast to traditional grids based on conventional power plants (i.e., hydro-power, thermal, and nuclear power plants), several important issues have emerged, needing to be analysed, assessed, and resolved. ; Los artículos que constituyen la tesis son los siguientes: 1. Fernández-Guillamón, Ana & Gómez-Lázaro, Emilio & Muljadi, Eduard & Molina-García, Ángel, 2019. "Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C). 2. Ana Fernández-Guillamón & Jorge Villena-Lapaz & Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez & Tania García-Sánchez & Ángel Molina-García, 2018. "An Adaptive Frequency Strategy for Variable Speed Wind Turbines: Application to High Wind Integration Into Power Systems,"Energies, MDPI, Open Access Journal, vol. 11(6), pages 1-21, June. 3. Fernández-Guillamón, A.; Vigueras-Rodríguez, A.; Gómez-Lázaro, E.; Molina-García, Á. Fast Power Reserve Emulation Strategy for VSWT Supporting Frequency Control in Multi-Area Power Systems. Energies 2018, 11, 2775. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11102775. 4. Fernández-Guillamón, Ana & Sarasúa, José & Chazarra, Manuel & Vigueras-Rodríguez, Antonio & Fernández-Muñoz, Daniel & Molina-Garcia, Ángel. (2020). Frequency control analysis based on unit commitment schemes with high wind power integration: A Spanish isolated power system case study. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 121. 106044. 10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106044. 5. Fernández‐Guillamón, A., Vigueras‐Rodríguez, A. and Molina‐García, Á. (2019), Analysis of power system inertia estimation in high wind power plant integration scenarios. IET Renewable Power Generation, 13: 2807-2816. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.0220. 6. Fernández Guillamón, Ana; Martínez de Lucas, Guillermo; Molina García, Ángel y Sarasúa Moreno, José Ignacio (2020). An Adaptive Control Scheme for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Providing Frequency Regulation in Isolated Power Systems with Thermal Generation."Energies", v. 13 (n. 13); p. 3369. ISSN 1996-1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133369. 7. Fernández-Guillamón, A.; Martínez-Lucas, G.; Molina-García, Á.; Sarasua, J.-I. Hybrid Wind–PV Frequency Control Strategy under Variable Weather Conditions in Isolated Power Systems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187750. 8. Fernández-Guillamón, Ana & Gomez-Lazaro, Emilio & Molina-Garcia, Ángel. (2020). Extensive frequency response and inertia analysis under high renewable energy source integration scenarios: application to the European interconnected power system. ; Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Programa de Doctorado en Energías Renovables y Eficiencia Energética

"Epidemics of influenza-like disease became widespread in several areas of the Eastern United States during January. The first confirmed outbreak of the season began early in the month in Robeson County in southern North Carolina. Adjacent counties in North Carolina and contiguous areas of South Carolina became progressively involved. By February 15, outbreaks of inf1uenza-like il1ness had been reported from the District of Columbia and 15 States, including North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, Kansas, Illinois, Georgia, Maine, Vermont, South Carolina, New York, Massachusetts, Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia. Influenza A2 virus had been confirmed by isolation or by serologic titer rise as the causative agent in outbreaks in the District of Columbia, North Carolina, Maryland, Kansas, New York, and at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station in Illinois. During the month of January, the pattern of spread of disease confined itself to a northerly and southerly direction along the Atlantic Seaboard. The early confirmed outbreaks in Kansas City and Chicago areas occurred in rather specialized population groups, and it was not until February that: community-wide outbreaks were seen in these areas. Figure 1 shows the distribution of outbreaks through February 15. In early February, outbreaks in West Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio suggested the beginning of a westerly spread, which was confirmed when, by late February J large segments of Middle 'Western and South Central States became involved. By the first week of March, outbreaks of influenza-like disease had been reported from the District of Columbia and 35 States, all east of the Rocky Mountains with the exception of focal outbreaks in Montana and Arizona. Influenza A2 virus was implicated as the etiologic agent in one or more outbreaks in twelve more States including Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Ohio, South Carolina, Virginia, and Wisconsin. By early March, outbreaks were subsiding in most affected areas of the East and Middle West. The pattern of epidemic spread, however, continued a westerly course, although the extensive, often state-wide, involvement which characterized earlier outbreaks on the Eastern Seaboard was not frequently observed as the epidemic moved westward. Among the Mountain States, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah reported outbreaks for the first time, and the West Coast States of Alaska and California began to experience outbreaks. In mid-March, the State of Washington reported two focal outbreaks. A small focal outbreak also occurred in Wyoming about this time. By late April, one or more outbreaks of influenza-like disease had been reported from the District of Columbia and45 States. Only the States of Florida, Hawaii, Nebraska, Nevada, and New Mexico failed to report increased incidences of this syndrome. InfluenzaA2 virus was implicated as the causative agent of one or more outbreaks in the District of Columbia and a total of 34 States, with the States of Arizona, Arkansas I California, Colorado, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, I Utah, Vermont, Washington, and West Virginia, now added to the list. With the exception of the State of Alaska, where widespread community epidemics occurred during the months of March and April, the West Coast States were notable for the lack of demonstrated community involvement. The State of California represents an interesting example of this phenomenon in which the presence of influenza A2 virus was demonstrated over large areas of the State through serologic confirmation in sporadic cases, but in which outbreaks could be demonstrated largely only in institutional environments. In general, the force of the epidemic, in its capacity for large scale community involvement tended to dissipate as the epidemic moved west. Figure 2 shows the distribution of outbreaks for the epidemic as a whole. Conspicuous by its absence during this epidemic was the widespread excess secondary school absenteeism so markedly associated with the 1957 influenza A2 epidemic. This observation was, in part, confirmed by surveys of age specific attack rate in selected areas of epidemic prevalence, where a marked flattening of the attack rate curves was demonstrated in the age groups 10-19. (See Influenza Surveillance Report No. 76, page 14). For the epidemic as a whole, the only influenza agents implicated by isolation have been strains of influenza A. No isolations of influenza B strains were reported to the Influenza Surveillance Unit during the entire season. The contemporary A strains showed relation, through hemagglutination inhibition to the A2/Jap 305/57 prototype, and are clearly members of the A2 subtype. That a certain amount of .antigenic drift away from the 1957 prototype has occurred is also clearly demonstrated in reciprocal cross hemagglutination inhibition tests using both ferret and rooster immune antisera. Studies at the Respirovirus Unit, Communicable Disease Center would also indicate that this is a continuance of a drift noticed with the appearance of the A2lJap 170/62 prototype strain, in that certain contemporary U. S. isolates would appear to vary antigenical1y as much from A2lJap 170/62 as A2/ Jap 170/62 varies from A2lJap305/57. On May 27 the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Influenza met to consider recommendations for the coming year (See Part VII of this Influenza Surveillance Report). Of particular note was the agreement on the prediction that widespread outbreaks of influenza are not likely to occur during the coming winter season. Of further note was the decision to change the current civilian polyvalent vaccine from a four-strain to a six-strain material-with the addition of one more contemporary strain each of A2 and B. The total CCA unitage of the new vaccine will be 600 instead of the current 500, the total CCA unitage of the combined A2components remaining, as before, at 200, and the total unitage of the B components being increased by 100. Also of interest was the increased disparity between the composition of the military vaccine (continuing the old four-strain 1000 CCA unit/ml composition for the coming season) and the new civilian vaccine. The decision to incorporate a new A2 strain into the civilian vaccine, though the new AZ/Jap 170/62 prototype reflects only variation within the subtype and not a major antigenic shift, would seem to reflect an underlying assumption that variations within a subtype may affect vaccine efficacy. During the season there were few adequate studies of vaccine efficacy. However, studies, to be described later in this report, would tend to question the efficacy of the current vaccine in the specific populations considered. One of the studies, in particular, poses the question of whether influenza vaccine induced H. I. antibody is related to vaccine protection. Pneumonia-influenza deaths in the 108 cities first exceeded the epidemic threshold in early January and reached a peak during the week ending March 16. Deaths fell to below threshold levels during the week ending April 13 and have remained so to the present." - p. [1]-5 ; I. Summary -- II. Epidemic reports -- III. International summary -- IV. Special reports -- V. Laboratory report -- VI. Pneumonia influenza mortality -- VII. Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Influenza: Recommendations for influenza immunization and control in the civilian population ; June 14, 1963. ; Produced by the Communicable Disease Center Epidemiology Branch Influenza Surveillance Unit. ; Section II called also: Influenza, United States-winter 1961-1962 ; "Summarized in this report is information received from State Health Departments, university investigators, virology laboratories and other pertinent sources, domestic and foreign. Much of the information is preliminary. It is intended primarily for the use of those with responsibility for disease control activities. Anyone desiring to quote this report should contact the original investigator for confirmation and interpretation." - preface

Jurisdiction, territory, and sovereignty in empire -- Pluralism as policy -- Indigenous jurisdiction and spatial order -- Legality and lawlessness -- The local limits of jurisdiction -- Farmbrough's fathoming and transitions in Georgia -- Lego'me and territoriality in New South Wales -- Perfect settler sovereignty.

Innovative financial instruments to support more inclusive development have emerged in recent years. These include social bonds designed to raise proceeds for projects with positive social outcomes. Social bonds can help Asia meet its long-term objectives in line with the Sustainable Development Goals and also facilitate the transition to a more inclusive economic recovery from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This publication explains why social bond market development is vital to financing the sustainable recovery of Asia from the pandemic. It also outlines salient barriers to social bond market development in the region and potential solutions to overcome them.

Social bond markets have grown rapidly in Asia and around the world amid the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Today, the global social bond market is dominated by bonds that address pandemic-related social impact areas. To better understand the potential contribution of social bonds in tackling developing Asia's most urgent social issues, this study reviews the current status and recent trends of global and Asian social bond markets. It further analyzes social impact areas that can be addressed by social bonds in both the short and long term. The study's findings can help align finance with the Sustainable Development Goals and maximize the impact of the social bond market for sustainable development.

While Malaysia's economy may be driven by large industries where government-linked companies (GLCs) and multi-national corporations predominate, the importance of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) should not be underestimated. Almost all (98.5%) registered businesses in Malaysia are MSMEs, and help to stimulate the economy in more ways than one (i.e., providing employment and innovation, among others). Judging by economic performance and administrative resilience following the 14th General Election in 2018, Malaysia's economic growth and development seemed to be on a positive trajectory. However, with the emergence of Covid-19 in late 2019, MSMEs have been badly impacted, with a tremendous number of them closing down temporarily or shutting down operations completely. This is expected to hamper Malaysia's prospects for economic growth for years to come. While the country's economy, overall, will likely experience challenges in future, Malaysia's working people will be the most affected—namely those who are breadwinners for their families. A survey-based study was carried out from July to August 2020 by The Asia Foundation (the Foundation) to identify how Malaysian MSMEs have been affected by the Covid-19 outbreak. This looked at key areas such as businesses': performance prior to the pandemic, operations during Covid-19 restrictions, expectations about survival, coping strategies, perceptions about the government's management in response to the pandemic, and willingness to help women cope with the pandemic. This study also surveyed the impact of Covid-19 on Malaysian workers, and especially during the initial phase of the government's movement control order (MCO), which was introduced and enforced to prevent mass spread of the coronavirus. The study was carried out to analyze the direct and indirect impact that the outbreak and the associated measures put in place by employers and the government had on different groups of workers.