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International audience ; St. Augustine's "De Civitate Dei" and Matteo Palmieri's "Vita Civile" as sources of Leonardo's political vision. Leonardo and Machiavelli on the archeological discovery of Castellina in Chianti (1507) and the question of the "aeternitas mundi", in the context of the intellectual milieu of Bernardo Rucellai's "Orti" in Florence.

International audience ; The Moroccan oasis region is facing new environmental problems. The Government often delegates their solution to the local administrations that do not have the resources to solve them. Therefore the role of the local associations is growing but sometimes the lack of training of their members in the field of environmental issues and EE, and the absence of the public administration cannot solve the problems but partially. We present, as case study, the activities of the Association Hassilabiad pour l´environnement, le développement et la coopération (AHT).

International audience ; The Moroccan oasis region is facing new environmental problems. The Government often delegates their solution to the local administrations that do not have the resources to solve them. Therefore the role of the local associations is growing but sometimes the lack of training of their members in the field of environmental issues and EE, and the absence of the public administration cannot solve the problems but partially. We present, as case study, the activities of the Association Hassilabiad pour l´environnement, le développement et la coopération (AHT).

International audience ; Attraverso una ricognizione dei principali significati della parola stato rilevabili ne Il Principe di Machiavelli, questo contributo si propone di evidenziarne la similarità semantica e concettuale con tre frammenti letterari di Leonardo da Vinci, attinti a un corpus di riflessioni a carattere politico, la cui ricomposizione (così come la ricostruzione di un interscambio intellettuale tra il vinciano e il fiorentino) è stata oggetto di precedenti pubblicazioni dell'autore. L'intento è dimostrare che la compatibilità degli scritti occasionalmente politici di Leonardo con la nuova lingua della politica di fine XV – inizio XVI secolo può essere considerata un sintomo della sempre più frequente diffusione, a questa fase, dell'idea proto-moderna (ossia machiavelliana) di stato.

The market-oriented Private Military Companies (PMC) are said to be a new tool for post-Cold War-peacekeeping in war-torn environments: actually, private security is strongly embedded in the so called "new wars", and derives from the retrenchment of the state in response to the globalisation. The study compares two different kinds of peacekeeping strategies: private security and regional peacekeeping are analysed in the context of Sierra Leone, an African country shocked by a savage civil war in the 90's. The first case describes the intervention of Executive Outcomes (EO) - a former and controversial South African PMC - in Sierra Leone (1995): EO provided only a short-lived frame of security which was instrumental to business interest of major international mining corporations. The second case is multilateral peacekeeping on a regional basis: ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) intervention in Sierra Leone (1997-2000) was the first case of sub-regional peacekeeping in Africa: despite its difficulties due to political ambiguity, financial capacity and logistical obstacles, this intervention put in place a more legitimate peacekeeping strategy. A full understanding of modern privatised security shows its inadequacy for successful peaceful conflict transformations. Additionally, regional-based peacekeeping strategies, albeit more legitimate than private security, needs to be deeply refined in terms of training, funding and political will, in order to be successful.

The changes in the Italian banking system, begun during years nineties and not still concluded, as well as the outcome of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision's (Basel 2) regarding the international convergence of the regulations governing the capital adequacy, have reopened the debate on the relationship bank-firms; in a more particular way on the necessity to guarantee to SMEs and to the handicraft firms an adapted financial support in order to assure their development and in many cases their survival. The research is aimed to identify the real situation of the bank-small firms relationship, the level of qualitative and quantitative information that the financial enterprises can transfer to the system, the perspectives of survival and development of the same enterprises, considering the changes in action, linked to the future introduction of the new Basel agreement; it currently proposes numerous changes in the actual rules, above all as regard as the credit risk credit and the associated measure of eligible capital for banks. The study, conducted at the moment, on the handicraft enterprises located in the province of Catanzaro (the seat of Calabria local government), take part in the widest debate to a national level. Analogous researches started in other Italian regions testifies a raising interest from scholars and professionals on such topic, not still inquired in systematic way. To carry on the research the questionnaire methodology is been chosen. A medium length, multi-part questionnaire was designed to identify business characteristiques and their relationship with local banks. It contains both open-ended and close-ended questions. This flexible format was used to solicit the most accurate and complete responses from SME.

This contribution aims to highlight its semantic and conceptual similarity with three literary fragments of Leonardo da Vinci, drawing on a body of political reflections, whose recomposition (as well as the reconstruction of an intellectual exchange between the vincian and the Florentino) has been the subject of previous publications by the author. The intention is to demonstrate that the compatibility of the occasionally political writings of Leonardo with the new language of the late 15th — early 16th century policy can be seen as a symptom of the increasing prevalence at this stage of the proto-modern (i.e. machiavelliana) idea of state. ; International audience ; This contribution aims to highlight its semantic and conceptual similarity with three literary fragments of Leonardo da Vinci, drawing on a body of political reflections, whose recomposition (as well as the reconstruction of an intellectual exchange between the vincian and the Florentino) has been the subject of previous publications by the author. The intention is to demonstrate that the compatibility of the occasionally political writings of Leonardo with the new language of the late 15th — early 16th century policy can be seen as a symptom of the increasing prevalence at this stage of the proto-modern (i.e. machiavelliana) idea of state. ; Attraverso una ricognizione dei principali significati della parola stato rilevabili ne Il Principe di Machiavelli, questo contributo si propone di evidenziarne la similarità semantica e concettuale con tre frammenti letterari di Leonardo da Vinci, attinti a un corpus di riflessioni a carattere politico, la cui ricomposizione (così come la ricostruzione di un interscambio intellettuale tra il vinciano e il fiorentino) è stata oggetto di precedenti pubblicazioni dell'autore. L'intento è dimostrare che la compatibilità degli scritti occasionalmente politici di Leonardo con la nuova lingua della politica di fine XV – inizio XVI secolo può essere considerata un sintomo della sempre più frequente diffusione, a ...

International audience ; We will present an analysis of the Italian - dialect codeswitching phenomena selected from a 20-hour corpus. This analysis is part of a larger PhD project aiming to describe the bilingual repertoire in a Sardinian/ Italian contact situation, and more particularly, how codeswitching is realised in spontaneous speech in the urban area of Cagliari, Sardinia's capital city. Sardinian has a particular "status" in romance studies, for it is the language closest to Latin, and from a social/ political and linguistic point of view, for it is the most important minority language spoken in Italy. We have focused our research on Cagliari for the following socio-linguistic reasons: Traditionally, according to Sardinian studies, Cagliari is renowned for its major use of Italian compared to that of Sardinian. Moreover, the dialect spoken in the capital city is considered as the most innovative in the island, seeing that the proximity of use with Italian favours lexical (but also morpho-syntactic) transfer. The goal of our contribution is to highlight the interactional value of codeswitching in a functional-pragmatic perspective. To investigate the latter, we will focus on the role of codeswitching in the discourse strategies, based on Auer's distinction between codeswitching depending on speakers and codeswitching depending on discourse. From this functional perspective we shall focus on a further distinction between inter- and intra- phrasal codeswitching, from which different expressive discourse strategies emerge. Given the specificity of the Italian sociolinguistic context, our methodology and our perspective integrate those of the main works undertaken in the same research field (for example Alfonzetti 1992). We will present some examples of codeswitching depending on discourse, which we consider the most interesting in our Italian/Sardinian corpus. Furthermore, we will focus on the pragmatic role played by codeswitching to satisfy strategies of convergence toward the partners in conversation. ...

Southern Caucasus (Transcaucasia) is a dichotomous region. The states forming this area are characterized by deep dissimilarities, but at the same time they share part of their past and many of their future expectations. A common historical legacy, together with a particular people's Weltanschauung and a geographic contiguity render Georgja, Armenia and Azerbaijan a group of countries that are united in their several differences. The aim of this PhD Thesís is the study of the political and economic transition of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. On the basis of the potitical science, social studies, economic development and the transition scientific literature, some structural indicators have been chosen in order to elaborate a macro-analysis on their present level of democratic and economic development. As for the economic section, comparative analyses of the economic and financial performances have been adopted. The results of this studies and the analysis of the indicators have been submitted to the scrutiny of a group of scholars coming from Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation and Europe, composing a so-called DELPHI Group. The main goal was to have an impartial and scientific opinion about the quality of the analysis. The results indicating the different level of the structural development (also summarised in a numerical coefficient) allowed giving the three countries a "democracy score", commonly used by the scientific community. The analysis alIowed to classify Georgia and Armenia as hybrid regimes, in which the potential for sustainable, liberal democracy is unclear, corruption is widespread and presents a major impediment to political and economic development. As for Azerbaijan it was defined as a semi-consolidated authoritarian regme, in which it failed to meet even the minimum standards of electoral democracy, State presence in the economic sector and widespread corruption represent an obstacle for development. Political and economic transition of Transcaucasian countries seems to have a checkered trend, because there are still too many systemic internal fractures characterizing in these countries and too many international components can act and/or dominate their individual choices.

Nel 2004 l'IFLA ha pubblicato la versione finale del formato UNIMARC Holdings, quattro anni dopo la pubblicazione del formato MARC21 Holdings. Il formato fornisce nuove funzionalità alla comunità degli utenti UNIMARC in virtù della sua complementarietà con l'UNIMARC/Bibliographic.Al momento non risultano implementazioni pratiche dell'UNIMARC/H. Pertanto il presente articolo si propone come un'analisi teorica del nuovo formato in rispondenza alle necessità, emerse all'interno del Gruppo di lavoro ITALE sul libro antico, relative allo studio del trattamento dei dati di esemplare.Il formato UNIMARC/H consente una gestione dei dati di esemplare distinta dai dati bibliografici, al fine di perseguire i seguenti obiettivi:permettere l'interscambio dei dati di holdings a livello nazionale e internazionalesemplificare per gli utenti la localizzazione del documento e il reperimento dei dati di holdings.Lo standard UNIMARC/H si basa su:ISO 10324: 1997 Information and documentation – Holdings statement – Summary per l'inquadramento generale UNIMARC Manual – Bibliographic format, Update 4, per la struttura e la formulazione dei dati.La relazione dell'UNIMARC/H con la norma ISO 10324 si esplica prevalentemente attraverso l'adozione del concetto di triplice struttura della registrazione di copia. Quest'ultima, infatti, può essere codificata su tre livelli: il livello 1 che identifica la copia e l'ente possessore. Si tratta del livello base del record, valido solo per le unità bibliografiche singole;il livello 2 che aggiunge al primo alcune informazioni su stato di acquisizione, politica di conservazione e caratteristiche fisiche della copia e, per i seriali, livello di completezza delle raccolte;il livello 3 che aggiunge al secondo livello informazioni dettagliate sulla estensione del posseduto e, quindi, è funzionale alla registrazione dei seriali e delle unità bibliografiche multiparte, comprese le eventuali unità bibliografiche secondarie.In rispondenza al formato UNIMARC/Bibliographic, l'UNIMARC/H è strutturato in un record label e nei seguenti blocchi funzionali:0XX - Identification block: è il blocco dei numeri identificativi del record di holding e del record bibliografico, al quale sono collegati i dati di copia, per l'identificazione univoca della registrazione.1XX - Coded information block: riporta le informazioni codificate, a lunghezza fissa, del record di copia.2XX - Location and access block: riporta informazioni per l'identificazione dell'istituzione, la localizzazione fisica del documento e la sua disponibilità.3XX - Notes block: il blocco delle note relative al record di copia.5XX - Holdings statement block: raccoglie le informazioni dettagliate sull'estensione del posseduto con particolare riferimento ai seriali, che per loro natura richiedono un trattamento amministrativo molto più complesso ed analitico delle opere monografiche.7XX - Intellectual responsibility block: il blocco ha la funzione di identificare le formulazioni di responsabilità relative alla singola copia.8XX - Source information block: riporta la fonte del record e le note generali del catalogatore, che non vengono visualizzate per l'utente finale.9XX - National Use Block: riporta i dati locali in tag proprietari non definiti nel formato UNIMARC.L'analisi dettagliata del formato evidenzia come restino irrisolte alcune questioni relative alla definizione del limite tra dati di copia e dati bibliografici e al rapporto tra UNIMARC/H e FRBR, ma resta fuori di dubbio che proprio l'architettura gerarchica e modulare del modello FRBR prefiguri nuovi interessanti scenari organizzativi per il catalogo, ammesso che si riescano a ridefinire i ruoli e le relazioni tra biblioteche locali, "sistema bibliotecario nazionale" e sistema bibliografico generale e , soprattutto, si opti per l'abbandono definitivo delle tecnologie proprietarie, per i dati bibliografici così come per quelli locali. ; In 2004 IFLA has published the final version of the new UNIMARC format: the UNIMARC holdings. The format follows four year later the MARC21 holdings format and sets new opportunities and challenges for the UNIMARC community users due particularly to its strong and evident relationships with the bibliographic format. In reality there is no practical implementation of the UNIMARC/H format. The present article is a theoretical analysis of the new holdings format and results from the need of the work group ITALE (the Association of the Italian ALEPH users) for the antiquarian book to deepen the topics related to holdings data treatment.Chief aim of the UNIMARC/H format is to manage separately holdings data from bibliographic data, in order to obtain the following purposes: to permit the intersystems exchanges of holdings data at national and international level; to make easy for the users to locate and to gain information about the item.The standard UNIMARC/H is based on the: ISO 10324: 1997 Information and documentation - Holdings statement- Summary level for the main concept; UNIMARC Manual- Bibliographic format, update 4, for the structure.In relation to ISO 10324 record statement can adopt tree levels. Level 1 identifies the item and the holding institution. Level 2 adds to level 1 general guidance as to the extent of an institution's holdings and also as to the receipt or acquisition status, general retention policy, completeness designator and physical characteristics of an item. Level 3 includes a statement of summary extent of holdings. In conformity with UNIMARC/B, UNIMARC/H is structured in a record label and in the following functional blocks:0XX - Identification block: contains numbers that identify the record or the holding.1XX - Coded information block: contains fixed length data elements describing various aspects of the record or data.2XX - Location and access block: contains information that identifies the institution, physical site or collection at which a bibliographic unit is located or from which it may be available.3XX - Notes block: contains notes, that contribute to identification of the item described in the holdings record.5XX - Holdings statement block: contains information for caption, pattern, enumeration and chronology of a specific bibliographic item for which a location is to be made.7XX - Intellectual responsibility block: contains a form of responsibility heading related to the item described in the holdings record.8XX - Source information block: contains the source of the record and cataloguer's notes about the data not intended for public display.9XX - National Use Block: contains data local to the originator of the record. Field tags are not defined in the UNIMARC/H format for the intersystem exchange.In conclusion the new format sets out additional challenges for libraries and new opportunities for data exchange, both at national and international level. Notwithstanding it is still a dilemma to define the boundary between bibliographic data and holdings data as well as the relationship between UNIMARC/H structure and FRBR model that is worthy to be further investigated.

International audience ; We will present an analysis of the Italian - dialect codeswitching phenomena selected from a 20-hour corpus. This analysis is part of a larger PhD project aiming to describe the bilingual repertoire in a Sardinian/ Italian contact situation, and more particularly, how codeswitching is realised in spontaneous speech in the urban area of Cagliari, Sardinia's capital city. Sardinian has a particular "status" in romance studies, for it is the language closest to Latin, and from a social/ political and linguistic point of view, for it is the most important minority language spoken in Italy. We have focused our research on Cagliari for the following socio-linguistic reasons: Traditionally, according to Sardinian studies, Cagliari is renowned for its major use of Italian compared to that of Sardinian. Moreover, the dialect spoken in the capital city is considered as the most innovative in the island, seeing that the proximity of use with Italian favours lexical (but also morpho-syntactic) transfer. The goal of our contribution is to highlight the interactional value of codeswitching in a functional-pragmatic perspective. To investigate the latter, we will focus on the role of codeswitching in the discourse strategies, based on Auer's distinction between codeswitching depending on speakers and codeswitching depending on discourse. From this functional perspective we shall focus on a further distinction between inter- and intra- phrasal codeswitching, from which different expressive discourse strategies emerge. Given the specificity of the Italian sociolinguistic context, our methodology and our perspective integrate those of the main works undertaken in the same research field (for example Alfonzetti 1992). We will present some examples of codeswitching depending on discourse, which we consider the most interesting in our Italian/Sardinian corpus. Furthermore, we will focus on the pragmatic role played by codeswitching to satisfy strategies of convergence toward the partners in conversation. ; L'oggetto del presente contributo è la presentazione di alcuni casi di code-switching emersi dall'analisi di un corpus di parlato spontaneo della durata di circa 20 ore. Il materiale è stato registrato interamente a Cagliari (Italia) nel quadro di una ricerca di dottorato tuttora in corso presso l'Università Stendhal-Grenoble 3 (Francia) sui fenomeni di contatto linguistico nel capoluogo sardo. La nostra analisi procederà secondo una prospettiva interazionale, al fine di mettere in rilievo il ruolo pragmatico-funzionale attribuito al code-switching nell'ambito delle strategie discorsive in situazioni e tra interlocutori differenti. In tal senso, la ricerca si inserisce in un filone di studi già assai sviluppato in ambito internazionale, caratterizzato inoltre da un'approfondita riflessione proprio sul contesto specificamente italoromanzo. La ricerca si focalizza su Cagliari, e più particolarmente su alcuni quartieri (sia centrali che periferici) della città. Per ciascun quartiere sono state inoltre designate alcune (macro)situazioni di tipo tendenzialmente - ma non esclusivamente - informale, al fine di offrire maggiori possibilità di confronto tra i dati a disposizione. Sul piano linguistico la situazione di Cagliari è comune a quella della maggior parte delle realtà urbane italiane, con diglossia (dilalìa) italiano/dialetto. Un ulteriore motivo d'interesse è dato proprio dallo status particolare attribuito al sardo nel campo della romanistica, e dal fatto che la varietà cagliaritana è considerata la più innovativa e "italofila" dell'area sarda.

During one century's development, libraries in China have overcome many difficulties, changed their focus and orientation, and built up a steady basis for future development. When entering the new century, they are changing and progressing at an ever-increasing speed. Facing both opportunities and challenges, they are seriously rethinking and redefining their roles, missions, and orientations in the information era. A user-oriented philosophy is replacing the traditional book-centered philosophy.Free, equal, and open spirit is spreading in the library field. While engaging in the state-of-the-art activities such as digital libraries, new services, information resource development and sharing, and library administration and reform, libraries in China are closely concerned with the unbalanced development of China and the enlarging digital divide. While playing an important role in the public education and in preserving the traditional culture, they are actively involved in the campaign of sustainable development and the improvement of economically underdeveloped areas. This paper is a general overview of the libraries in China, presenting the status quo and current trends. It first introduces the current organization and policy structure of the library system in China, with emphasis on the National Library of China, public library system, academic library system, and research library system, and points out some existing problems in the structure. It then talks about some of the recent trends in library services, including the employment of online shared cataloging and online public access catalog, the tradition of and current focus on user education and instruction, the emerging interest in reference services especially cooperative digital reference services, and the developing document delivery and inter-library loan services. As in other countries, new technologies and the Internet have a great impact on the librarianship in China.In Section 4, some major digital library projects are introduced, including China National Digital Library Project (CNDL), Chinese National Science Digital Library (CSDL), Tsinghua University Architecture Digital Library (THADL), and Chinese Digital Library Standards (CDLS). Some existing problems in the development of digital libraries are discussed; for example, most of the digital library projects in China are still in the rudimental stage of simply digitizing library materials, rather than more complicated digital services. The next section talks about the digital divide in China and the resource sharing efforts of libraries. China Academic Library and Information System (CALIS) is the major project in the academic library system, and National Science and Technology Library (NSTL) is a digital library engaging in information sharing in the research sector. Information sharing projects in the public library system are mostly sponsored by the government, including but not limited to the nation-wide project of "Send Books to the Countryside" and the "Mobile Libraries" project in Guangdong province. The Shanghai Information Resources Network is a case of cross-sector information sharing projects, and the conferences of Chinese Resources Cooperation and Development are the international endeavor in sharing Chinese information resources and preserving Chinese culture. Library legislation and library education are briefly discussed towards the end of the paper. A unified library law of China is still an important issue under development, and requires the efforts and cooperation from both within and outside the library profession.Library education in China is a comprehensive system with undergraduate education as the basic means of training professional librarians and in-service training as an important complement. The graduate education also grows fast in recent years in response to the demands of high quality librarians. ; During one century's development, libraries in China have overcome many difficulties, changed their focus and orientation, and built up a steady basis for future development. When entering the new century, they are changing and progressing at an ever-increasing speed. Facing both opportunities and challenges, they are seriously rethinking and redefining their roles, missions, and orientations in the information era. A user-oriented philosophy is replacing the traditional book-centered philosophy.Free, equal, and open spirit is spreading in the library field. While engaging in the state-of-the-art activities such as digital libraries, new services, information resource development and sharing, and library administration and reform, libraries in China are closely concerned with the unbalanced development of China and the enlarging digital divide. While playing an important role in the public education and in preserving the traditional culture, they are actively involved in the campaign of sustainable development and the improvement of economically underdeveloped areas. This paper is a general overview of the libraries in China, presenting the status quo and current trends. It first introduces the current organization and policy structure of the library system in China, with emphasis on the National Library of China, public library system, academic library system, and research library system, and points out some existing problems in the structure. It then talks about some of the recent trends in library services, including the employment of online shared cataloging and online public access catalog, the tradition of and current focus on user education and instruction, the emerging interest in reference services especially cooperative digital reference services, and the developing document delivery and inter-library loan services. As in other countries, new technologies and the Internet have a great impact on the librarianship in China.In Section 4, some major digital library projects are introduced, including China National Digital Library Project (CNDL), Chinese National Science Digital Library (CSDL), Tsinghua University Architecture Digital Library (THADL), and Chinese Digital Library Standards (CDLS). Some existing problems in the development of digital libraries are discussed; for example, most of the digital library projects in China are still in the rudimental stage of simply digitizing library materials, rather than more complicated digital services. The next section talks about the digital divide in China and the resource sharing efforts of libraries. China Academic Library and Information System (CALIS) is the major project in the academic library system, and National Science and Technology Library (NSTL) is a digital library engaging in information sharing in the research sector. Information sharing projects in the public library system are mostly sponsored by the government, including but not limited to the nation-wide project of "Send Books to the Countryside" and the "Mobile Libraries" project in Guangdong province. The Shanghai Information Resources Network is a case of cross-sector information sharing projects, and the conferences of Chinese Resources Cooperation and Development are the international endeavor in sharing Chinese information resources and preserving Chinese culture. Library legislation and library education are briefly discussed towards the end of the paper. A unified library law of China is still an important issue under development, and requires the efforts and cooperation from both within and outside the library profession.Library education in China is a comprehensive system with undergraduate education as the basic means of training professional librarians and in-service training as an important complement. The graduate education also grows fast in recent years in response to the demands of high quality librarians.