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In this final master thesis are analyzing international business evaluation features and suggested the best method to evaluate international business. In the first part of the work are analyzed international business features, highlighting the political and currency fluctuation risks, business evaluation aspects, long established and newly developed business evaluation methods and selected the method which is best suited to evaluate international business. In the second part of the work is analyzed the feasibility of discounted cash flow method to evaluate international business and the steps of the method, highlighting the determination of cash flows, the discount rate calculation, continuous value and cash flow discounting. The focus is on discount rate calculation. In the third part of the work is done the practical business evaluation of Lithuanian company AB "Stumbras" which is working in the international alcohol sphere. In this stage is given the characterization of world, Europe and Lithuanian alcohol drinks sectors. Also there is analyzed the Lithuanian macroeconomics situation. There is performed company competitive and SWOT analyze. Also there is done company's financial analyze (vertical, horizontal and financial ratio analyze), determined the company value and factors which have the greatest impact to business value. Structure: introduction, theoretical part, discounted cash flow feasibility to evaluate the international business analyze, practical international business evaluation following AB "Stumbras" example, conclusions and suggestions, references.

In this final master thesis are analyzing international business evaluation features and suggested the best method to evaluate international business. In the first part of the work are analyzed international business features, highlighting the political and currency fluctuation risks, business evaluation aspects, long established and newly developed business evaluation methods and selected the method which is best suited to evaluate international business. In the second part of the work is analyzed the feasibility of discounted cash flow method to evaluate international business and the steps of the method, highlighting the determination of cash flows, the discount rate calculation, continuous value and cash flow discounting. The focus is on discount rate calculation. In the third part of the work is done the practical business evaluation of Lithuanian company AB "Stumbras" which is working in the international alcohol sphere. In this stage is given the characterization of world, Europe and Lithuanian alcohol drinks sectors. Also there is analyzed the Lithuanian macroeconomics situation. There is performed company competitive and SWOT analyze. Also there is done company's financial analyze (vertical, horizontal and financial ratio analyze), determined the company value and factors which have the greatest impact to business value. Structure: introduction, theoretical part, discounted cash flow feasibility to evaluate the international business analyze, practical international business evaluation following AB "Stumbras" example, conclusions and suggestions, references.

Cyber has been around for over a decade and yet we are still faces with a situation of a very weak or rather no regulation. This is being heavily influenced by our weak technological development and due to the nature of cyberspace and the Internet. Cyber warfare poses interesting questions for us. It is one of a kind type of warfare, the one we cannot see or feel, but it's impacts are instantaneous and potentially devastating. States and scholars agree on that. This thesis attempts to explore possibilities of application of existing international laws to amend this situation and answer the questions if it is adequate or at all possible. While scholars are still arguing about the basics of what cyber warfare and cyberspace actually is, it keeps on evolving. States on the other hand have recognized the potential threat of cyber warfare a long time ago and are attempting to mend the existing legal void, however not successfully. The effects of their efforts are limited only to a small number of States. States who are not willing to give up their cyber capability would also stay clear from such international legislation. International treaties and State practice were analyzed in search of a way to accommodate cyber warfare under the current regime. The findings show that application of existing legal basis to cyber warfare is at best difficult and strained. The reality is that cyber warfare does not fit adequately under any of the legal umbrellas at the moment. Application of existing laws generates even more drawbacks than it in the end covers. There is potential for future development however. States are inclined to negotiate and, even as we speak, are attempting at creation of a cyber warfare regulating treaty. The thesis concludes that current international law is not adequate in order to be applicable to cyber warfare and even in areas where it can afford minimal protection, potential for abuse exists. The criteria and standards which were appropriate to conventional warfare and armed conflict are outdated. At least a global understanding on the terms used to define cyber warfare and related terms would be a good starting point. A universally accepted convention would be the perfect solution.

Cyber has been around for over a decade and yet we are still faces with a situation of a very weak or rather no regulation. This is being heavily influenced by our weak technological development and due to the nature of cyberspace and the Internet. Cyber warfare poses interesting questions for us. It is one of a kind type of warfare, the one we cannot see or feel, but it's impacts are instantaneous and potentially devastating. States and scholars agree on that. This thesis attempts to explore possibilities of application of existing international laws to amend this situation and answer the questions if it is adequate or at all possible. While scholars are still arguing about the basics of what cyber warfare and cyberspace actually is, it keeps on evolving. States on the other hand have recognized the potential threat of cyber warfare a long time ago and are attempting to mend the existing legal void, however not successfully. The effects of their efforts are limited only to a small number of States. States who are not willing to give up their cyber capability would also stay clear from such international legislation. International treaties and State practice were analyzed in search of a way to accommodate cyber warfare under the current regime. The findings show that application of existing legal basis to cyber warfare is at best difficult and strained. The reality is that cyber warfare does not fit adequately under any of the legal umbrellas at the moment. Application of existing laws generates even more drawbacks than it in the end covers. There is potential for future development however. States are inclined to negotiate and, even as we speak, are attempting at creation of a cyber warfare regulating treaty. The thesis concludes that current international law is not adequate in order to be applicable to cyber warfare and even in areas where it can afford minimal protection, potential for abuse exists. The criteria and standards which were appropriate to conventional warfare and armed conflict are outdated. At least a global understanding on the terms used to define cyber warfare and related terms would be a good starting point. A universally accepted convention would be the perfect solution.

Independence and liberty of cyberspace enabled inception of new kind mass media. Internet based news organization no longer needed to obey national laws and acknowledge states' superiority in international political communication. News organizations, like Google, Facebook, Twitter, Wikileaks, etc., have emerged as mighty actors in the international communicative activities. They are being driven by self-interests, which not necessary conform sovereign states' interests. The development of new kind mass media are not being determined by national laws or other offline rules. This study determined the role of self-ruling mass media in the international political communication. Also, this work showed that emergence of new kind mass media have caused substantial decline of sovereign states' power in international political communication.

Independence and liberty of cyberspace enabled inception of new kind mass media. Internet based news organization no longer needed to obey national laws and acknowledge states' superiority in international political communication. News organizations, like Google, Facebook, Twitter, Wikileaks, etc., have emerged as mighty actors in the international communicative activities. They are being driven by self-interests, which not necessary conform sovereign states' interests. The development of new kind mass media are not being determined by national laws or other offline rules. This study determined the role of self-ruling mass media in the international political communication. Also, this work showed that emergence of new kind mass media have caused substantial decline of sovereign states' power in international political communication.

Independence and liberty of cyberspace enabled inception of new kind mass media. Internet based news organization no longer needed to obey national laws and acknowledge states' superiority in international political communication. News organizations, like Google, Facebook, Twitter, Wikileaks, etc., have emerged as mighty actors in the international communicative activities. They are being driven by self-interests, which not necessary conform sovereign states' interests. The development of new kind mass media are not being determined by national laws or other offline rules. This study determined the role of self-ruling mass media in the international political communication. Also, this work showed that emergence of new kind mass media have caused substantial decline of sovereign states' power in international political communication.

This master thesis provides an analysis of the legality of preemptive self-defence under international law. In assessing the lawfulness of preemptive self-defence two basic sources of international law: customary and treaty law are examined. The analysis of the UN Charter rules showed that there is strong disagreement between scholars regarding the legality of anticipatory self-defence. However, the term "armed attack" in article 51 UN Charter should embrace imminent threats. Two basic reasons are: the advent of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and new methods of warfare; the inherent right of anticipatory self-defence was not exhausted after the adoption of the UN Charter. The examination of customary international law showed that the Caroline doctrine allows states to act in anticipation of an armed attack if the requirements of necessity and proportionality are fulfilled. In addition, the analysis of state practice and opinion juris prior and after September 11, 2001, revealed that anticipatory self-defence is not prohibited. The conclusion is maid that the right of anticipatory self-defence, if requirements of necessity and proportionality are fulfilled, is not illegal under international law. In contrast, the analysis of the UN Charter rules showed that preemptive self-defence against perceived threats is not legal under the UN Charter, because there is no actual armed attack or imminent threat against which state can legally defend itself. In addition, preemptive use of military force against emerging threats has no safeguards. The examination of customary law prior and after September 11, 2001, revealed that a new rule, which would allow states to use military force in self-defence, was not created, because there is a lack of opinio juris and state practice. The conclusion is drawn that preemptive use of force is not legal under international law.

This master thesis provides an analysis of the legality of preemptive self-defence under international law. In assessing the lawfulness of preemptive self-defence two basic sources of international law: customary and treaty law are examined. The analysis of the UN Charter rules showed that there is strong disagreement between scholars regarding the legality of anticipatory self-defence. However, the term "armed attack" in article 51 UN Charter should embrace imminent threats. Two basic reasons are: the advent of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and new methods of warfare; the inherent right of anticipatory self-defence was not exhausted after the adoption of the UN Charter. The examination of customary international law showed that the Caroline doctrine allows states to act in anticipation of an armed attack if the requirements of necessity and proportionality are fulfilled. In addition, the analysis of state practice and opinion juris prior and after September 11, 2001, revealed that anticipatory self-defence is not prohibited. The conclusion is maid that the right of anticipatory self-defence, if requirements of necessity and proportionality are fulfilled, is not illegal under international law. In contrast, the analysis of the UN Charter rules showed that preemptive self-defence against perceived threats is not legal under the UN Charter, because there is no actual armed attack or imminent threat against which state can legally defend itself. In addition, preemptive use of military force against emerging threats has no safeguards. The examination of customary law prior and after September 11, 2001, revealed that a new rule, which would allow states to use military force in self-defence, was not created, because there is a lack of opinio juris and state practice. The conclusion is drawn that preemptive use of force is not legal under international law.

This master thesis provides an analysis of the legality of preemptive self-defence under international law. In assessing the lawfulness of preemptive self-defence two basic sources of international law: customary and treaty law are examined. The analysis of the UN Charter rules showed that there is strong disagreement between scholars regarding the legality of anticipatory self-defence. However, the term "armed attack" in article 51 UN Charter should embrace imminent threats. Two basic reasons are: the advent of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and new methods of warfare; the inherent right of anticipatory self-defence was not exhausted after the adoption of the UN Charter. The examination of customary international law showed that the Caroline doctrine allows states to act in anticipation of an armed attack if the requirements of necessity and proportionality are fulfilled. In addition, the analysis of state practice and opinion juris prior and after September 11, 2001, revealed that anticipatory self-defence is not prohibited. The conclusion is maid that the right of anticipatory self-defence, if requirements of necessity and proportionality are fulfilled, is not illegal under international law. In contrast, the analysis of the UN Charter rules showed that preemptive self-defence against perceived threats is not legal under the UN Charter, because there is no actual armed attack or imminent threat against which state can legally defend itself. In addition, preemptive use of military force against emerging threats has no safeguards. The examination of customary law prior and after September 11, 2001, revealed that a new rule, which would allow states to use military force in self-defence, was not created, because there is a lack of opinio juris and state practice. The conclusion is drawn that preemptive use of force is not legal under international law.

Summary Induced by information technologies, innovations and developing new social structures- globalization process increase every day. Information flows connects the world, starts to develop new mutual interests between countries. Many relevant national questions in one or another country become global. Today those problems slip from national power and so environmental, security, education, poverty questions becomes important for everyone. Actually countries start to collaborate by trying to stop or find certain decisions, how growing global problems could be controlled. That kind of collaboration illustrates not only development of foreign countries or increase of international relations, but also formation of international organizations. Although the authority institutions of all the highest international organizations plans the work politics, accepts certain international standards and member countries have to follow them and still every country that belongs to any international organization, can pursue national and global interest accomplishment. Even small politically and economically week countries can greatly contribute to solutions of global problems. Actually Lithuania is also that kind of country. Member of international organizations, this country pursue national and global goals. These goals can be accomplished by accurately planning actions, researching constantly changing environment and creating effective communication strategies. By applying actions and communication strategies of international organizations in Lithuania can be accomplished global goals of organization which is the object of this work. Selected and analyzed UNESCO and UNDP organizations, which are related with similar goals and mission. Active in Lithuania UNESCO and UNDP various ways reach for set tasks. In this work methods and communicative behavior of the organization will be analyzed. The goal of this work is to analyze in what ways global problems are solved in local context, what communication strategies are applied to accomplish international regional and local projects. Research revealed particular communicative strategies of organizations, that is to say information about the organization increase, society informative development also news and information exchange. Used analysis of secondary sources and qualitative interview methods gave the opportunity to analyze organizations more widely and closely. Activity reports showed specific communicative strategies accomplishment stages, steps, by which national and global goals of all international organizations are achieved. Interview method reveled, in what communication actions those steps are taken. After the research the presumption was proved, that important decisions are taken by using two – way flow of the information, when information spreads from member countries to headquarters of the organization, where structured information gets back to member countries in the form of various regulations, recommendations and conventions.

Summary Induced by information technologies, innovations and developing new social structures- globalization process increase every day. Information flows connects the world, starts to develop new mutual interests between countries. Many relevant national questions in one or another country become global. Today those problems slip from national power and so environmental, security, education, poverty questions becomes important for everyone. Actually countries start to collaborate by trying to stop or find certain decisions, how growing global problems could be controlled. That kind of collaboration illustrates not only development of foreign countries or increase of international relations, but also formation of international organizations. Although the authority institutions of all the highest international organizations plans the work politics, accepts certain international standards and member countries have to follow them and still every country that belongs to any international organization, can pursue national and global interest accomplishment. Even small politically and economically week countries can greatly contribute to solutions of global problems. Actually Lithuania is also that kind of country. Member of international organizations, this country pursue national and global goals. These goals can be accomplished by accurately planning actions, researching constantly changing environment and creating effective communication strategies. By applying actions and communication strategies of international organizations in Lithuania can be accomplished global goals of organization which is the object of this work. Selected and analyzed UNESCO and UNDP organizations, which are related with similar goals and mission. Active in Lithuania UNESCO and UNDP various ways reach for set tasks. In this work methods and communicative behavior of the organization will be analyzed. The goal of this work is to analyze in what ways global problems are solved in local context, what communication strategies are applied to accomplish international regional and local projects. Research revealed particular communicative strategies of organizations, that is to say information about the organization increase, society informative development also news and information exchange. Used analysis of secondary sources and qualitative interview methods gave the opportunity to analyze organizations more widely and closely. Activity reports showed specific communicative strategies accomplishment stages, steps, by which national and global goals of all international organizations are achieved. Interview method reveled, in what communication actions those steps are taken. After the research the presumption was proved, that important decisions are taken by using two – way flow of the information, when information spreads from member countries to headquarters of the organization, where structured information gets back to member countries in the form of various regulations, recommendations and conventions.

Summary Induced by information technologies, innovations and developing new social structures- globalization process increase every day. Information flows connects the world, starts to develop new mutual interests between countries. Many relevant national questions in one or another country become global. Today those problems slip from national power and so environmental, security, education, poverty questions becomes important for everyone. Actually countries start to collaborate by trying to stop or find certain decisions, how growing global problems could be controlled. That kind of collaboration illustrates not only development of foreign countries or increase of international relations, but also formation of international organizations. Although the authority institutions of all the highest international organizations plans the work politics, accepts certain international standards and member countries have to follow them and still every country that belongs to any international organization, can pursue national and global interest accomplishment. Even small politically and economically week countries can greatly contribute to solutions of global problems. Actually Lithuania is also that kind of country. Member of international organizations, this country pursue national and global goals. These goals can be accomplished by accurately planning actions, researching constantly changing environment and creating effective communication strategies. By applying actions and communication strategies of international organizations in Lithuania can be accomplished global goals of organization which is the object of this work. Selected and analyzed UNESCO and UNDP organizations, which are related with similar goals and mission. Active in Lithuania UNESCO and UNDP various ways reach for set tasks. In this work methods and communicative behavior of the organization will be analyzed. The goal of this work is to analyze in what ways global problems are solved in local context, what communication strategies are applied to accomplish international regional and local projects. Research revealed particular communicative strategies of organizations, that is to say information about the organization increase, society informative development also news and information exchange. Used analysis of secondary sources and qualitative interview methods gave the opportunity to analyze organizations more widely and closely. Activity reports showed specific communicative strategies accomplishment stages, steps, by which national and global goals of all international organizations are achieved. Interview method reveled, in what communication actions those steps are taken. After the research the presumption was proved, that important decisions are taken by using two – way flow of the information, when information spreads from member countries to headquarters of the organization, where structured information gets back to member countries in the form of various regulations, recommendations and conventions.

Superior responsibility, otherwise known as command responsibility, is a well established doctrine in both treaty and customary international law. Superiors are held criminally responsible for breaches of international humanitaran law committed by their subordinates. Responsibility arises only after superior fails to take any preventive or punitive action when he was under a duty to do so. There is no common opinion of what that doctrine should stand for, is it a mode of liability for subordinates crimes or a separate offence of superior. It is a crime of omission which has no or little support in national legislation systems. Superior responsibility is a sui generis form of responsibility for omission. Superior responsibility, according to ad hoc tribunals jurisprudence, is constructed of three elements which are superior-subordinate relationship, superior's mens rea and ability to take necessary and reasonable measures to prevent subordinate's crime and punish. All these elements must be proofed beyond reasonable doubt. Superior-subordinate relationship can only be established if there existed effective command and control between those two. Effectiveness is a material ability to influence subordinates actions in a way of either stopping them from committing a crime or being able to punish. Superiors mens rea in Rome Statute for military commander and a person, effectively acting as such is more strict than for other superiors, described in art. 28(b). Travaux préparatoires of the Rome Statute suggests, that civilians, unlike military commanders, are not capable of fulfilling their obligations in the same way. Due to this reason, a lower standard was introduced. Rome Statute has applied an internationally not known superior duty which could entail criminal responsibility – to keep oneself constantly informed. It is not only contradictory to customary law, but also narrows superiors fundamental right to defense. Ad hoc tribunals have removed a requirement of causality, since International Criminal Court applied it directly in its statute as a compulsory element of the doctrine. Causality may exist between superiors failure to prevent the crime and its occurrence. While in the duty to punish case, causality exists between superiors failure to punish and subordinates remained unpunished.

Superior responsibility, otherwise known as command responsibility, is a well established doctrine in both treaty and customary international law. Superiors are held criminally responsible for breaches of international humanitaran law committed by their subordinates. Responsibility arises only after superior fails to take any preventive or punitive action when he was under a duty to do so. There is no common opinion of what that doctrine should stand for, is it a mode of liability for subordinates crimes or a separate offence of superior. It is a crime of omission which has no or little support in national legislation systems. Superior responsibility is a sui generis form of responsibility for omission. Superior responsibility, according to ad hoc tribunals jurisprudence, is constructed of three elements which are superior-subordinate relationship, superior's mens rea and ability to take necessary and reasonable measures to prevent subordinate's crime and punish. All these elements must be proofed beyond reasonable doubt. Superior-subordinate relationship can only be established if there existed effective command and control between those two. Effectiveness is a material ability to influence subordinates actions in a way of either stopping them from committing a crime or being able to punish. Superiors mens rea in Rome Statute for military commander and a person, effectively acting as such is more strict than for other superiors, described in art. 28(b). Travaux préparatoires of the Rome Statute suggests, that civilians, unlike military commanders, are not capable of fulfilling their obligations in the same way. Due to this reason, a lower standard was introduced. Rome Statute has applied an internationally not known superior duty which could entail criminal responsibility – to keep oneself constantly informed. It is not only contradictory to customary law, but also narrows superiors fundamental right to defense. Ad hoc tribunals have removed a requirement of causality, since International Criminal Court applied it directly in its statute as a compulsory element of the doctrine. Causality may exist between superiors failure to prevent the crime and its occurrence. While in the duty to punish case, causality exists between superiors failure to punish and subordinates remained unpunished.