Suchergebnisse

The research aims at establishing which activities or situations in maritime domain, which threaten maritime safety and / or maritime security, fall within the concept of international peace and security. Having demonstrated the validity of the international law principles that safeguard international peace and security in maritime area, the research reveals a changing list of the threats to international peace and security, which now encompasses activities and situations at sea, including terrorism, sea piracy and armed robbery against ships, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, etc. A maritime space safe from such kind of threats generally means maritime security. Thus, a great part of the threats to maritime security are or may constitute threats to international peace and security, subject to their recognition as such threats by the United Nations Security Council in its resolutions. Usually such threats also pose risk to maritime safety (safety at sea, safety of navigation, ships, crew and passengers); however, any threat to maritime safety does not necessarily endanger maritime security or amount to the threat to international peace and security.

Middle and Eastern European region is both historically and politically complicated. The effect of this we can also detect in countries understanding security. In order to countries to collaborate and reach mutual relations, and not only via international agreements, but also in bilateral relations, security priorities should be as identical as possible. It seems reasonable that same region should have same or identical security strategies. Purpose of research – analyse four different Middle and Eastern European countries, in particular – Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish and Hungarian – national security strategies. Research countries are part of defensive alliances such as NATO, and on surface of it, this means same basic principles regarding making national security strategies. However, during research it was discovered that same region – Middle and Eastern European – countires prioritise different risks, main difference being identifying Russia, as a risk, between Lithuania, Latvia and Poland. In a meantime, Hungary prioritises risk coming from illegal migration, and Russia is left further down in priorities. More over, Lithuania, Latvia and Poland carefully sees possibility for relationship improvement with Russia, but Hungary is rather warm in that regard. This means that Hungary's different perspective may lead to diffucult relations in both format as bilateral and international, especially then topic changes to Russia.

Middle and Eastern European region is both historically and politically complicated. The effect of this we can also detect in countries understanding security. In order to countries to collaborate and reach mutual relations, and not only via international agreements, but also in bilateral relations, security priorities should be as identical as possible. It seems reasonable that same region should have same or identical security strategies. Purpose of research – analyse four different Middle and Eastern European countries, in particular – Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish and Hungarian – national security strategies. Research countries are part of defensive alliances such as NATO, and on surface of it, this means same basic principles regarding making national security strategies. However, during research it was discovered that same region – Middle and Eastern European – countires prioritise different risks, main difference being identifying Russia, as a risk, between Lithuania, Latvia and Poland. In a meantime, Hungary prioritises risk coming from illegal migration, and Russia is left further down in priorities. More over, Lithuania, Latvia and Poland carefully sees possibility for relationship improvement with Russia, but Hungary is rather warm in that regard. This means that Hungary's different perspective may lead to diffucult relations in both format as bilateral and international, especially then topic changes to Russia.

The practical relevance of the research. Strong and competent non-governmental organizations represent the country in international organizations, promote volunteering, increase civic and corporate social responsibility, raise funds from private donors and international foundations and organizations, or engage in commercial activities, thus creating social and economic value for the state. NGOs stem from the civic initiative and a desire to address pressing issues and needs that cannot be met by the government and the business sector. There is a shortage of talented leaders, so it is necessary to create a new generation of leaders and support current and future leaders. Leadership development programs for NGO leaders must incorporate best practices and existing practices, rather than applying traditional leadership training methods. Scientific relevance of the research. The current global environment for NGOs is defined by the uncertainty of fundraising, the effects of climate change, growing economic inequality, changing geopolitical dynamics, and greater interaction through the use of the Internet (Green, 2015). A review of the scientific literature shows that the level of implementation of strategic planning had a positive relationship with organizational effectiveness in social service organizations in Portugal (Ferreira, Proenca, 2015). The factors implementing the strategy influencing the effectiveness of the project in the NGO were leadership, culture, resource allocation, and structure (Ramadan, 2015). In addition, a recent study focusing on the impact of strategy drivers on project effectiveness in Warsaw, Poland, found supportive leadership and leadership to ensure NGO success (Okorley, Nkrumah, 2012). The above-mentioned research reveals the novelty of the research on the expression of leadership and the impact on the development of NGO activities in the field of social work. The research problem is defined by a problematic question: how is the leadership that develops the activities of NGOs in the ...

Electricity is an exceptionally inelastic, strategically important commodity. The production and transmission of electricity are highly technologically sophisticated processes, while the uninterrupted supply of electricity is a public good guaranteed by the state and the cost of failure is enormous. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant economic, social, and political impact on Lithuania and the countries around the globe. The Lithuanian electricity sector is seeking for a rapid transformation to meet its international obligations and effectively meet the needs of Lithuanian society, but the demand and supply shocks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have had a strong impact on the sector's operations and electricity prices. Changes in commodity markets, large supply and demand shocks have fundamentally changed the status quo of the electricity sector – in 2020 the sector was hit by historic demand shocks, when in December 2021, a record wholesale price of electricity in the Lithuanian market was recorded.

Disabled people together with other vulnerable groups in the Lithuanian labor market face multiple barriers to employment. Inclusive employment is part of a social integration policy for people with disabilities. The paper presents two main instruments for promoting inclusive employment in Lithuania: social enterprises and active labor market policies (ALMP). The aim of the analysis is to answer the question whether social enterprises and active labor market policies improve the transition of vulnerable groups, especially the disabled, to the open labor market. The article examines the changes in state-supported labor market integration mechanisms using retrospective comparison and secondary data analysis methods. The work is based on the findings from the research "Labor market policies for employment in various conditions of the economic development cycle" (DSTI, 2012), and opensource data provided by the responsible state institutions and international organizations. The analysis of the normative construction and implementation of measures for the integration of vulnerable groups of the population, including the disabled, into the labor market performed from inclusive employment approach showed that the participation of the disabled in the open labor market is less promoted than participation in sheltered employment. The structure of funding for the integration of the disabled into the labor market creates particularly favorable conditions for social enterprises in comparison with other market participants who may intend to employ a disabled person as well but do not have an appropriate status. Even if the rules on the financing of social enterprises were slightly changed during the time, the control of their social integration activities was partially tightened with no means to influence the content of these activities. Previous research on active labor market policies have generally shown positive longterm integration of people with disabilities into the labor market, however, participation of people with ...

Disabled people together with other vulnerable groups in the Lithuanian labor market face multiple barriers to employment. Inclusive employment is part of a social integration policy for people with disabilities. The paper presents two main instruments for promoting inclusive employment in Lithuania: social enterprises and active labor market policies (ALMP). The aim of the analysis is to answer the question whether social enterprises and active labor market policies improve the transition of vulnerable groups, especially the disabled, to the open labor market. The article examines the changes in state-supported labor market integration mechanisms using retrospective comparison and secondary data analysis methods. The work is based on the findings from the research "Labor market policies for employment in various conditions of the economic development cycle" (DSTI, 2012), and opensource data provided by the responsible state institutions and international organizations. The analysis of the normative construction and implementation of measures for the integration of vulnerable groups of the population, including the disabled, into the labor market performed from inclusive employment approach showed that the participation of the disabled in the open labor market is less promoted than participation in sheltered employment. The structure of funding for the integration of the disabled into the labor market creates particularly favorable conditions for social enterprises in comparison with other market participants who may intend to employ a disabled person as well but do not have an appropriate status. Even if the rules on the financing of social enterprises were slightly changed during the time, the control of their social integration activities was partially tightened with no means to influence the content of these activities. Previous research on active labor market policies have generally shown positive longterm integration of people with disabilities into the labor market, however, participation of people with ...

The circular economy is a completely new and high-potential economic model with which the European Union seeks to reorient the environment protection and the economy. The main goals of this model are to reduce the amount of generated waste, extend items lifetime, recycle and recover as many resources as possible from obsolete products. Sewage entering sewage treatment plants are no longer considered to be a waste that only needs to be treated and discharged. Nutrients, energy and water can be recovered from sewage and sewage sludge. All European Union countries use different treatment methods in order to manage wastewater and sludge as efficiently and rationally as possible, Lithuania is no exception. In this paper, municipal wastewater treatment plants in agglomerations larger than population equivalent of 2000 were analyzed. To assess the available circularity potential of the country, 11 indicators were selected. The circularity of Lithuanian wastewater treatment plants is analyzed for the first time, therefore it was decided to analyze the period of 2018-2020 in order to compare the changes. Data taken from international databases allowed to compare Lithuania's results with those of other European Union members. All indicators are arranged according to the circular economy model for the water and wastewater sector, which includes prevention, disposal, reuse, recycling, recovery and rethinking. Most of the indicators were chosen to assess the removal of pollutants, as this is the main function performed by wastewater treatment plants. In Lithuanian wastewater treatment plants, the reuse and processing of wastewater is not carried out in any of the treatment plants, due to the high price of such works and low demand. However, due to hotter summers, climate change and more frequent droughts, water recovery from wastewater may become popular in Lithuania as well. Indicators of water consumption productivity and connection to centralized wastewater networks have been selected for reduction and prevention. The ...

It is noticeable that digitalization is increasingly affecting various aspects of everyday life and business. Both the habits of the population and the ways of organizing and conducting business are changing. As a result of the development of the Internet, many activities are moving to virtual space, the mobility of residents and businesses is growing as well as the importance of intangible assets. These changes have resulted in certain income not falling under the definition of a tax object definition, and it results in reduction of tax income. There are also problems with cross-border taxation, as differences between national laws help to avoid tax consequences. Following these trends, the impact of digitalization on the tax system is actively analyzed. International organizations, governments, and authors are analyzing how the challenges of digitalization can be solved. Some argue that digitalization can increase public finances, but for this, business models, digital goods and services should be properly taxed. Others argue that digitization contributes to the development of tax evasion. On the other hand, it is argued that digitalization can be beneficial as it opens up opportunities for more efficient and reliable ways of administering taxes. Because of this, the final thesis aims at describing and analyzing the following research issues related with the impact of digitization on the transparency of the tax system. The object of the project is the transparency of the tax system in the digital environment. The problem of the project is how the transparency of the tax system can be ensured from the perspectives of different groups of tax system participants in the context of digitalization. The purpose of the project is to identify issues and opportunities of ensuring the transparency of the tax system operating in the digital environment and to assess how the transparency of Lithuanian tax system is ensured in the context of digitalization. Objectives to achieve the project goal: 1. explain the importance ...

According to the Lithuanian macroeconomic reviews provided periodically by the Lithuanian department of statistics and various banks, the Lithuanian furniture manufacturing sector is one of the main manufacturing sectors which generates a large part of the country value added. The sector creates a lot of jobs place's and maintain relatively high wage levels of jobs also 68 percent's products are exported abroad. This only proves that the Lithuanian furniture manufacturing sector is important both for the entire economic situation of the country and for every consumer. However, there is a lack of economic insights from foreign and Lithuanian researchers who would analyse the impact of macroeconomic factors in the performance of companies in this sector. Object of research. Performance results of Lithuanian furniture manufacturing companies. Purpose of research. To identify macroeconomic factors affecting the performance of Lithuanian furniture manufacturing companies. Task of research: 1. To discuss the importance of the furniture manufacturing sector to the national economy and the relevance of environmental factors to the activities of companies. 2. To study the indicators describing the activity of companies and the operating environments of companies. 3. Identify macroeconomic factors that may affect the performance of companies. 4. To determine the relationship between macroeconomic factors and sales revenue of Lithuanian furniture manufacturing companies. 5. To perform the forecast of sales revenue of Lithuanian furniture manufacturing companies in 2021. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, it was found that the main macroeconomic factors influencing the performance of companies are gross domestic product, inflation, unemployment rate, wages, international trade balance, foreign direct investment. Sales revenue was chosen as an indicator representing the company's performance in a macroeconomic context. After analysing the indicators, according to the regression analysis, it can be stated that an increase in the volume of gross domestic product by 1 percent would increase the sales revenue of enterprises in the furniture manufacturing sector by 1,59 percent's. 1 percent an increase in unemployment would lead to a decrease in sales revenue of 0,80 %. A 1 % increase in government debt is expected to have a positive impact on revenue in the furniture manufacturing sector, which would increase by 0,94 %. Sales revenue would increase by 1,04 % if the national average wage increases by 1 %. Meanwhile, a one percent increase in imports and exports would increase sales revenue by 1,73 percent and 1,60 percent respectively. The impact of foreign direct investment is also important, and if this indicator increases by 1 %, the sales revenue of the furniture manufacturing sector would grow by 1,15 %.

According to the Lithuanian macroeconomic reviews provided periodically by the Lithuanian department of statistics and various banks, the Lithuanian furniture manufacturing sector is one of the main manufacturing sectors which generates a large part of the country value added. The sector creates a lot of jobs place's and maintain relatively high wage levels of jobs also 68 percent's products are exported abroad. This only proves that the Lithuanian furniture manufacturing sector is important both for the entire economic situation of the country and for every consumer. However, there is a lack of economic insights from foreign and Lithuanian researchers who would analyse the impact of macroeconomic factors in the performance of companies in this sector. Object of research. Performance results of Lithuanian furniture manufacturing companies. Purpose of research. To identify macroeconomic factors affecting the performance of Lithuanian furniture manufacturing companies. Task of research: 1. To discuss the importance of the furniture manufacturing sector to the national economy and the relevance of environmental factors to the activities of companies. 2. To study the indicators describing the activity of companies and the operating environments of companies. 3. Identify macroeconomic factors that may affect the performance of companies. 4. To determine the relationship between macroeconomic factors and sales revenue of Lithuanian furniture manufacturing companies. 5. To perform the forecast of sales revenue of Lithuanian furniture manufacturing companies in 2021. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, it was found that the main macroeconomic factors influencing the performance of companies are gross domestic product, inflation, unemployment rate, wages, international trade balance, foreign direct investment. Sales revenue was chosen as an indicator representing the company's performance in a macroeconomic context. After analysing the indicators, according to the regression analysis, it can be stated that an increase in the volume of gross domestic product by 1 percent would increase the sales revenue of enterprises in the furniture manufacturing sector by 1,59 percent's. 1 percent an increase in unemployment would lead to a decrease in sales revenue of 0,80 %. A 1 % increase in government debt is expected to have a positive impact on revenue in the furniture manufacturing sector, which would increase by 0,94 %. Sales revenue would increase by 1,04 % if the national average wage increases by 1 %. Meanwhile, a one percent increase in imports and exports would increase sales revenue by 1,73 percent and 1,60 percent respectively. The impact of foreign direct investment is also important, and if this indicator increases by 1 %, the sales revenue of the furniture manufacturing sector would grow by 1,15 %.