Suchergebnisse

V času globalnega gospodarstva so selitve postale pomemben dejavnik, ki ga države vse bolj pozorno spremljajo in želijo tudi usmerjati. Po eni strani si države želijo pritegniti izobraženo delovno silo, ki lahko pomembno prispeva k njihovi konkurenčni prednosti. Hkrati je predvsem za manj razvite države ''beg možganov'' resen problem, saj ostajajo brez tistih, ki bi lahko prispevali h gospodarskemu in družbenemu razvoju in v katere so te države vložile preko izobraževanja svoja skromna proračunska sredstva. V svetu, kjer so razlike v gospodarski in družbeni razvitosti med državami vse večje, so selitve logična posledica iskanja boljšega jutri za tiste iz manj razvitih okolij. Zaradi vpliva priseljencev na trg dela, pa tudi na družbene vzorce v okoljih, kamor prihajajo, se jih pogosto obravnava kot grožnjo ustaljenim družbenim normam in pridobljenim socialnim pravicam.

Die Umbrüche des 20. Jahrhunderts hinterlassen tiefe Spuren in und zwischen den Ländern des Alpen-Adria-Raumes. Alte und neue Nationalismen führen vielerorts zu Auseinandersetzungen in Volksgruppenfragen – zwischen Kärnten und Slowenien zuletzt sichtbar in jahrzehntelangen Konflikten um zweisprachige Ortstafeln und andere Minderheitenrechte.Das Buch beleuchtet Einstellungen von Jugendlichen beider Länder zu Geschichte(n) der Region, Zwei- und Mehrsprachigkeit, Nationalismus und kultureller Vielfalt, neuen und alten Minderheiten, Nachbarländern und Europa. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen eines grenzübergreifenden Forschungsprojektes widmen sich Beiträge der Geschichte Kärntens und Sloweniens, ihren Narrativen und deren Folgen für Lebenswirklichkeiten. Berücksichtigung erfährt die Bedeutung von Minderheiten- und Nachbarsprachen in Grenzräumen und daraus erwachsende Implikationen für "moderne" Konzeptionen von Minderheitenschutz.Mit Beiträgen von:Danijel Grafenauer, Joseph Marko, Ludmila Novak Lukanovic, Rainer Pichler, Jürgen Pirker, Stefanie Vavti, Daniel Wutti

This paper deals with the spatial relationship between national and European regional policies. Spatial coherence of these two types of policies in two CEE countries - in the Czech Republic and Slovakia - is discussed. Our findings point at a higher spatial coherence of national and European regional policy in Slovakia. Thus, there is a higher financial allocation per 1 inhabitant in the nationally delimitated areas of special interest in Slovakia compared with the Czech Republic. Three aspects are discussed in this regard. First, different strategies of the delimitation of the areas of special interest in the both countries are emphasised. Second, different strategies of the implementation of the areas of special interest in programming documents in the both countries are upheld. Third, the factor of territorial absorption capacity is mentioned. We claim that the three aspects should be considered in achieving a higher spatial coherence of national and European regional policies. Adapted from the source document.

V uvodnem poglavju magistrskega dela smo opredelili problem, namen, cilje in hipoteze. Zapisali smo predpostavke in omejitve ter predstavili predvidene raziskovalne metode. V drugem poglavju smo predstavili prostovoljstvo in program Evropske prostovoljne službe. Ker je program Evropske prostovoljne službe vezan na mednarodni prostor, smo pozornost namenili tudi mednarodnemu prostovoljnemu delu. Predstavili smo celoten program Erasmus +, ki financira tudi program Evropske prostovoljne službe. Ker program Evropske prostovoljne službe zahteva tesno sodelovanje med zaposlenimi in prostovoljcem, smo v tretjem poglavju obdelali modele zadovoljstva pri delu, ker po našem mnenju zadovoljstvo zaposlenih vpliva na sodelovanje s prostovoljci. V nadaljevanju v četrtem poglavju smo predstavili razlike med kulturami, saj v našem primeru govorimo o mednarodnem prostovoljnem delu. Poznavanja in spoštovanje razlik med kulturami, lahko doprinese k uspešnemu sodelovanju med različnimi kulturami. V petem poglavju smo predstavili dve organizaciji, Društvo center za pomoč mladim iz Slovenije, in Občino Kuopio iz Finske. Organizaciji sta akreditirani za izvajanje projektov Evropske prostovoljne službe. Z predstavnikoma organizacije smo izvedeli intervju. S pomočjo intervjujev smo spoznali izkušnje in pomanjkljivosti organizacij pri pripravi, izvedbi in evalvaciji projektov Evropske prostovoljne službe. Na podlagi odgovorov intervjujev smo izvedeli SWOT analizo. V nadaljevanju pa pripravili predlog programa za pripravo zaposlenih na delo s prostovoljci iz tujine, kar smo si kot glavni cilj zadali v uvodu magistrskega dela. ; In the introductory chapter of the master thesis we have identified the problem, purpose, objectives and hypotheses. We have wrote assumptions and limitations. We have present the intended research methods as well. In the second chapter we have presented the volunteering and the European Voluntary Service. Since the program European voluntary service is linked to the international area, we have also focused on the international volunteer work. We presented the entire program Erasmus +, by which European voluntary service is funded. Since the European Voluntary Service program requires close cooperation between employees and volunteers, in the third chapter we have analyzed models of job satisfaction because, in our view, employee satisfaction has impact on the cooperation with volunteers. In the fourth chapter, we present the differences between cultures, as in our case, we are talking about international volunteering. Knowledge of and respect for differences among cultures, may contribute to the successful cooperation between different cultures. In the fifth chapter, we present the two organizations, the Youth Aid Center Association from Slovenia, and the Municipality of Kuopio from Finland. The both organizations are accredited for implementation of European Voluntary Service. We have make an interview with the representatives of the both organizations. Through interviews we have learned about experiences and shortcomings of organizations in the preparation, implementation and evaluation of projects of European Voluntary Service. Based on the responses of interviews we have make SWOT analysis. After that we have prepare a draft of program for preparing employees to work with volunteers from abroad, which we have set as a main objective for the thesis in the introduction chapter.

The article is a systematic and exhaustive discussion on the history of onomastics in Slovenia, which is presented in the following chapters: Onomastic corpora, Linguistic treatment of proper names, The institutional status of onomastics, The status of onomastics in relation to other linguistic branches, The most important achievements in Slovenia, The biographies of the most prominent scientists (Franc Miklošič, Luka Pintar, Fran Ramovš, France Bezlaj), The most frequently applied onomastic theories in Slovenia, The typologies of proper names used, The research methods employed, and their evolution, The relation between the methods used in Slovenia and theoretical achievements of onomastics on a global scale, The unity of onomastic terminology, The relation to international terminology from 1983, The status of research - a general overview, The status of the research basis, Dictionaries and monographs. ; V razpravi je sistematsko in izčrpno (z zgledi in bibliografijo) obravnavana zgodovina onomastike v Sloveniji, in sicer v poglavjih Imenski korpusi, Jezikovna obravnava lastnih imen, Institucionalni položaj onomastike, Status onomastike v razmerju do drugih panog, Najpomembnejši dosežki Slovenije, Biogrami najvidnejših znanstvenikov (Franc Miklošič, Luka Pintar, Fran Ramovš, France Bezlaj), Ono-mastične teorije, ki so v Sloveniji najbolj uveljavljene, Uporabljene tipologije lastnih imen, Uporabljane raziskovalne metode in njihova evolucija, Razmerje med metodami v Sloveniji in teoretičnimi dosežki svetovne onomastike, Enotnost onomastične terminologije, Razmerje do mednarodne terminologije iz leta 1983, Stanje raziskav - splošno, Stanje raziskovalne baze, Slovarji in monografije.

Predmet doktorske disertacije je upravljanje zunanjetrgovinske politike države ob upoštevanju delovanja nadnacionalnih entitet, pri čemer je naš osrednji cilj identificirati optimalen način realizacije nacionalnih interesov v okviru nadnacionalne entitete (tj. Evropske unije). Zunanjetrgovinska politika je eno izmed najstarejših ekonomskih področij, o katerem so tekle resne akademske razprave že v Antični Grčiji pred več kot 2000 leti. Vendar o razvoju svetovne trgovine kot sistematičnem globalnem načinu trgovanja govorimo šele od 15. stoletja dalje. Za boljše razumevanje področja v doktorski disertaciji najprej opredelimo teoretska izhodišča, v okviru katerih predstavimo teorije mednarodne menjave ter analiziramo vlogo države in ekonomske diplomacije skozi različna zgodovinska obdobja (merkantilizem, liberalizem, protekcionizem, intervencionizem ter obdobje liberalizacije in globalizacije). Kot najpomembnejše teoretično izhodišče od Davida Ricarda dalje identificiramo ugotovitev, da svet ni ničelna vsota – vse države z zunanjo trgovino pridobivajo. Kljub temu da so države skozi različna zgodovinska obdobja (glede na gospodarske razmere) vodile različne zunanjetrgovinske politike (protekcionistične ali liberalne), teorija in praksa potrjujeta, da liberalna zunanjetrgovinska politika povečuje konkurenčnost gospodarstva. Študije ekonomistov (Sachs in Warner 1995, 35 ; Frey v Pruslecki 2008, 5 ; Krueger 1980, 289) namreč kažejo, da države z liberalno zunanjetrgovinsko politiko dosegajo višjo gospodarsko rast od tistih s protekcionistično. Kot potrditev teze navajamo izsledke analiz, ki kažejo na višje stopnje gospodarske rasti v t. i. hitro rastočih gospodarstvih (državah BRIICS ‒ Braziliji, Rusiji, Indiji, Indoneziji, Kitajski in Južni Afriki). Slednje so na podlagi liberalizacije trgov v zadnjih dvajsetih letih dosegale višje stopnje gospodarske rasti od razvitih gospodarstev. Glede na to da je predmet disertacije zunanjetrgovinska politika v okviru Evropske unije (EU), ki jo Slovenija sooblikuje, se v okviru analize ukrepov osredotočimo na ukrepe zunanjetrgovinske politike EU, vlogo nacionalnih in nadnacionalnih (vladnih in nevladnih) akterjev ter povezavo vsebin z drugimi politikami. Ključni akterji v procesu formalnega delovanja na področju zunanjetrgovinske politike EU so: Evropska komisija (Direktorat za trgovino), Svet EU (Odbor za zunanjetrgovinsko politiko, Coreper in Svet za zunanje zadeve), Evropski parlament ter nevladni akterji (združenja, nevladne organizacije) kot nadnacionalni akterji in (vladni in nevladni) akterji na nacionalni ravni držav članic EU. Prioriteta zunanjetrgovinske politike EU je multilateralna zunanja trgovina, vzporedno pa potekajo pogajanja s številnimi državami oz. regijami za sklenitev preferencialnih trgovinskih sporazumov. Med ukrepi zunanjetrgovinske politike EU je pomembna še Strategija dostopa na trg, v okviru katere se dosegajo sinergije na podlagi okrepljenega partnerstva med Evropsko komisijo, državami članicami in gospodarstvom. Ugotavljamo, da postaja v obdobju globalizacije zunanjetrgovinska politika izrazito večplastna ter da izginjajo meje med zunanjimi in notranjimi politikami. Na primeru pogajanj t. i. Razvojne agende iz Dohe, ki potekajo v okviru Svetovne trgovinske organizacije, potrdimo tezo o prepletanju pogajanj na različnih ravneh (bilateralni, regionalni in multilateralni) in vsebinski povezanosti zunanjetrgovinske politike z drugimi politikami (z razvojno, s kmetijsko ipd.). Slednje potrjujejo tudi strateški dokumenti EU (Strategija Evropa 2020 ; Trgovina, rast in svetovne zadeve ter Globalna Evropa: konkurenčna v svetu), v katere je zunanjetrgovinska politika vključena kot pomemben sestavni del politike konkurenčnosti. ; The doctoral thesis focuses on a country's external trade policy management in relation to the processes witin subnational entities. Our main goal is to identify an optimal approach to realizing national interests in the context of a subnational entity (i.e., the European Union). External trade policy is one of the oldest economic policies. The first discussions on trade issues started among philosophers in Greece 2000 years ago, but global trade as a systematic process emerged in the 15th century. At the beginning of the doctoral thesis, the focus is on the theoretical background ‒ theories of external economic co-operation. We analyse the role of the state and economic diplomacy in different historical periods (mercantilism, liberalism, protectionism, interventionism, liberalisation and globalisation). The most important theoretical finding is (discovered by David Ricardo and confirmed in subsequent theories) that all states, engaged in external trade, gain (we talk about the so called positive sum). Although countries led different external trade policies during various historical periods (liberal or protectionist), theory and experience show that the liberal external trade policy increases competitiveness of an economy. Studies of several economists (Sachs and Warner 1995, 35 ; Frey 1984 ; Pruslecki 2008, 5 ; Krueger 1980, 289) also confirm, that countries with a liberal external trade policy record higher growth rates than those in favour of protectionism. Emerging economies (the so called BRIICS countries ‒ Brasil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China, and South Africa) record higher growth rates in the last twenty years – after liberalising their markets. We analyse the European Union (EU) external trade policy measures, the role of national and subnational (state and non-state) actors, and the interconnectedness of the external trade policy and other national policies. The key actors in the formal process of creating EU external trade policy are: European Commission (Directorate General for Trade), Council of the EU (Trade Policy Committee – formerly 133 Committee ; Coreper, Foreign Affairs Council), European Parliament, non-state actors (associations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs)) as well as actors in the member states (state and non state actors: ministries, diplomatic network, business associations, chambers of commerce, NGOs, etc.). The priority of the EU external trade policy is multilateral trade – successful conclusion of the WTO Doha Development Agenda. In parallel, EU is negotiating preferential trade agreements with several countries and regions. One of the most important trade policy measures is also Market Access Partnership, where active involvement of member states and the business sector is expected. Globalisation has changed the patterns of global economic co-operation and global trade. External trade has become more complex (linked to the competition, energy, environment and sustainable development policies) and the number of actors (state and non-state) involved in the policy has increased significantly. The boundaries between external and internal policies disappear as well. We show the interactions between different actors, negotiating levels, and policies on the World Trade Organisation Doha Development Agenda case, where the positions of the negotiations have to be agreed on at different levels: national, bilateral, regional, and multilateral. External trade policy is an important part of the EU strategic documents (Global Europe: competing in the world, EU 2020), and therefore an important element of the competitiveness policy. The thesis also confirms that the role of economic diplomacy in trade issues has gained importance during the last twenty years. Saner and Yiu (2003) argue that the main function of the post-modern economic diplomacy is representation in the international organisations and influence on other countries' policies.

Vsi ljudje se pogajamo, pa naj bo to na zavedni ali nezavedni ravni. Pogajati se začnemo že kot otroci. Takrat so najpogostejše teme pogajanj o tem, kaj bomo jedli, oblekli, kam bomo šli, kaj bomo naredili in kaj ne. Kot najstniki se s starši zopet pogajamo na primer o tem, kako dolgo bomo lahko ostali zunaj. Kadar se udeležimo kakšnih tržnic, sejmov, imamo prav tako možnost, da se na primer pogajamo o nižji ceni. S pogajanji se srečujemo na vsakem koraku. Nekateri pogosteje, drugi malo manj. Pogajamo se lahko v prostem času ali v službi. Nekateri se s pogajanji ukvarjajo poklicno. To najpogosteje zasledimo v poslovnem svetu. Da dosežemo uspešen izid pogajanj, moramo imeti o tem nekaj znanja. Zelo dobro moramo poznati vse stopnje pogajanj in vedeti, kaj moramo znotraj posamezne stopnje storiti. Ker imajo pogajalci sami velik vpliv na končni izid pogajanj, je potrebno vedeti, kako se med pogajanji obnašati in kakšne lastnosti, osebnostne značilnosti naj imajo pogajalci. V primeru, da se soočamo z mednarodnimi pogajanji, je potrebno podrobno proučiti in poznati kulturo nasprotne strani. V tem magistrskem delu, ki je sestavljen iz dveh delov, se bom osredotočila predvsem na poslovna pogajanja na Češkem. Prvi del je teoretičen, drugi del pa empiričen, kamor bom vključila intervju, ki ga bom izvedla z zaposlenim v podjetju TAB d.d. ; All human beings are negotiating, whether it is on the conscious or unconscious level. Negotiating begins already in the childhood. At that time, the most common subjects of negotiation are about what we eat, wear, where to go, what to do and not to do. Teenagers negotiate with their parents again, for example, about how long they can stay out. When we attend some markets, fairs, we also have the opportunity to, for example, negotiate for a lower price. We are faced with negotiating at every turn. Some people more frequently, the others slightly less. Negotiating can take place in the leisure time or at work. Some people are professionally engaged in negotiations, which is most commonly the case in the business world. To achieve a successful outcome of negotiations, we need to have some knowledge about negotiating. We must be very familiar with all stages of the negotiations and know what we need to do within each stage. As negotiators themselves have a big influence on the final outcome of the negotiations, it is necessary to know how to behave during negotiations and what qualities, personality characteristics negotiators ought to have. In the event that we are faced with international negotiations, it is necessary to examine in detail and know the culture of the other side. In this thesis, which consists of two parts, I will focus primarily on commercial negotiations in the Czech Republic. The first part is theoretical, while the second part is empirical, which will include an interview I have conducted with the employees of the company TAB d.d.