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In the past two decades, China has achieved world renown for reducing rural poverty. However, it is becoming harder to reduce poverty and inequality further in China, even though its economy continues to grow. This report compares the impact specific rural public investments can have on promoting growth and reducing poverty and inequality. Returns to these investments are calculated for the nation as a whole and for three economic zones in the west, central, and coastal regions of the country. Government expenditures that have the highest impact on poverty and growth include education, agricultural research and development, and rural infrastructure (roads, electricity, and telecommunications). Notably, spending on irrigation and anti-poverty loans had minimal impact. The report discusses the implications of these findings for setting future priorities for government investment. It also suggests avenues for future research and calls for a better understanding of how to improve the effectiveness of public resources. This report will be of interest to professionals involved in rural poverty reduction, rural development, agricultural growth, food security, and public investment policy. ; PR ; IFPRI1; GRP3; Theme 9; Public Policy and Investment

by Hung Ho Fung. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-147). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Summary --- p.3 ; Acknowledgements --- p.5 ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Thearadox of Rural Stability --- p.8 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature on Collective Action --- p.20 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Elite Intervention and Organization: Independent Variables in the Analysis of Ruralrotest Intensity --- p.36 ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- Conceptual Framework for Case Analysis --- p.69 ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- Extreme Cases --- p.73 ; Chapter Chapter 6 --- intermediate Cases --- p.99 ; Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.135 ; References --- p.142

by Chan, Cheuk-Wah. ; Thesis submitted in: August 1997. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- p.1. ; Chapter 1.1.-- --- The main theme ; Chapter 1.2. -- --- Theoretical background ; Chapter 1.2.1. -- --- The proper role of the state in the economy ; Chapter 1.2.2. -- --- Conception of the development state ; Chapter 1.2.3. -- --- Politics of defining the role of the state ; Chapter 1.2.4. -- --- The relative autonomy of the state ; Chapter 1.2.5. -- --- "The ISH Model-- Institutions, Strategic actions of agents, Historical contingencies" ; Chapter 1.2.6. -- --- The ISH Model and the economic dynamics in Hong Kong ; Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- p.22. ; Chapter 2 -- --- "Historical Background, Contingency and International Hurricane (from the mid of 1940s to the mid 1950s)" ; Chapter 2.1. -- --- Introduction ; Chapter 2.2. -- --- Historical background ; Chapter 2.3. -- --- Conflicts between China and the West (Korean War and Cold War) ; Chapter 2.4. -- --- Hong Kong's fluctuating economy and the colonial minimal government ; Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- p.44. ; Chapter 3. --- The Dynamics of the Process of Economic Restructuring and the Strategies of the Industrialists (1950s-60s) ; Chapter 3.1. -- --- Introduction ; Chapter 3.2. -- --- The path of economic restructuring ; Chapter 3.2.1. -- --- Profile of textiles industry ; Chapter 3.2.2.-- --- rofile of clothing industry ; Chapter 3.2.3. -- --- Profile of toys and plastic industry ; Chapter 3.3.-- --- Strategies of the Chinese industrialists ; Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- p.62. ; Chapter 4. --- Hong Kong Government's Role and Selective Interventions in the Economy ; Chapter 4.1. -- --- Introduction ; Chapter 4.2. -- --- Monetary/fiscal policy with colonial bias ; Chapter 4.3. -- --- Housing policy ; Chapter 4.4. -- --- Investment and trade promotion ; Chapter 4.5. -- --- Land and infrastructure development ; Chapter 4.6. -- --- Influences on the prices and ...

Fung, Ka Wo. ; Thesis submitted in: December 2008. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 174-181). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1-13 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Defining the Research Objects and Scope --- p.3 ; Chapter 1.3 --- The Sociological Perspective --- p.10 ; Chapter 1.4 --- The Organization of Thesis --- p.11 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Theoretical Framework and Research Questions --- p.14-42 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Current Theories and Research Studies --- p.14 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Limitations of the Current Theories --- p.24 ; Chapter 2.3 --- The Alternative Model: Sociological Institutionalism --- p.27 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Research Questions --- p.39 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodological Approach --- p.43-59 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.43 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Sources of Data --- p.44 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Temporal Dimension --- p.48 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Method of Analysis --- p.50 ; Chapter 3.5 --- Reliability --- p.58 ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- Exploring the Institutional Origin of ECA in the Development of Hong Kong Mass Education --- p.60-91 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.60 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Phase IA- Pre-government Intervention: Before 1967 --- p.62 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Phase IB- Absorption by Government: 1967- 1981 --- p.64 ; Chapter 4.4 --- Phase 1C- Initial Expansion in School Establishment: 1981-1992 --- p.67 ; Chapter 4.5 --- Phase IIA- Consolidation in Education Reform: 1992-2000 --- p.73 ; Chapter 4.6 --- Phase IIB- Accomplishment of Institutionalization: 2000~ --- p.79 ; Chapter 4.7 --- Summary and Research Focus --- p.84 ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- Explaining the Change and Organization of ECA in Official Curriculum --- p.92-111 ; Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.92 ; Chapter 5.2 --- definition of Curriculum --- p.95 ; Chapter 5.3 --- Aims of Education --- p.99 ; Chapter 5.4 --- Pedagogy --- p.107 ; Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.111 ; Chapter Chapter 6 --- ...

Alcohol consumption, the third largest contributing risk factor towards global morbidity, has increased in the past 5 years despite global calls for action to reduce its significant impact on public health. Compared to most developed nations, Hong Kong has been shown to have lower levels of alcohol consumption by previously conducted research. However, Hong Kong's low alcohol taxes, wide availability of alcohol, and lax restrictions on marketing practices have the potential to increase the prevalence of alcohol use and binge drinking particularly among young adults 18-25 of age, lending them towards increased risks of neurological damage, unsafe sex, intentional and unintentional injuries, and impacts on school and work performance in addition to chronic health harms in the future. This thesis employs a mixed-methods approach to comprehensively examine the behavioral and environmental contexts of Chinese young adult drinking behavior, as well as to generate feasible, effective strategies at the health promotion and policy levels to reduce alcohol-related harm among this population subgroup. ; Cantonese-speaking young adults of Hong Kong (n=684) were invited between April and September 2011 to participate in a cross-sectional random telephone survey, during which they were asked about their drinking patterns and perceptions on a set of alcohol expectancy statements. Twelve focus groups (n=63) were then conducted between June 2012 – May 2013 to explore individual motivations to drink as well as possible environmental and social facilitating factors. A series of interviews conducted in January – April 2014 with key policy stakeholders, including representatives of law enforcement, education, government, food and beverage sectors, non-governmental organizations, and the alcohol industry, (n=16) then aimed to produce appropriate, actionable policies and interventions which can be undertaken as a means to reduce alcohol-related harm among young adults in Hong Kong. ; At the behavioural level, positive outcome ...

Wu, Ka Ming. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-163). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i-iii ; Table of Content --- p.iv-v ; Abbreviations --- p.vi ; Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction: Women and Poverty in Hong Kong --- p.1 ; Poor Women: Where and Who are They? ; Research Purpose and Questions ; Research Methodology ; Some Research Reflections ; Chapter Chapter Two --- "Engendering the Question of Poverty: Power in Economy, State and Discourse" --- p.14 ; Women and Development under Economic Globalization ; Working Daughters Getting Old: The Hong Kong Case ; Hong Kong in the International Political Economy ; Poor Women: The Opposition of Workers and Citizens ; Welfare Perspectives: Three Different Theoretical Streams ; The Political Economy of Welfare State ; Feminist Critique of Welfare State ; Poor Women and Welfare Services in Hong Kong ; The Genealogy of Modern Power: Foucault on Power and Discourse ; Discourse Analysis ; Ideology versus Truth ; The Power of Gaze ; The Welfare Cut: The Poor as Objects of State Intervention ; Power/ Knowledge ; Chapter Chapter Three --- poor Women as Product of Economic Development: Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy --- p.45 ; Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy ; Poor Women after Economic Restructuring ; Reproductive Work Positions: Sliding Ranks and Salaries ; No Jobs for Poor Mothers ; Working Poor Mothers: Reconciling Paid Work and Family Responsibility ; Familialism and the Incorporation of Women as Labor ; Capitalist Production of Familialism ; The Matron Workers in the 1970s vs the Disabled Women in the 1990s ; Entering the Information Age in the late 1990s: Poor Women and Development ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter Four --- "Women, Poverty and the Welfare System in Hong Kong " --- p.72 ; Concern of Hong Kong Social Policy ; The Myth of Lassie-faire in Social Welfare ; Productivity: Philosophy of Hong Kong Social Welfare ; Single Mothers as Study ...

Kam Ying Chuen. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-83). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 2 --- Overview of Hong Kong Stock Market --- p.3 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Stock Exchange of Hong Kong --- p.3 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Hang Seng Index --- p.4 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Influences of the United States --- p.5 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Hong Kong Government's Intervention --- p.6 ; Chapter 3 --- Literature Review --- p.8 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Stable and Student t Distributions --- p.8 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Generalized Distribution --- p.10 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Socio-economic Model --- p.11 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Extreme Value Analysis --- p.11 ; Chapter 4 --- Methodology --- p.14 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Homogeneous Model --- p.15 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Inhomogeneous Model --- p.15 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Model Validity --- p.16 ; Chapter 4.3.1 --- Exceedance Rate --- p.17 ; Chapter 4.3.2 --- Distribution of Excesses --- p.17 ; Chapter 4.3.3 --- Independence --- p.18 ; Chapter 5 --- Data --- p.19 ; Chapter 5.1 --- Minute-by-minute Returns --- p.20 ; Chapter 5.2 --- Daily returns --- p.21 ; Chapter 5.3 --- Explanatory Variables for the Inhomogeneous Model --- p.21 ; Chapter 6 --- Empirical Results: Minute-by-minute Returns --- p.24 ; Chapter 6.1 --- Shape Parameter k --- p.24 ; Chapter 6.2 --- Location Parameter μ --- p.25 ; Chapter 6.3 --- Scale Parameter σ --- p.26 ; Chapter 6.4 --- Conditional Scale Parameter ψ --- p.27 ; Chapter 6.5 --- Specification Test --- p.29 ; Chapter 7 --- Empirical Results: Daily Returns --- p.29 ; Chapter 7.1 --- Homogeneous Model --- p.30 ; Chapter 7.2 --- Inhomogeneous Model --- p.31 ; Chapter 7.2.1 --- Constant Term --- p.32 ; Chapter 7.2.2 --- Dow Jones Industrial Average Returns --- p.33 ; Chapter 7.2.3 --- Volatility Indicators --- p.34 ; Chapter 7.2.4 --- Monday Dummy --- p.35 ; Chapter 7.2.5 --- Time Trend --- p.36 ; Chapter 7.2.6 --- Duration Dummy --- p.37 ; Chapter 7.2.7 --- Indicator for the Behavior of the ...

本文回顧香港政府治理戲劇活動的歷史,分析三個歷史時期的治理策略,從而探討調節戲劇活動與殖民管治兩者的關條。香港政府在三個時期以不同方式介入戲劇領域,從戰後至六十年代的戲劇審查,後至六十年代後期至七十年代的文化服務,直到八十年代至九七年提倡戲劇的私營部門增長,三者並不連貫。三個時期的治理特色共同之處在於,政府僅僅為了排除危害社會穩定的麻煩,特別是制衡現代中國政權對香港(戲劇)的影響,並不志在正面地建立成果;因此,本文提出香港政府的文化治理是一種否定式治理策略。 ; I examine the history of Hong Kong government governing theatrical activities and then analyze the governing strategy in three historical periods; thus, I investigate the relation between regulations of theatrical activities and colonial governance. Hong Kong government employed different ways of intervention in three periods, including censorship from 1945 to 1960s, providing cultural service from late 1960s to 1970s and advocating growth of private sector of theatre from 1980s to 1997. These three strategies are not consistent in terms of achieving goals. Rather, the common character of governing strategies is to get rid of dangerous factor which may harm stability of Hong Kong society, especially the undesirable impact of modern China politics on Hong Kong (theatre ). ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; 張翠瑜. ; "2013年7月". ; "2013 nian 7 yue". ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-118). ; Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. ; Abstract in Chinese and English. ; Zhang Cuiyu. ; 中文摘要 --- p.ii ; 英文摘要 --- p.iii ; 致謝 --- p.iv ; Chapter 第一章 --- 香港戲劇與文化治理 --- p.1 ; Chapter 第二章 --- 文化冷戰與戲劇審查 --- p.25 ; Chapter 第三章 --- 青年問題與文化服務 --- p.48 ; Chapter 第四章 --- 積極不干預、自由市場與創作 --- p.76 ; Chapter 第五章 --- 結語 --- p.103 ; 參考書目 --- p.111

學校停課在世界各國的流感大流行應對方案中常被列為一項社區緩疫措施,而這項措施亦在2009年H1N1流感大流行中被廣泛地使用。然而,這項緩疫措施經常被質疑是否恰當,原因是因為停課會對教育構成重大的影響,而且過往的流行病學硏究亦表示這項緩疫措施不一定有效。本論文硏究學校停課對2009年H1N1流感大流行在香港首5個月疫情中降低大流行流感傳播的效能。 ; 在香港,在該大流行流感病毒於2009年4月在美國被發現後,香港政府實施了控疫措施(containment phase measures),並開始對該流感大流行進行監測。為了判定大流行是否已在香港內蔓延,衛生防護中心設定了一個報告準則來讓本地醫生報告疑似大流行流感感染個案,並為每個懷疑個案作確診測試及為每個確診個案追溯感染源頭。當大流行流感在6月開始在香港內蔓延時,香港政府實施了緩疫措施(mitigation phase measures)。在緩疫措施底下,帶有流感病症的病人求診於指定流感診所和公共醫院急症室會被測試是否感染大流行流感,而停課措施亦在此時開始實行去減低大流行流感的傳播。停課措施一直維持至7月直至暑假開始,並經修改後於9月開學時繼續實行。在9月,鑑於已不再需要對流感大流行進行監測,對懷疑感染個案進行確診測試的政策止於該月下旬。確診個案中記錄了的病人資料,與及由學校停課和暑假所引起的學期變化,為這課題提供了一個理想硏究的機會。 ; 在2009年的5月至9月,一共確診了27,687宗大流行流感個案。在確診個案中,所有個案都記錄了確診者的年歲和確診日期,而88%確診者提供了一個可定位的住宅地址。為了觀察學校停課的緩疫效果,本硏究定義了5個社會經濟年齡級別(socio-economic age classes) (當中包括有小學生和中學生),並繪製了年齡級別與地域特定的疫情曲線(age-class-and-district-specific epidemic curves)。所有的疫情曲線在大流行流感在6月開始在香港蔓延後均穩步上升,而在屬於小學生和中學生的疫情曲線中能看到一個不尋常的上升出現在9月新學年開始時,意味著中小學生在學校的活動提升了大流行流感在他們之間的傳播。 ; 先前,學校停課對減低2009年H1N1流感大流行在香港的傳播已被Wu et. al (2010a)進行了調查。透過使用一個具年齡結構的SIR模型(age-structured SIR model)來分析收集至8月27日的監測數據,該硏究表示流感大流行的傳播在暑假開始時減低了25%。在這研究中,我應用了Wu et. al (2010a)的方法來分析整個監測期間所收集的數據。在發現到該數學模型不能準確地擬合附加的監測數據後,我在該模型添加了兩個傳播特徵(當中包含兒童和成人之間的傳染在學校停課期間增加)去更準確地代表現實中的疫情。我的硏究顯示,學校停課雖然降低了兒童的感染率,但卻增加了成年人的感染率,令整體傳播在暑假開始時只減低了7.6%。這硏究結果表示,在將來的流感大流行中,封閉學校不大可能延遲流感大流行疫情至一個可令疫苗產生作用的程度,而且封閉學校可能會增加成人的感染率,從而有可能導致社會運作出現更混亂的情況。 ; School closure is often included in national pandemic influenza response plans as a community mitigation measure and it was widely applied in Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. However, the appropriateness of this intervention is often questioned, as school closure causes major disruption to the education system and past epidemiological studies reveal this intervention is not necessarily effective. The present thesis evaluates the effect of school closure in mitigating transmission of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Hong Kong in the initial 5 months of the pandemic. ; In Hong Kong, following identification of the pandemic virus in US in April 2009, the government implemented containment phase measures and began ...

本文研究了香港佔領運動的政治過程。通過深入訪談和檔案資料,本文認為香港的佔領運動的特點是各持份者之間存在錯誤認知,溝通失當以及不恰當的應對方法。運動最合適的定義是憲制性不服從,而不是運動領袖所聲稱的公民不服從。 ; 在強烈的不滿以及感知到的政治機會的驅動下,佔領中環的領袖在2013年初發起了佔中運動,並且以"公民抗命"作為運動框釋。為了能夠得出權威的方案,並且在政改中由公民社會領導政治社會,運動組織了一系列"商討日"。但參與者的自我選擇使得商討日成為事實上的運動動員。商討日逐漸被激進政治力量主導,而溫和民主派被疏遠。 ; 中國政府把佔領中環運動視為對香港管治權的爭奪。因為溝通失當和對外國干預的恐懼,中國政府做出了過度回應。首先是通過白皮書嘗試重新解讀憲政秩序,其後人大常委做出決定,提出一個有政治篩選的選舉框架。中國政府的決定被香港市民視為其對民主和自治承諾的背叛。 ; 學生其後介入並且開展了一場學生運動,並最終發展為雨傘運動。學聯首先發起了罷課並且以"命運自決"作為主要框釋,指責基本法繼承了殖民地時代的政治經濟制度,把香港二次殖民。在雨傘運動爆發後,大部分示威者,包括學生領袖,在和政府比拼對憲制性文件的理解,進行一場憲制性不服從。當運動參與在初期到達巔峰後,示威者嘗試通過抗爭策略的升級和尋求潛在的精英同盟來維持運動,但這些努力沒有奏效。在一開始的鎮壓失敗後,政府採用了拖延消耗的策略。政府最後通過禁制令使運動終結,因為司法體系仍然保持了認受性,同時大部分示威者不願意挑戰法治。 ; 本文認為佔領運動最適合被歸類為憲制性不服從。示威者遵從一國兩制的憲政秩序,但試圖通過對憲制文件的解讀,為基本法對民主權利的一些關鍵限制鬆綁。憲制性不服從接受憲政秩序和司法機構的權威,但不接受政治制度的合法性。憲制性不服從可以發生在一種獨特的政體-自由不民主。在自由不民主政體,公民自由,法治,憲政主義已經確立,司法機構得到廣泛尊重,但一個有認受性的民主政府還沒有被確立。這個新名詞可以對理解轉型國家和後殖民地區的抗爭作出新的貢獻。 ; This dissertation studies the political process of the Occupy Movement in Hong Kong. Drawing on in-depth interviews and archival research, this study argues the movement is characterized as the misperceptions, miscommunications, and mistreatments among the main stakeholders. The movement is best defined as constitutional disobedience, instead of civil disobedience as claimed by movement leaders. ; Driven by the strong grievance and perceived political opportunity, the leaders of Occupy Central started the campaign in early 2013 and framed it as a "civil disobedience" movement. Aiming at figuring out an authoritative proposal and letting the civil society lead political parties in the political reform, the campaign organized a series of "deliberation days", yet the self-selection of the participants made the DDays become de facto movement mobilization. The DDays were gradually dominated by radical political forces that alienated moderate democrats. ; The Chinese government perceived the Occupy Central campaign as a struggle for the governing power in Hong Kong. With the miscommunication and the fear of foreign intervention, the Chinese government over-reacted by ...

自1840年清廷與英國簽訂《南京條約》以來,長久以來東亞地區傳統國家對於人身的掌握方式以及以朝貢冊封作為手段所建立的天下秩序便日漸被削弱且重新被編入近代西方國際法秩序之中。在此過程中,當時的東亞各國,皆曾嘗試一方面遵行近代西方的國際法秩序,一方面使用西式的法律將自身塑造為符合西方意義下的近代國家以達到可以完全在其「國」內外掌控其臣民之人身並同時受到西方列強所承認的目的。而所謂的近代西方國際法秩序,特別是在其秩序下主權國家所代表的對外擁有獨立性以及對內之臣民與領土擁有排他性權力等特質,更被明治維新之後的日本政治家與知識分子視為是國體存在的憑藉與證明,是使日本得以與歐美列強建立平等外交關係的前提之一。換句話說,日本近代法秩序中具有明顯地使日本作為一個主權國家融入近代西方國際法秩序的企圖。 ; 然而自1890年《大日本帝國憲法》正式實施以來,日本先後在甲午戰爭以及日俄戰爭後領有臺灣與朝鮮。日本帝國在法律上所須支配的範圍不再僅限於日本列島,同時更包含了以上在帝國轄下這些地域的人身流動。在此種情況下,本研究企圖解決兩個問題,即:第一,當時什麼是「臺灣人」?而臺灣人在帝國內被日本政府以法律的方式賦予怎樣的法律地位?而這個法律地位在治安法律的適用上與帝國內的其他人群,特別是日本內地人之間又具有怎樣的差別,而其成因又是什麼?第二,當《治安維持法》作為當時日本帝國下日本與臺灣兩地域所共同擁有的治安法律時,帝國的裁判機構是如何根據帝國下各地域在地社會的情形而處理在各地域的治安法律案件的?而這些法院的判例又對於當時「臺灣人」族群意識的形成具有怎樣的影響?以及這些法律關係對於了解整個日本帝國的發展所具有的意義上有什麼幫助? ; 而經由本研究,筆者得出結論,認為帝國下的「臺灣人」的法律地位與其治安法律的適用是與日本帝國權力秩序之結構有著深刻的關係。而當時帝國權力秩序之結構事實上即是近代西方國際法秩序在東亞的滲透、天皇制國家的國體論述、兩地各自過往治安法律的實施背景,以及當時日本國內外的臨時事件的各個因素所形成的,並且影響了「臺灣人」作為一個族群意識的形成。 ; Ever since the mid-19th century, the traditional East Asian Hua Yi (華夷) system has been weakening and was re-incorporated into the modern Western world order because of the rise of the Western powers. This process not only broke the old ruling order (in East Asia connected through the Tribute system), but also made the East Asia countries greatly shaped by the new concept of the International Law, for example the equal status between all sovereign states and the sovereign states had exclusive authorities over their people and territories. In this trend, Japan, China, and other East Asian countries were to some extent, tried to not only comply with the order of the International Law, but also made themselves a sovereign state recognized by the Western powers in order to avoid their diplomatic intervention using the excuse of different concept of law. ; In this pursuit, the legal system, particularly the characteristics in the constitution that a country owning a constitution was independent from external interferences and superior to domestic affairs have attracted many Japanese intellectuals and politicians in the Meiji period (1868-1912). They ...

一九七六年,隨著毛澤東逝世和「四人幫」倒台,中國共産黨在一九七七年宣布歷時十年的「文化大革命」正式結束,標誌了中華人民共和國後毛澤東時期開始。政治上,中國共產黨中央委員會放棄了過去以階級鬥爭和群衆運動爲主導的治國方針,將工作重點放在經濟建設上。對於向來和政治關係密切的中國文學界而言,「文革」的結束意味著官方意識形態高度干預文學創作的時期正式告終,「新時期文學」的發生乃二十世紀中國文學繼五四運動以後的另一次重大轉折。 ; 後毛澤東時期的中國文學主題紛陳多樣,絶非三言兩語所能概括。不過,對共和國歷史進程的重現及反思可謂始終貫串於當代小說的主題。按照馬克思唯物史觀之觀點和毛澤東的詮釋,中國在革命成功後將會由「一窮二白」的國家,逐步邁向「各盡所能,按需分配」的「共産主義烏托邦」;然而爲了儘早實現共産主義而發動的各種「烏托邦運動」卻導致動亂與災難。歷史在「應該如何發生」與「實際如何發生」之間産生了巨大的落差,既吞噬了無數擁抱革命的生靈,亦叫生者留下難以磨滅的傷痛。在各種以歷史進程爲反思對象的小說中,有一個面向經常被文學史家忽略。這些小說以烏托邦書寫的文學形式,透過文字來虛構各種烏托邦(更多時候是惡托邦),表達了作家對晚清以來中國追求理想社會的歷史回顧,對烏托邦運動的本質深入省思,甚或設想中國歷史發展的另類可能出路;此類作品在後毛澤東時期的小說版圖中別樹一幟。本文旨在深入考察具有烏托邦書寫特徵的中國大陸當代小說,讓這個面向重新進入文學史家的視野。 ; 本文共分六章。第一章緒論部分,介紹本文的研究背景及烏托邦的意涵,簡述其在中西方的歷程,然後解說烏托邦書寫的定義;進而回顧前人研究,闡釋本文研究目的、意義、範圍及方法。第二章至第五章爲本文核心部分,引入相關文學及文化理論,探討後毛澤東時期中國大陸小說烏托邦書寫的各種表現。第二章討論莫應豐《桃源夢》的惡托邦書寫,分析小說怎樣敷演一場從烏托邦追求而起,以惡托邦告終的悲劇,考察它如何達成批判儒家「大同」社會烏托邦及「文革」烏托邦運動的雙重目的,並如何回應了一九八零年代中國小說所關懷的主題。第三章分析李佩甫《羊的門》,探討李佩甫如何在文學主題多元的一九九零年代,以烏托邦書寫思考在共和國的歷史進程中,農村的烏托邦之路應該怎樣走;以及他對中國前途存在的困惑。第四章探討閻連科《受活》,這部在新世紀備受關注的小說不單呈現了烏托邦和樂園之間的角力,同時展示了閻連科的反烏托邦立場,批評了在後毛澤東時期仍然深具影響力的革命意識形態。第五章對格非在新世紀推出的「烏托邦三部曲」進行整體性探討,分析當中的反烏托邦書寫策略,以及小說如何呈現後毛澤東時期那種充斥虛無主義和享樂主義的「後烏托邦狀態」,亦會兼及格非如何看待各種烏托邦運動下的個體聲音。第六章為總結,綜合前文所論,指出後毛澤東時期中國大陸小說如何以烏托邦書寫來反思歷史,同時在烏托邦追求與反烏托邦立場之間擺盪。最後,本文藉香港作家陳冠中《盛世》為例,說明關心中國社會何去何從的作家早已不限於中國大陸作家。由此可見,關於中國的烏托邦書寫將會是一個持續進行的文學議題。 ; In 1976, Mao Zedong died and the 'Gang of Four' went down. These events brought down the curtain on the Cultural Revolution, which had spanned 10 years from 1966 to 1976, as declared officially by the Communist Party of China in 1977, and inaugurated the Post-Mao era of the People's Republic of China. Politically, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China started to focus its agenda on economic development, forgoing its former ruling policies upholding class struggle and mass movement. Since Chinese literature has always borne close ties with national politics, the end of the Cultural Revolution also implied the phasing out of government's iron-handed intervention in literary writings. The rise of "Literature of the New Era (Xinshiqi ...