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Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratios (HVSR) and Rayleigh group velocity dispersion curves (DC) can be used to estimate the shallow S-wave velocity (VS) structure. Knowing the VS structure is important for geophysical data interpretation either in order to better constrain data inversions for P-wave velocity (VP) structures such as travel time tomography or full waveform inversions or to directly study the VS structure for geo-engineering purposes (e.g., ground motion prediction). The joint inversion of HVSR and dispersion data for 1D VS structure allows characterising the uppermost crust and near surface, where the HVSR data (0.03 to 10s) are most sensitive while the dispersion data (1 to 30s) constrain the deeper model which would, otherwise, add complexity to the HVSR data inversion and adversely affect its convergence. During a large-scale experiment, 197 three-component short-period stations, 41 broad band instruments and 190 geophones were continuously operated for 6 months (April to October 2017) covering an area of approximately 1500km2 with a site spacing of approximately 1 to 3km. Joint inversion of HVSR and DC allowed estimating VS and, to some extent density, down to depths of around 1000m. Broadband and short period instruments performed statistically better than geophone nodes due to the latter's gap in sensitivity between HVSR and DC. It may be possible to use HVSR data in a joint inversion with DC, increasing resolution for the shallower layers and/or alleviating the absence of short period DC data, which may be harder to obtain. By including HVSR to DC inversions, confidence improvements of two to three times for layers above 300m were achieved. Furthermore, HVSR/DC joint inversion may be useful to generate initial models for 3D tomographic inversions in large scale deployments. Lastly, the joint inversion of HVSR and DC data can be sensitive to density but this sensitivity is situational and depends strongly on the other inversion parameters, namely VS and VP. Density estimates from a HVSR/DC joint inversion should be treated with care, while some subsurface structures may be sensitive, others are clearly not. Inclusion of gravity inversion to HVSR/DC joint inversion may be possible and prove useful ; This work was funded by TOTAL under the framework of the Orogen project, with funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) and the research team RNM-194 of Junta de Andalucía (Spain). ; Peer reviewed

This article discusses the issue of systematization of international joint programmes in higher education. The authors analyze the criteria for differentiating between various types of international joint programmes. In particular, the authors propose to distinguish between international double degree programmes and dual degree programmes. Different classifications of international joint programmes are substantiated through the analysis of successful experience of their implementation in Russia and abroad in the context of globalization and international educational integration. The article also gives ground to the general criteria of the effectiveness of the implementation of various types of joint educational programmes. It is concluded that the systematization of international joint programmes will allow to avoid confusing terminology, and considering the fact such programmes are developed and implemented by universities with different backgrounds from different regions of the world, sometimes even from different education systems, this approach will greatly simplify academic cooperation between universities of different countries in the context of cultural differences and particular features of different national legislative regulations. Considering the different types of joint international programmes and the practice of their implementation in universities, the authors proceed from the fact that all these programmesrepresent effective ways of creating a single European higher education area, an important tool for implementing the principles of the Bologna process. Regarding the task of improving the competitiveness of universities that implement international joint programmes, the article also identifies the significant benefits for students acquiring specific intercultural, communicative, as well as interdisciplinary professional competencies and, respectively, advantages in employment, both in their own country and abroad. ; En este artículo se analiza el tema de la sistematización de los programas conjuntos internacionales en educación superior. Los autores analizan los criterios para diferenciar varios tipos de programas conjuntos internacionales. En particular, los autores proponen distinguir entre programas internacionales de doble titulación y programas de doble titulación. Las diferentes clasificaciones de los programas conjuntos internacionales se fundamentan mediante el análisis de la experiencia exitosa de su implementación en Rusia y en el extranjero en el contexto de la globalización y la integración educativa internacional. El artículo también da terreno a los criterios generales de la efectividad de la implementación de varios tipos de programas educativos conjuntos. Se concluye que la sistematización de programas conjuntos internacionales permitirá evitar confusiones terminológicas, y considerando que dichos programas son desarrollados e implementados por universidades con diferentes antecedentes de diferentes regiones del mundo, a veces incluso de diferentes sistemas educativos, este enfoque será muy importante. simplificar la cooperación académica entre universidades de diferentes países en el contexto de las diferencias culturales y las características particulares de las diferentes regulaciones legislativas nacionales. Considerando los diferentes tipos de programas internacionales conjuntos y la práctica de su implementación en las universidades, los autores parten del hecho de que todos estos programas representan formas efectivas de crear un único espacio europeo de educación superior, una herramienta importante para implementar los principios del proceso de Bolonia. En cuanto a la tarea de mejorar la competitividad de las universidades que implementan programas conjuntos internacionales, el artículo también identifica los importantes beneficios para los estudiantes que adquieren competencias profesionales específicas interculturales, comunicativas, así como interdisciplinarias y, respectivamente, ventajas en el empleo, tanto en su propio país como en extranjero. ; Este artigo discute a questão da sistematização de programas conjuntos internacionais no ensino superior. Os autores analisam os critérios de diferenciação entre os vários tipos de programas conjuntos internacionais. Em particular, os autores propõem a distinção entre programas internacionais de duplo grau e programas de duplo de grau. Diferentes classificações de programas conjuntos internacionais são substanciadas através da análise da experiência bem sucedida de sua implementação na Rússia e no exterior no contexto da globalização e da integração educacional internacional. O artigo também dá base aos critérios gerais da eficácia da implementação de vários tipos de programas educacionais conjuntos. Conclui-se que a sistematização de programas conjuntos internacionais permitirá evitar a confusão terminológica, e considerando o fato de que tais programas são desenvolvidos e implementados por universidades com diferentes origens de diferentes regiões do mundo, às vezes até mesmo de diferentes sistemas educacionais, esta abordagem simplificará muito a cooperação acadêmica entre universidades de diferentes países no contexto de diferenças culturais e características particulares de diferentes regulamentações legislativas nacionais. Considerando os diferentes tipos de programas internacionais conjuntos e a prática de sua implementação nas universidades, os autores procedem do fato de que todos esses programas representam formas eficazes de criar um único espaço europeu de ensino superior, uma ferramenta importante para a implementação dos princípios do processo de Bolonha. Quanto à tarefa de melhorar a competitividade das universidades que implementam programas conjuntos internacionais, o artigo também identifica os benefícios significativos para os estudantes que adquirem competências profissionais específicas interculturais, comunicativas, bem como interdisciplinares e, respectivamente, vantagens no emprego, tanto em seu próprio país como no exterior.

A model is presented for analyzing a particular type of collective action aimed at the provision of public goods by joint efforts of industrial workers and capitalists to improve their own economic, social, and political situations. Some reasons why collective action fails to display a general logic are outlined. The model is then described and its potential illustrated by applying it to certain episodes in Brazilian social history

The relationship between Mercosul and the European Union has entered a new stage with the signing of the Interregional Framework Agreement and the Joint Political Declaration in December 1995. The basic goals of these two documents are to strengthen bilateral relations and to create adequate conditions for an Interregional Association of political and economic nature. While the Interregional Association is a long-term goal, the two regions are aiming towards a partnership based on their historical ties and cultural identities, as well as on the mutual interests of their respective members. (Polit Externa/DÜI)

In June 2008, the Brazilian Interdisciplinary AIDS Association (ABIA) and the Indian NGO SAHARA submitted a joint pre-grant opposition to the patent application of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in India. This joint action provides a pertinent case model of the potential effects of South-South cooperation between civil society groups. In this study, the aim sought to determine the practicality of the methodology and propositions developed in Resources, Knowledge and Influence: the Organizational Effects of Interorganizational Collaboration (Hardy et al., 2003) in predicting the types of collaboration effects that would result from the degree of "involvement" and "embeddedness" of a collaboration. Data collection came from archival research, participant observation research and interviews. Research tasks included an investigation on South-South Cooperation in the area of IP rights and AIDS, compiling an SLR on knowledge management and collaboration theories, creating a chronology of the collaboration and application of aforementioned methodology. Application included (1) implementation of codification methodology based on "involvement" and "embeddedness" and (2) identification of types of effects in collaboration - strategic, knowledge creation or political. During data analysis, these effects were compared with the aims of collaboration. Results were then tested against propositions (Hardy et al., 2003) of the relationship between involvement and embeddedness and the collaborative effects. Findings support three propositions: (1) Collaborations with high levels of involvement will be positively associated with the acquisition of distinctive resources, (2) Collaborations with high levels of involvement and high levels of embeddedness will be positively associated with the creation of knowledge, (3) Collaborations that are highly embedded will be positively associated with an increase of influence. ; In June 2008, the Brazilian Interdisciplinary AIDS Association (ABIA) and the Indian NGO SAHARA submitted a joint pre-grant opposition to the patent application of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in India. This joint action provides a pertinent case model of the potential effects of South-South cooperation between civil society groups. In this study, the aim sought to determine the practicality of the methodology and propositions developed in Resources, Knowledge and Influence: the Organizational Effects of Interorganizational Collaboration (Hardy et al., 2003) in predicting the types of collaboration effects that would result from the degree of "involvement" and "embeddedness" of a collaboration. Data collection came from archival research, participant observation research and interviews. Research tasks included an investigation on South-South Cooperation in the area of IP rights and AIDS, compiling an SLR on knowledge management and collaboration theories, creating a chronology of the collaboration and application of aforementioned methodology. Application included (1) implementation of codification methodology based on "involvement" and "embeddedness" and (2) identification of types of effects in collaboration - strategic, knowledge creation or political. During data analysis, these effects were compared with the aims of collaboration. Results were then tested against propositions (Hardy et al., 2003) of the relationship between involvement and embeddedness and the collaborative effects. Findings support three propositions: (1) Collaborations with high levels of involvement will be positively associated with the acquisition of distinctive resources, (2) Collaborations with high levels of involvement and high levels of embeddedness will be positively associated with the creation of knowledge, (3) Collaborations that are highly embedded will be positively associated with an increase of influence.

Thirty years ago at the time of their independence the leaderships of Guinea Bissau & Cape Verde united under the single party banner of the PAIGC & declared their joint political objective of the unification of both territories. It is an objective which today, considering the vastly different circumstances of each country, seems almost bizarre. While Guinea-Bissau appears to stagger between political crisis & military interventions on a permanent basis, Cape Verde seems to be extracting itself from the "African space" altogether. This article tracks the widening trajectories of both countries since their independence in an effort to understand why, at the beginning of the new millennium, they appear to face utterly different political & economic prospects. Adapted from the source document.

This is the full text of the Joint Declaration, covering the issues of political dialogue, economics, language, culture, education, science, technology, justice, & health. Politically, the two nations are committed to intensifying relations at the highest levels, including reciprocal visits by the heads of state. Economically, the two governments are committed to facilitating greater cooperation between Portuguese & Chinese industries. In terms of language, culture, & education, the two countries are committed to the widest possible sharing & cooperation. In the fields of science & technology, Portugal & China intend to set up a high-level series of workshops & conferences for the mutual exchange of knowledge. Where justice is concerned, the two nations are committed to studying each other's legal systems so that each might learn from the other. Finally, in the health field, cooperation will entail the sharing of national projects & cutting-edge medical practices. R. Young

This article analyzes published news about 'Paraná 12 Meses', a project developed for small rural producers, with the purpose of understanding the problem of the space occupied by the actors involved, since the proposal was for joint construction with the
communities. Qualitative research was carried out based on discourse analysis in newspapers that cover the three historical regions of the territory of Paraná. The objective was to verify whether the horizontality that came from it was consolidated in articles and releases, through the identification of the protagonists of the narrative. The article also verifies the relationship between investments and agribusiness, possibly pointed out as an irreversible way for small farmers to remain in rural areas. This study is based on the concept of Marcusian one-dimensional, which accuses the modern world of trying to impose a unique path for development. The research demonstrated a verticalization of the narrative with the official voices presenting themselves in defense of transnational agribusiness

This is the full text of the Joint Communique of January 17, 2005, given on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Portugal & the People's Republic of China, & coinciding with Portuguese President Dr. Jorge Sampaio's state visit to China. The text is followed by an annex. The major topics discussed in the main body include the furthering of bilateral relations, the new Portuguese consuls general in Shanghai & Hong Kong, the status of Macau, economic & cultural cooperation, the stimulation of tourism between the two nations, & the sharing of television programming. More broadly, the document discusses the improvement of relations between the EU & mainland China, particularly in terms of the positive role Portugal can play. Also addressed are the sensitive issues of the status of Taiwan & relations with North Korea. The annex lists a number of accords that were finalized during the state visit. R. Young

O Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome (MDS) promove periodicamente a avaliação dos seus programas sociais, como aqueles desenvolvidos nos Centros de Referência em Assistência Social (CRAS). Essa avaliação utiliza como instrumento um sistema web que suporta o processo de coleta e tratamento de informações e disseminação de resultados aos gestores municipais, estaduais e federais mediante o chamado Censo CRAS. Conduziu-se uma meta-avaliação do CRAS 2008, baseada nos critérios especificados pelo Joint Committee (1994), a partir da qual foram elicitados requisitos que possibilitaram a melhoria do referido sistema web. Neste artigo são relatados os resultados da meta-avaliação do Censo CRAS 2008, realizada no período de 2009 a 2010, na qual novos requisitos foram elicitados. A abordagem da meta-avaliação como fonte alternativa de elicitação de requisitos considerou os resultados de avaliações de programas sociais para identificar os problemas do sistema, sem a necessidade da usual e intensa interação com usuários, e revelou oportunidades de melhorias no processo de avaliação que conduziram à elicitação de requisitos para o sistema informatizado. Algumas funcionalidades elicitadas foram incorporadas ao Censo CRAS 2010 e outras poderão ser incorporadas em censos futuros. ; The Brazilian Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS) regularly promotes the evaluation of its social programs, such as those developed in the Reference Centers for Social Assistance (CRAS). Such evaluations make use of a web system that supports the collection and processing of information as well as the dissemination of its results to local, regional and central government officials through the so-called CRAS Census. A meta-evaluation of the CRAS 2008 Census was carried out based on criteria specified by the Joint Committee (1994), from which we elicited requirements that enabled improvements of the web system. The article reports new requirements elicited from the meta-evaluation of the CRAS 2008 Census, held in the period 2009-2010. The approach of meta-evaluation as an alternative source of requirements elicitation took into consideration results from evaluations of social programs in order to identify system problems without the usual need of intense interaction with users. This approach revealed opportunities for improvements in the evaluation process that led to the elicitation of requirements for the computerized system. Some of the elicited features were incorporated into the Census 2010 and others may be incorporated in future censuses.

Foi realizada análise crítica, levando-se em consideração as questões de gênero, dos resultados oficiais do relatório do governo brasileiro para o Programa Conjunto das Nações Unidas para o HIV/Aids - UNAIDS. Mais especificamente, foi abordado o cumprimento das metas resultantes da Declaração de Compromisso sobre HIV/Aids, nos itens Direitos humanos e Redução do Impacto Social e Econômico da Aids até o ano de 2003. Foram apontados os conceitos chave incluindo reflexões sobre os indicadores e estratégias que auxiliam a sociedade civil organizada a efetivar seu monitoramento até 2010. ; The paper critically analyzes, from the gender standpoint, official results presented in the Brazilian government report to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Specifically, the fulfillment of 2003 targets set forth in the United Nations Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, under the category of Human Rights and Reduction of the Economic and Social Impact of AIDS, are evaluated. Key concepts are highlighted, including indicators and strategies that may help civilian society better monitor these targets until 2010.