Suchergebnisse

The doctrine of benevolent empire posits that unilateral security governance has become a necessary & legitimate form of global governance. After first assessing if imperial governance can even be considered an instance of global governance, its claim of legitimacy is scrutinized. It is argued, with reference to the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, that its strategy of legitimation is eventually doomed to fail because benevolent empire appears to downplay both the importance of education in forging legitimacy & the context-specific nature of legitimacy. References. Adapted from the source document.

Majority rule has various applications. In parliamentary theory, it intervenes at the level of relations between assembly & gov, & again, in elections. We find it in democratic theory where the majority of the people must approve decisions of the constitutional organs. Finally, it is employed in the decisionmaking process of the assemblies, & it is this aspect which forms the object of the present study. Since antiquity the majority principle has been generally observed in the decisions of deliberating bodies; but it was not until the 16th cent that it triumphed in England & France. In Switzerland up to the 16th cent majority rule was in effect, disappeared for a while, & then reappeared after the transition from confederation to federation. In Holland, majority rule was applied with certain restrictions from the 16th cent on. Poland had the 'liberum veto' up to the beginning of the 19th cent. From a theoretical viewpoint, the jurists of the Middle Ages based their justification of majority rule on an old Roman adage, & Canon Law has also made an important contribution to this doctrine. The authors of the 18th cent elaborated a legal theory based on rational fictions & on the doctrine of the Social Contract in particular. Among the moderns, 3 principal schools can be distinguished: those who, with Duguit, give a utilitarian basis to the principle, those who see in it a sublimated power, particularly sociol'ts, & finally the theoreticians who accept the principle for ethical reasons. The problem has increased in importance with the existence of international org's where at present, the majority principle is applied only exceptionally. (Translated by Z. Dana from IPSA).

Two ambiguities in the theory of just institutions are explored. If the "fair value of political liberty" is given the weight Rawls claims it should be given, an egalitarian interpretation of justice as fairness emerges. In that case, the lexical ordering of the two principles of justice is impaired, & restrictions in the total system of liberties may be needed to maintain the fair value of political liberty. The difference principle is shown to have two interpretations: the familiar maximin rule & a principle of "compensating inequalities," which are derived from Rawl's contribution curve analysis. This is the principle Rawls uses in his theory of just institutions. However, it is the maximin rule that Rawls seeks to derive from the original position. This derivation is deficient, owing to Rawls's unconvincing argument for an "as-if" risk aversion of rational contractors. Given different "as-if" risk preferences, one can arrive at a utilitarian contract, within the framework of Rawls's original position. The relation between justice as fairness & Rawls's account of civil disobedience is analyzed. Rawls uses the lexical priority rules to decide when civil disobedience is justified, & excludes infractions of the difference principle. This exclusion, while possibly convincing in a strictly egalitarian interpretation of justice as fairness, cannot successfully be defended. Modified HA.

This study seeks to shed light on the prohibition of abuse of rights in Article 17 ECHR in order to contribute to a more coherent interpretation of this provision. To that aim it studies the abuse clause from different perspectives. First, it looks at the historical background of the provision to examine what motivated the drafters to include this prohibition. Then it moves on to the case law of the European Commission of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights and to legal doctrine, revealing the difficulties and inconsistencies in the current interpretation of the abuse clause. Next, it analyses the interpretation of prohibitions of abuse in other human rights documents to see whether parallels can be drawn with the interpretation of Article 17 ECHR. Subsequently, it addresses the concepts of "abuse of rights" and "militant democracy" and examines the extent to which they offer a framework for understanding the abuse clause. Based on the insights obtained from these different perspectives, this study puts forward a proposal as to how Article 17 ECHR can best be applied in the future

Abstract

Visuals in qualitative social science research

The visual is omnipresent in daily life. Though research is still mainly verbal by nature, visual studies and visual methods have become part of academic social research. This contribution intends to introduce visual methods to students and researchers who are not familiar with the possibilities. First, the reasons why researchers work with visuals are described. Next, following , ) we distinguish between visuals as data, as part of the data collection method and as output of research. Just like in any other research, autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice are the guiding principles when making choices during the research process.

In the scientific literature emphasizes how to observe in recent decades an increase in electoral volatility. However, this finding contradicts the classical theories of voting behavior, which emphasize the importance of social cleavages and thus just more stability in party choice for drafting. However, many volatile electorate shift cited related to an ideological party and it is often used as an argument to support the continued importance of this fault line theories. Volatile voters in this vision still bound by their ideology and make an informed choice. Moreover'm changing party often within an ideological block interpreted as a choice driven by strategic considerations. Adapted from the source document.

"Finance and human rights may be an unusual combination for a book theme, considering the apparent distance between both worlds. But appearances are deceiving: human rights law does impact the financial world, albeit in an indirect way. Just think about governmental measures such as financial embargoes, the regulation of the vulture funds or the many privacy rules with which financial institutions have to cope in their daily activities. Financial institutions are also confronted with the societal changes and new priorities which drive them to undertake their business in a more human rights-compliant way. This book attempts to provide a synthesis of the growing impact of human rights law on the financial world."--Editors

A brief review of some recent European Union (EU) monetary & trade history (from the 1970 Treaty of Luxembourg to the recent Greek declarations), in which problems & successes of various kinds (eg, accession of new member states, the juste retour of the UK) have been matched by new methods of raising revenue. As tariffs & trade barriers disappeared throughout the EU, other revenues (external trade tariffs, VAT, etc) have increased in importance. Three milestones in recent EU economic history are former British Prime Minister Thatcher's disputes with the EU over trade & currency issues in the early 1980s, Maastricht, & the 1999 Council of Europe, in which current financing standards were agreed upon. 4 Tables. A. Siegel

Confronted with acute SE problems, the Socialist & the Christian Democratic trade unions in 1976 strengthened their "Common Trade Unions" Front' (with about 2 million members out of a total of 2,300,000 wage- & salary-earners in Belgium) in view of negotiating with employers & with the government, for which the trade unions have submitted a common platform. This common front has antecedents on the local, regional, & professional levels, but has never been & never will be of a permanent nature. This is due as much to historical, as to ideological causes. The principle of class struggle is basic to the socialist union, & christian doctrine is basic to the Christian Democrat concept. The two unions are imbalanced in their linguistic division. Socialists dominate the French-speaking South, while the Christians dominate the Flemish-speaking North. Each confederation wants to maintain its identity. From the employer's view (& to some extent completely independent from the trade union's common front) representatives of employer's organizations have launched the idea that a new & comprehensive "social contract" should be negotiated. The Christian Democratic Union favors such a pact, but since the socialist trade union rejects this idea--which would lead to a further integration in the capitalist system--the probability for such a pact to be realized at present is rather low. Modified HA.

The term performance - a temporary and active presentation, expression, or act - has a presence in all cultural media and genres, and has repercussions for taking on, experiencing, and enacting an identity as well. Performance reaches beyond theatre, ballet and music to any human behaviour that is constantly performed through personal acts that contradict stereotypes - not just with regard to gender, but equally so with regard to class and ethnicity or race. The theme Gender and Performance focuses upon the performative strength of gender through various media: feminist and political theatre, an online 'private' novel turned radio play, protest movements, internet beauty blogs, dressing and fashion and the performativity of the word slut. Gender and performativity will take the reader to the Netherlands, Austria, Canada, Mexico and the Philippines

Beroepsbeoefenaren werken elke dag met de verhalen van cliënten, patiënten of bewoners, bijvoorbeeld bij het afnemen van een anamnese vertelt de hulpvrager zijn/haar persoonlijke verhaal. En toch is narratief onderzoek geen populaire onderzoeksmethode, zeker niet onder gezondheidszorgwetenschappers. Maar, als de media-aandacht voor de gezondheidszorg groeit en organisaties tegen de beperkingen van kwantitatieve 'patiëntentevredenheidsonderzoeken' aanlopen, zien we een groei in zogenoemde 'kwaliteitsprojecten' waarin de stem van de cliënt/patiënt/bewoner meer ruimte krijgt in bijvoorbeeld 'spiegelbijeenkomsten'. Als het belang van 'het verhaal van de cliënt' meer aandacht krijgt, zien we ook meer interesse in het werken met narratief onderzoek bij onderzoekers, bijvoorbeeld in het werk van Tineke Abma en Guy Widdershoven (2005, 1998). Het boek van Catherine Kohler Riessman over narratieve methoden komt dan ook 'just-in-time'.

Het concept framing gaat uit van de idee dat gebeurtenissen, personen of kwesties betekenis krijgen door het frame of de invalshoek van waaruit ze in een tekst worden belicht. Frames zijn 'organizing principles that are socially shared and persistent over time, that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social world' (Reese, 2001: 11). Met andere woorden, in deze visie zijn frames hulpmiddelen, die mensen gebruiken om betekenis te verlenen aan de werkelijkheid, om situaties te definiëren, verantwoordelijkheden en oorzaken aan te duiden, oplossingen aan te geven en om eventueel een moreel oordeel te vellen. In deze verhandeling komt framing aan bod zoals het opgevat wordt in de communicatiewetenschap, en meer specifiek binnen de constructionistische benadering (zie bijvoorbeeld Neuman, Just & Crigler, 1992; zie verder Van Gorp, 2007).