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The Treaty for Business Law in Africa Harmonization was signed in Port Louis (Mauritius ) ,October 17, 1993 and entered into force on 18 September 1998. It was amended by the Treaty of Quebec on17 October 2008. This revised treaty entered into force March 21, 2010. The treaty 's main objective is toaddress the legal uncertainty and judicial existing in States parties . To do this , it adopted new Uniform Actsincluding the Uniform Act relating to general commercial law, following the AUDCG which is the subject ofour study. The OHADA Treaty has also established a Joint Court of Justice and Arbitration responsible forthe interpretation and uniform application of those acts .The AUDCG was adopted April 17, 1997 and entered into force on 1 January 1998. It was amendedDecember 15, 2010 and published in the Official Gazette of OHADA , February 15 , 2011. It entered intoforce on 15 May 2011. It is applicable in the same way in all Contracting States. The existence of such a setof rules to reduce the importance of the forum in the resolution of international disputes and reduce the needto resort to conflict rules that generate legal uncertainty. That is why OHADA law so general and especiallyAUDCG does not care or whatever conflict of laws.Yet the conflict of laws remain in OHADA . First, the AUDCG leaves the provisions of national law as longas they are not contrary to it. The AUDCG may also be subject to differing interpretations by national courtswhich are the ordinary courts of harmonized law.Furthermore, the AUDCG is part of an international legislative context involving a wealth of substantiverules subregional such as West Africa 's Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) , the EconomicCommunity of States of West Africa (ECOWAS ) , the Economic and Monetary Community of CentralAfrica (CEMAC) and the Economic Community of Central African States and international substantive lawsuch as the CISG , Protocol of 11 April 1980 and the New York Convention of 14 June 1974 relating to thelimitation period in the international ...

The Treaty for Business Law in Africa Harmonization was signed in Port Louis (Mauritius ) ,October 17, 1993 and entered into force on 18 September 1998. It was amended by the Treaty of Quebec on17 October 2008. This revised treaty entered into force March 21, 2010. The treaty 's main objective is toaddress the legal uncertainty and judicial existing in States parties . To do this , it adopted new Uniform Actsincluding the Uniform Act relating to general commercial law, following the AUDCG which is the subject ofour study. The OHADA Treaty has also established a Joint Court of Justice and Arbitration responsible forthe interpretation and uniform application of those acts .The AUDCG was adopted April 17, 1997 and entered into force on 1 January 1998. It was amendedDecember 15, 2010 and published in the Official Gazette of OHADA , February 15 , 2011. It entered intoforce on 15 May 2011. It is applicable in the same way in all Contracting States. The existence of such a setof rules to reduce the importance of the forum in the resolution of international disputes and reduce the needto resort to conflict rules that generate legal uncertainty. That is why OHADA law so general and especiallyAUDCG does not care or whatever conflict of laws.Yet the conflict of laws remain in OHADA . First, the AUDCG leaves the provisions of national law as longas they are not contrary to it. The AUDCG may also be subject to differing interpretations by national courtswhich are the ordinary courts of harmonized law.Furthermore, the AUDCG is part of an international legislative context involving a wealth of substantiverules subregional such as West Africa 's Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) , the EconomicCommunity of States of West Africa (ECOWAS ) , the Economic and Monetary Community of CentralAfrica (CEMAC) and the Economic Community of Central African States and international substantive lawsuch as the CISG , Protocol of 11 April 1980 and the New York Convention of 14 June 1974 relating to thelimitation period in the international sale of goods .This interweaving of law born of conflict. So AUDCG persists in the conflict of laws and conflict ofsupranational norms .This thesis aims to investigate these conflicts as well as the principles of solutions that these should beapplied through the conflict of laws rules , the UNIDROIT Principles of the law of autonomy, arbitration. ; Le Traité pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires a été signé à Port Louis (ÎleMaurice), le 17 octobre 1993 et, entré en vigueur le 18 septembre 1998. Il a été modifié par le Traité deQuébec en date du 17 octobre 2008. Ce traité révisé est entré en vigueur le 21 mars 2010. Il a pour principalobjectif de remédier à l'insécurité juridique et judiciaire existant dans les États parties. Pour ce faire, il aadopté neuf Actes uniformes dont l'Acte uniforme relatif au droit commercial général, ci-après l'AUDCG quifait l'objet de notre étude.Le Traité OHADA a également institué une Cour commune de justice et d'arbitragechargée de l'interprétation et de l'application uniformes desdits actes. L'AUDCG a été adopté le 17 avril 1997et est entré en vigueur le 1er janvier 1998. Il a été modifié le 15 décembre 2010 et publié au Journal Officielde l'OHADA, le 15 février 2011. Il est entré en vigueur le 15 mai 2011.Il est applicable de la même façondans tous les États contractants. L'existence d'un tel corpus de règles permet de réduire l'importance du fordans la résolution des litiges internationaux et de limiter la nécessité de recourir aux règles de conflits quigénèrent une certaine insécurité juridique. C'est la raison pour laquelle le droit OHADA de manière généraleet l'AUDCG en particulier ne se préoccupe pas ou peu des conflits de lois. Pourtant,les conflits de loissubsistent dans l'espace OHADA. D'une part, l'AUDCG laisse subsister les dispositions du droit national dumoment qu'elles ne lui sont pas contraires.L'AUDCG peut également faire l'objet de divergencesd'interprétations par les juridictions nationales qui sont les juridictions de droit commun du droitharmonisé.Tout conflit d'interprétation est un conflit de lois. D'autre part, l'AUDCG s'insère dans un contextenormatif international caractérisé par une profusion de règles matérielles sous-régionales telles que l'UnionÉconomique et Monétaire de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (UEMOA),la Communauté Économique des États del'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEDEAO), la Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale(CEMAC)et internationales de droit matériel tels que la CVIM, le Protocole du 11 avril 1980 et la Convention de New-York du 14 juin 1974 relatifs à la prescription en matière de vente internationale de marchandises, laConvention de Genève sur la représentation en matière de vente internationale de marchandises. De cetteimbrication de règles de droit naissent des conflits. Il persiste donc dans l'AUDCG des conflits de lois et desconflits de normes supranationales.La présente thèse a pour but d'étudier ces conflits ainsi que les principes de solutions qu'il convient d'yappliquer à travers les règles de conflit de lois, les Principes d'Unidroit, la loi d'autonomie, l'arbitrage.

The Treaty for Business Law in Africa Harmonization was signed in Port Louis (Mauritius ) ,October 17, 1993 and entered into force on 18 September 1998. It was amended by the Treaty of Quebec on17 October 2008. This revised treaty entered into force March 21, 2010. The treaty 's main objective is toaddress the legal uncertainty and judicial existing in States parties . To do this , it adopted new Uniform Actsincluding the Uniform Act relating to general commercial law, following the AUDCG which is the subject ofour study. The OHADA Treaty has also established a Joint Court of Justice and Arbitration responsible forthe interpretation and uniform application of those acts .The AUDCG was adopted April 17, 1997 and entered into force on 1 January 1998. It was amendedDecember 15, 2010 and published in the Official Gazette of OHADA , February 15 , 2011. It entered intoforce on 15 May 2011. It is applicable in the same way in all Contracting States. The existence of such a setof rules to reduce the importance of the forum in the resolution of international disputes and reduce the needto resort to conflict rules that generate legal uncertainty. That is why OHADA law so general and especiallyAUDCG does not care or whatever conflict of laws.Yet the conflict of laws remain in OHADA . First, the AUDCG leaves the provisions of national law as longas they are not contrary to it. The AUDCG may also be subject to differing interpretations by national courtswhich are the ordinary courts of harmonized law.Furthermore, the AUDCG is part of an international legislative context involving a wealth of substantiverules subregional such as West Africa 's Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) , the EconomicCommunity of States of West Africa (ECOWAS ) , the Economic and Monetary Community of CentralAfrica (CEMAC) and the Economic Community of Central African States and international substantive lawsuch as the CISG , Protocol of 11 April 1980 and the New York Convention of 14 June 1974 relating to thelimitation period in the international sale of goods .This interweaving of law born of conflict. So AUDCG persists in the conflict of laws and conflict ofsupranational norms .This thesis aims to investigate these conflicts as well as the principles of solutions that these should beapplied through the conflict of laws rules , the UNIDROIT Principles of the law of autonomy, arbitration. ; Le Traité pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires a été signé à Port Louis (ÎleMaurice), le 17 octobre 1993 et, entré en vigueur le 18 septembre 1998. Il a été modifié par le Traité deQuébec en date du 17 octobre 2008. Ce traité révisé est entré en vigueur le 21 mars 2010. Il a pour principalobjectif de remédier à l'insécurité juridique et judiciaire existant dans les États parties. Pour ce faire, il aadopté neuf Actes uniformes dont l'Acte uniforme relatif au droit commercial général, ci-après l'AUDCG quifait l'objet de notre étude.Le Traité OHADA a également institué une Cour commune de justice et d'arbitragechargée de l'interprétation et de l'application uniformes desdits actes. L'AUDCG a été adopté le 17 avril 1997et est entré en vigueur le 1er janvier 1998. Il a été modifié le 15 décembre 2010 et publié au Journal Officielde l'OHADA, le 15 février 2011. Il est entré en vigueur le 15 mai 2011.Il est applicable de la même façondans tous les États contractants. L'existence d'un tel corpus de règles permet de réduire l'importance du fordans la résolution des litiges internationaux et de limiter la nécessité de recourir aux règles de conflits quigénèrent une certaine insécurité juridique. C'est la raison pour laquelle le droit OHADA de manière généraleet l'AUDCG en particulier ne se préoccupe pas ou peu des conflits de lois. Pourtant,les conflits de loissubsistent dans l'espace OHADA. D'une part, l'AUDCG laisse subsister les dispositions du droit national dumoment qu'elles ne lui sont pas contraires.L'AUDCG peut également faire l'objet de divergencesd'interprétations par les juridictions nationales qui sont les juridictions de droit commun du droitharmonisé.Tout conflit d'interprétation est un conflit de lois. D'autre part, l'AUDCG s'insère dans un contextenormatif international caractérisé par une profusion de règles matérielles sous-régionales telles que l'UnionÉconomique et Monétaire de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (UEMOA),la Communauté Économique des États del'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEDEAO), la Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale(CEMAC)et internationales de droit matériel tels que la CVIM, le Protocole du 11 avril 1980 et la Convention de New-York du 14 juin 1974 relatifs à la prescription en matière de vente internationale de marchandises, laConvention de Genève sur la représentation en matière de vente internationale de marchandises. De cetteimbrication de règles de droit naissent des conflits. Il persiste donc dans l'AUDCG des conflits de lois et desconflits de normes supranationales.La présente thèse a pour but d'étudier ces conflits ainsi que les principes de solutions qu'il convient d'yappliquer à travers les règles de conflit de lois, les Principes d'Unidroit, la loi d'autonomie, l'arbitrage.

The European Court of Human Rights has consistently applied general international law to the ECHR. However, it did so without a clear theory as to how to solve the inherent tensions between the interpretations derived from international law and the objectives specific to the ECHR. The Court has employed various methods : interpretation according to the dominant views within international law, use of emerging international principles to increase its institutional powers, prioritisation of human rights principles within international law, and finally transformation of international law according to how it has been incorporated in the Court's case-law. All these approaches enable a reinforcement of the Court as a judicial institution.They all increase the Court's capacity to influence the legal policies of the Council of Europe member States. ; La Cour européenne des droits de l'homme a clairement intégré le droit international général au sein de la CEDH en l'utilisant à de nombreuses reprises. Ce faisant, elle n'a pas adopté de méthode unique pour résoudre les tensions entre les interprétations du droit international général et les spécificités de la CEDH. Elle a mélangé différentes approches : application des opinions dominantes issues du droit international, utilisation du droit international pour renforcer ses pouvoirs juridictionnels, priorité aux droits de l'homme et enfin transformation du droit international selon la version reprise par la Cour dans sa jurisprudence. Toutes ces approches possèdent un objectif commun. Le droit international a été utilisé pour renforcer la Cour en tant qu'institution, pour lui permettre d'accroitre sa capacité à influencer la politique juridique des États membres du Conseil de l'Europe.

Inspired by a trend in the European case law, which is meant to affect the national ones, the dissertation takes part to a topical debate among European academics on the putting aside the choice-of-law rules. It is about application of so-called recognition method to the foreign legal situations that haven't been enacted in court. The purpose is to conceptualise this new method and to determine its scope and its modalities. Given the particularity of the task, the study necessarily bears on several pivotal topics of private international law but also of European law, general private law and jurisprudence. ; La présente thèse part d'une tendance de la jurisprudence européenne, destinée à influencer la jurisprudence nationale de droit international privé, et se trouve dans le prolongement d'un grand débat doctrinal d'actualité. Il s'agit de la méthode de reconnaissance des situations juridiques, qui suppose l'abandon de la règle de conflit de lois. L'objectif est de conceptualiser cette nouvelle méthode et d'en définir le domaine et les conditions de mise en œuvre. Vu les particularités du sujet, la recherche passe nécessairement par plusieurs thèmes fondamentaux du droit international privé mais aussi du droit européen, du droit privé général et de la théorie du droit.

Inspired by a trend in the European case law, which is meant to affect the national ones, the dissertation takes part to a topical debate among European academics on the putting aside the choice-of-law rules. It is about application of so-called recognition method to the foreign legal situations that haven't been enacted in court. The purpose is to conceptualise this new method and to determine its scope and its modalities. Given the particularity of the task, the study necessarily bears on several pivotal topics of private international law but also of European law, general private law and jurisprudence. ; La présente thèse part d'une tendance de la jurisprudence européenne, destinée à influencer la jurisprudence nationale de droit international privé, et se trouve dans le prolongement d'un grand débat doctrinal d'actualité. Il s'agit de la méthode de reconnaissance des situations juridiques, qui suppose l'abandon de la règle de conflit de lois. L'objectif est de conceptualiser cette nouvelle méthode et d'en définir le domaine et les conditions de mise en œuvre. Vu les particularités du sujet, la recherche passe nécessairement par plusieurs thèmes fondamentaux du droit international privé mais aussi du droit européen, du droit privé général et de la théorie du droit.

Die erste vollständige Sammlung der Verfassungen und Verfassungsentwürfe der Schweiz von 1791 bis 1865 enthält ca. 470 nationale und kantonale Verfassungen. Die Dokumente werden in ihrer Originalsprache abgedruckt. Band III enthält 66 Dokumente der Kantone Aargau – Basel-Stadt

The expression "Principle of legitimate expectation" is generally used, within the French legal literature, as a principle under public law which has already been established in several countries as well as exercised in the Court of Justice of the European Union jurisprudence. Beyond this classic area, some authors argue that such a principle does exist in private law. It would be, for a fraction of them, an explanatory and orientative principle. For another author, there would be several principles. These uncertainties justify interrogation on the basis of the existence of one, or even several principles of "legitimate expectation". Assuming that the answer would be positive, the function of the above-mentioned principle must be ascertained so as to determine if that or these principle(s) have for unique function orientation – or interpretation – and explanation. The present thesis tries to answer in the affirmative for the first question and to give a negative answer to the second one. The first part of this thesis highlights the principle. It argues that the legal frame of defective products regulations as well as the civil liability does punish, through several ways, the breach of the legitimate expectation. This observation assumes that there is a legal norm which requires to respect this legitimate expectation. This norm can only be considered as a general principle of law to the extent that, by virtue of its generality, it shall inspire other norms. The second part of the present thesis deals with the consequences of the principle of legitimate expectation. Several have been identified and two of them are subject to more detailed and substantial development : the forced execution related regulations and the satisfactory function of civil liability. ; L'expression « Principe de confiance légitime » désigne généralement, dans la littérature juridique française, un principe de droit public qui s'est imposé dans différents pays et dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne. Au-delà de ...

The expression "Principle of legitimate expectation" is generally used, within the French legal literature, as a principle under public law which has already been established in several countries as well as exercised in the Court of Justice of the European Union jurisprudence. Beyond this classic area, some authors argue that such a principle does exist in private law. It would be, for a fraction of them, an explanatory and orientative principle. For another author, there would be several principles. These uncertainties justify interrogation on the basis of the existence of one, or even several principles of "legitimate expectation". Assuming that the answer would be positive, the function of the above-mentioned principle must be ascertained so as to determine if that or these principle(s) have for unique function orientation – or interpretation – and explanation. The present thesis tries to answer in the affirmative for the first question and to give a negative answer to the second one. The first part of this thesis highlights the principle. It argues that the legal frame of defective products regulations as well as the civil liability does punish, through several ways, the breach of the legitimate expectation. This observation assumes that there is a legal norm which requires to respect this legitimate expectation. This norm can only be considered as a general principle of law to the extent that, by virtue of its generality, it shall inspire other norms. The second part of the present thesis deals with the consequences of the principle of legitimate expectation. Several have been identified and two of them are subject to more detailed and substantial development : the forced execution related regulations and the satisfactory function of civil liability. ; L'expression « Principe de confiance légitime » désigne généralement, dans la littérature juridique française, un principe de droit public qui s'est imposé dans différents pays et dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne. Au-delà de ...

In his 2014 report to the United Nations General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice and reparation, Pablo de Greiff (1), stressed that past approaches to international law already recognized the obligation of states to provide reparations for illegal international equities. These questions still remained at interstate level (2). For example, Article 3 of the Fourth Convention of The Hague of 1907 mention the duty of states to provide reparations due to violations of the Hague Rules of Land Warfare (3), but said nothing about rights of individual victims. Adapted from the source document.

The real security interests law/secured transactions has gone through crucial changes following a series of several reforms which has affected it. If the subject matter has undoubtedly been modernized, it is obvious that the real security interests law/secured transactions is still lacking of general consistency which is linked simultaneously to the large numbers of proposal on security interests and to the insufficiency of federative rules which come to govern the whole. Actually, the problem poses the question to know if it is possible and conceivable to put forward a base of more sophisticated general rules, or even a general law, and according to what methods? The interrogation underlines the efficacy of ohada real securities law in regard to the inadequacy between the objectives of the African legislator and the means used by him to achieve them. In other words, it is admitted to question on the way of a reinforcement of the actual real securities law in sight of a greatest efficacy. In regard to the international experiences, the answer of these questioning is found, in our opinion, in a reform more ambitious of the ohada real securities law which is going to lead to the adoption of a functional approach as it was observed in States with the same juridical culture of ours. In concrete terms, it is important to give back, through this functional conception of securities interest, coherence, and simplicity, in sum, efficacy to ohada real securities law likewise to bring it closer to the population and to the socio-economic realities of ohada member States while revealing the international economic stakes. ; Le droit des sûretés réelles a fait l'objet de profondes mutations à la suite de plusieurs réformes successives qui viennent de l'affecter. Si la matière s'est indubitablement modernisée, il reste qu'elle souffre d'un manque de cohérence globale qui tient tout à la fois à la trop grande offre de sûretés et à l'insuffisance de règles fédératrices venant régir l'ensemble. La question se pose alors de savoir ...

International audience ; The extinctive prescription has been the subject of numerous studies in private or criminal law. On the other hand, it constitutes a blind spot in public law research. However, the reform carried out in civil matters by the Act of 17 June 2008, as well as the contemporary renewal of the debate on the existence of a general theory of public obligations, justify an in-depth analysis in public law. With its roots in the Civil Code, the extinctive prescription holds a significant place in the public sector's relationship with the public sector. However, the increasing number of public law provisions, particularly in view of budgetary requirements, makes it necessary to identify what exactly they cover. It is based on legal certainty and differs from other similar mechanisms in that it extinguishes the enforceability of the obligation. As a result, it is growing rapidly and extends to most public obligations, even if it has to be reconciled with the general interest need to obtain payment of obligations. Although extinctive prescription does exist in public law, it has been adapted to the specific characteristics of this area. Although the Civil Code has long imposed recourse to the rules of private law, the administrative court has nevertheless retained a certain degree of autonomy. By abolishing the application of private law to the obligatory relationships of public persons, the reform of 17 June 2008 made the public law of prescription autonomous. This autonomy should nevertheless be consolidated by means of a legislative reform, reorganising the disparate prescriptions and filling existing gaps. Such an intervention would also be an opportunity to note the originality of the extinctive prescription in public law. Its functioning (starting point, suspension, interruption, opposition, renunciation, etc.) is still governed by many specificities due to the double membership of the prescription to the rules of administrative and financial legality. It ultimately underlines the irreducible ...

Since the middle of the 20th century, a corpus of legal rules has been settled in law on secured transactions, contained in specific handbooks. However, a general theory of secured transactions is difficult to find, as the concept of security interests cannot be defined from private basic concepts of contract and asset. The missing piece of this general theory might be found in public law in order to re- think the role of the state in modern economy, more particularly in credit law. Indeed, beyond its political function, the state is a cornerstone of law on secured transactions. The state controls public credit and security interests are its tools. Thus, law on secured transactions is intended to evolve to mixed law, where individual and collective wills meet. ; Depuis le milieu du 20ème siècle, il existe un corpus de règles juridiques en droit des sûretés, exposé au sein de manuels spécifiques, mais la théorie générale des sûretés peine à se construire, car la notion de sûreté est « introuvable » à partir des notions fondamentales de droit privé : le patrimoine et le contrat. La pièce manquante à la théorie générale des sûretés pourrait alors bien se trouver en droit public, invitant ainsi à reconsidérer le rôle de l'Etat dans l'économie moderne, et plus particulièrement en droit du crédit. Au delà de sa fonction politique, l'Etat est effectivement un acteur juridique majeur du droit des sûretés : il est le maître du crédit public dont les sûretés sont l'accessoire. Ainsi, lieu d'une fusion des volontés individuelles et de la volonté collective, le droit des sûretés est un droit « mutant » destiné à rejoindre la cohorte des droits mixtes.

Since the middle of the 20th century, a corpus of legal rules has been settled in law on secured transactions, contained in specific handbooks. However, a general theory of secured transactions is difficult to find, as the concept of security interests cannot be defined from private basic concepts of contract and asset. The missing piece of this general theory might be found in public law in order to re- think the role of the state in modern economy, more particularly in credit law. Indeed, beyond its political function, the state is a cornerstone of law on secured transactions. The state controls public credit and security interests are its tools. Thus, law on secured transactions is intended to evolve to mixed law, where individual and collective wills meet. ; Depuis le milieu du 20ème siècle, il existe un corpus de règles juridiques en droit des sûretés, exposé au sein de manuels spécifiques, mais la théorie générale des sûretés peine à se construire, car la notion de sûreté est « introuvable » à partir des notions fondamentales de droit privé : le patrimoine et le contrat. La pièce manquante à la théorie générale des sûretés pourrait alors bien se trouver en droit public, invitant ainsi à reconsidérer le rôle de l'Etat dans l'économie moderne, et plus particulièrement en droit du crédit. Au delà de sa fonction politique, l'Etat est effectivement un acteur juridique majeur du droit des sûretés : il est le maître du crédit public dont les sûretés sont l'accessoire. Ainsi, lieu d'une fusion des volontés individuelles et de la volonté collective, le droit des sûretés est un droit « mutant » destiné à rejoindre la cohorte des droits mixtes.

Since the middle of the 20th century, a corpus of legal rules has been settled in law on secured transactions, contained in specific handbooks. However, a general theory of secured transactions is difficult to find, as the concept of security interests cannot be defined from private basic concepts of contract and asset. The missing piece of this general theory might be found in public law in order to re- think the role of the state in modern economy, more particularly in credit law. Indeed, beyond its political function, the state is a cornerstone of law on secured transactions. The state controls public credit and security interests are its tools. Thus, law on secured transactions is intended to evolve to mixed law, where individual and collective wills meet. ; Depuis le milieu du 20ème siècle, il existe un corpus de règles juridiques en droit des sûretés, exposé au sein de manuels spécifiques, mais la théorie générale des sûretés peine à se construire, car la notion de sûreté est « introuvable » à partir des notions fondamentales de droit privé : le patrimoine et le contrat. La pièce manquante à la théorie générale des sûretés pourrait alors bien se trouver en droit public, invitant ainsi à reconsidérer le rôle de l'Etat dans l'économie moderne, et plus particulièrement en droit du crédit. Au delà de sa fonction politique, l'Etat est effectivement un acteur juridique majeur du droit des sûretés : il est le maître du crédit public dont les sûretés sont l'accessoire. Ainsi, lieu d'une fusion des volontés individuelles et de la volonté collective, le droit des sûretés est un droit « mutant » destiné à rejoindre la cohorte des droits mixtes.