Suchergebnisse

The crime of unlawful sexual intercourse, because it is deemed a crime in the Qur'an, has existed throughout the history of criminal law in Arab societies. However, the comprehensive reformation that took place in criminal law in Arab countries during the period of European colonization has led to a very different situation. On the one hand, a some Arab countries have replaced traditional law with European legal models; on the other, a number of Arab countries opted, at a given moment in their history, to replace the European-type legislation for another that, while it is positive and codified, is based on the jurisprudence of the classical schools of law. To some extent, this divergence reflects the dialectic that is ongoing between tradition, identity and modernity in criminal law in Arab countries. ; El delito de relaciones sexuales ilícitas, por su condición de delito coránico, ha estado históricamente presente en el Derecho de las sociedades árabes. Sin embargo, la profunda renovación que se producirá en el Derecho Penal de los países árabes durante la colonización ha dado lugar a una situación actual heterogénea. Por una parte, una serie de países han sustituido esta legislación tradicional por los modelos jurídicos europeos. Por otra parte, una serie de países árabes han optado, en un momento determinado de su historia, por sustituir esta legislación de tipo europeo por otra, que si bien es positiva y codificada, está inspirada en la jurisprudencia de las Escuelas Jurídicas clásicas. Esta divergencia es, en cierto modo, representativa de la dialéctica entre tradición, identidad y modernidad existente en el Derecho Penal de los países árabes.

Legal pluralism calls into question the monopoly of the modern state when it comes to the production and the enforcement of norms. It rests on the assumption that juridical normativity and state organization can be dissociated. From an early modern historian's perspective, such an assumption makes perfect sense, the plural nature of the legal order being the natural state of affairs in imperial spaces across the globe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This article will provide a case study of the collaborative nature of the interaction between spiritual and temporal legal orders in Spain and its overseas territories as conceived by Tomás de Mercado (ca. 1520-1575), a major theologian from the School of Salamanca. His treatise on trade and contracts (1571) contained an extended discussion of the government's attempt to regulate the grain market by imposing a maximum price. It will be argued that Mercado's view on the bindingness of economic regulations in conscience allowed for the internalization of the regulatory power of the nascent state. He called upon confessors to be strict enforcers of state law, considering them as fathers of the republic as much as fathers of faith. This is illustrative of the «collaborative form of legal pluralism» typical of the osmotic relationship between Church and State in the early modern Spanish empire. It contributed to the moral justification of state jurisdictions, while at the same time, guaranteeing a privileged role for theologians and religious leaders in running the affairs of the state. ; Peer reviewed

Bill introduced by the Texas Senate relating to the use of certain assessment instruments as secondary exit-level assessment instruments to allow certain public school students to receive a high school diploma.

Graham Dawson, Head of Economics at Bedford School, gives the fourth in the series of Model Answers for 'A' Level economics.

In this article, we focus on how the education system can be used to promote equality in the context of changing people's hearts and minds – values, morals and mindsets. The duties contained in the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 ('Equality Act') bind private and public schools, educators, learners, governing bodies and the state. The Equality Act calls on the state and all persons to promote substantive equality, but the relevant sections in the Equality Act have not been given effect yet, and are therefore currently not enforceable. We set out how the duty to promote equality should be concretised in the Equality Act to inter alia use the education system to promote equality in schools; in other words, how should an enforceable duty to promote equality in schools be fashioned in terms of the Equality Act. Should the relevant sections relating to the promotion of equality come into effect in their current form, enforcement of the promotion of equality will take the form of obliging schools to draft action plans and submit these to the South African Human Rights Commission. We deem this approach inadequate and therefore propose certain amendments to the Equality Act to allow for a more sensible monitoring of schools' duty to promote equality. We explain how the duty to promote equality should then play out practically in the classroom to facilitate a change in learners' hearts and minds.

In der WTO und in der EU bestehen Ausnahmebestimmungen zur Rechtfertigung von legitimen Schutzzielen im Warenhandel. Diese machen es schwierig, die jeweilige Zielvorstellung, die Verwirklichung des Binnenmarktes bzw. eines liberalisierten Warenhandels, zu realisieren. Wie auf beiden Ebenen mit diesen ähnlichen Problemen und Aufgaben umgegangen wird, wird in dieser Arbeit untersucht. Dafür werden zunächst die jeweiligen Bestimmungen, die Handelshemmnisse abbauen sollen, verglichen. Anschließend werden die Ausnahmebestimmungen in beiden Rechtsordnungen einander gegenübergestellt. Dabei werden die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede thematisiert und Erklärungsversuche unternommen. Abschließend werden aus dem Vergleich der beiden Systeme rechtspolitische Forderungen aufgestellt, die zu einer Effektivierung des Schutzes bestimmter überragend wichtiger legitimer Schutzziele führen würden. Ausnahmebestimmungen im Warenhandel zur Rechtfertigung legitimer Schutzziele erschweren den Austausch von Waren und können für protektionistische Maßnahmen missbraucht werden. Diese Arbeit untersucht, wie jeweils WTO und EU die Abwägung zwischen Warenhandel und der Gewährleistung legitimer Schutzziele treffen und legt die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede dar. Auch werden Möglichkeiten zu einer Effektivierung des Schutzes bestimmter überragend wichtiger legitimer Schutzziele vorgeschlagen. Nach Abitur und Zivildienst in der Hamburger Bahnhofsmission studierte Tim Stoberock Jura an der Universität Hamburg und in Aix-en-Provence. Nach dem ersten Staatsexamen 2004 absolvierte er ein LL.M.-Studiengang in Durham. Im Anschluss an das Referendariat in Hamburg und Phnom Penh war er ein Jahr lang neben der Promotion in einer größeren Sozietät und an der Bucerius Law School tätig. Seit 2009 ist er Staatsanwalt. Nach einem Jahr als Amtsrichter bearbeitet er nunmehr besonders umfangreiche Wirtschaftsstrafverfahren.

Fionnuala D. Ní Aoláin is the United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms while Countering Terrorism. She was initially appointed to this position by the UN Human Rights Council in 2017 and was re-elected by member States for a further three-year term in 2020. In this capacity she works closely with States and UN entities to advance human rights protections in some of the most difficult contexts globally. She is also a University Regents Professor at the University of Minnesota Law School, and a Professor of Law at the Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland.In this interview, Ms Ní Aoláin discusses her duties as Special Rapporteur and illustrates the current challenges to the humanitarian space in the context of counterterrorism (CT) regulation.

Bill introduced by the Texas Senate relating to an agreement between a school district and public institution of higher education to provide a dual credit program to high school students enrolled in the district.

The influence of command and control limitations on fire distribution tactics for a homogeneous force in combat against heterogeneous enemy forces is studied through a deterministic optimal control problem. Lanchester-type equations for a square law attrition process are used to model the combat. Command and control limitations are incorporated into the model through upper and lower bounds on the rate at which the distribution of fire can be changed. The structure of the optimal fire distribution policy is examined. It is shown that such command and control limitations do not essentially alter the optimal fire distribution decision rules, although the shifting of fires is initiated earlier when command and control limitations exist than when an entire force can instantaneously shift their fires from one target type to another. Thus, when there is inertia to overcome in shifting fires, one begins to change the distribution of fire before target priorities change in anticipation of this coming change. The theory of state variable inequality constraints plays a major role in solving this problem. Of particular mathematical difficulty is the presence of a second order state variable inequality constraint in the problem. (Author) ; supported jointly by Naval Analysis Programs (Code 431), Office of Naval Research and by the Foundation Research Program of the Naval Postgraduate School with funds provided by the Chief of Naval Research. ; http://archive.org/details/firedistribution00tayl ; N0001477WR70044 ; NA

While most studies in EU external relations law take an inside-out perspective, the question of how the EU and its external action is viewed from the 'outside' is hardly ever raised in EU legal scholarship. Yet studies from the outside can help us to understand how third States and international institutions perceive the (normative) role the EU aims to play. As the EU's external action develops, the law governing the EU's external action has indeed received greater attention from the 'outside'. The articles published in this special issue were presented at a workshop on 'The European Union's External Action and International Law: A View From the Outside' organised by the International Law and Affairs Group (ILAG) of the City Law School and the European Society of International Law (ESIL) Interest Group on the EU as a Global Actor. This introductory article sets the scene for a special issue drawing together various outside perspectives, examining the views from selected international institutions, cooperation frameworks, and non-EU States.

Good evening, and welcome to Emory University and Emory Law School. I've been asked to give you an overview of the history of Emory, our home city of Atlanta, and in some ways the entire American South, and I've been asked to do this in less than thirty minutes. I thought I would do that with the help of PowerPoint slides, but unfortunately, we do not have the capacity to project those in this outdoor plaza. So—I will have to call on your imaginations and ask you to conjure up the images that otherwise would be shown on a screen. Let's begin.