Suchergebnisse

The Michigan guidelines on the internal protection alternative (1999) -- The Michigan guidelines on nexus to a convention ground (2001) -- The Michigan guidelines on well-founded fear (2004) -- The Michigan guidelines on protection elsewhere (2006) -- The Michigan guidelines on the right to work (2009) -- The Michigan guidelines on the exclusion of international criminals (2013) -- The Michigan guidelines on risk for reasons of political opinion (2015) -- The Michigan guidelines on refugee freedom of movement (2017)

Introduction. The article examines the ambiguity of the terms 'scientist', 'research associate' etc. in Russia and abroad, indicates the absence of a clear, regulation-backed definition of the concept of 'scientist' and emphasises the imperfection of the doctrinal approach to defining this term, reflected in the model legislation in particular. The study aims to analyse the legal status of scientists in Russia and abroad, considering the regulatory ambiguity and the existence of numerous adjacent terms. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is represented both by general scientific methods and specialised (legal) methods, as well as a set of concepts, approaches and principles relevant to the legal regulation of the status of actors involved in research activity in Russia and abroad. We also use the comparative legal method, which helps us draw a parallel between the legal status of Russian and foreign scientists. In turn, the formal legal method gets applied while analysing the current legislation and doctrinal approaches to the legal meaning behind the term 'scientist' and adjacent categories. The methods used do have some notable limitations: for instance, it is impossible to fully apply the formal legal approach. Results and Discussion. Based on the results of the study and assessment of the opinions of researchers that have already discussed similar issues, we arrive at three main conclusions. Firstly, in order to make terminology legally unambiguous, clear distinctions must be drawn between the names of essential science-related professions: scientist, researcher, educator etc. Secondly, the development of international research collaboration requires unified global standards that determine the legal status of scientists. Thirdly, we suggest improving the system of science funding to prevent the 'drain' of research personnel. Conclusion. We emphasise that the ongoing modernisation of national legislation on science is already making progress in bringing the legal status of scientists in Russia in ...

In the Main City of Gdańsk, a certificate of the city council's control over the legal guardians of children who lost one or both parents, are two books of minors from 1441-1460 and 1451-1460. The supervision of the registers of this type was exercised by the masons. These entries included entries regarding the property of minors entrusted by their guardians to the municipal council for safekeeping. These books also show the further fate of funds belonging to minors and financial operations carried out by their guardians (eg investments in the pension market). They are also an interesting source for research on Gdansk's financial policy in the times of political change, such as the Thirteen Years' War