Suchergebnisse

In practice, the sale of goodwill is not straightforward because it involves the transfer of ownership of both movable and immovable property. The sale of goodwill, although governed by the rules laid down in the Civil Code, is a complex operation that requires compliance with and implementation of legal provisions in acts other than the Civil Code. If the goodwill forming the subject matter of the contract of sale includes intellectual property rights and/or industrial property rights, one must take into account the rules laid down by the law specific to each right, which requires the conclusion of contracts of assignment, license, etc., which must contain certain provisions on the terms of use, duration, and extent of the assignment which is why it is necessary to have as much knowledge as possible of the legal nature of this complex legal institution of goodwill.

Abstrak: Di Kota Surabaya, dalam rangka untuk memudahkan mobilisasi terdapat kebijakan terkait dengan kendaraan bermotor umum, yaitu Suroboyo Bus. Sistem sistem pembayaran yang digunakan adalah denganmenggunakan sampah botol plastik dengan tujuan untuk menjaga kebersihan Kota Surabaya. Dalam praktiknya, ternyata Surboyo Bus ini beroperasi dengan plat nomor berwarna merah, padahal di dalam Peratuan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia No. 5 Tahun 2012 tentang Registrasi dan Identifikasi Kendaraan Bermotor, dijelaskan bahwa kendaraan dengan plat nomor berwarna merah adalah kendaraan milik pemerintah yang notabene tidak boleh memungut pembayaran. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1) Apakah penggunaan plat nomor berwarna kuning pada Suroboyo Bus telah sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan? 2) Bentuk pengelolaan seperti apa yang sesuai dalam mengelola kendaraan bermotor umum Surboyo Bus? Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif, dengan mengaji dan menganalisa peraturan perundang-undangan ataupun bahan hukum lain yang berkaitan dengan pengelolaan Suroboyo Bus di Kota Surabaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa 1) Penggunaan plat merah pada kendaraan bermotor umum bertentangan dengan Pasal 39 Peratuan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia No. 5 Tahun 2012 tentang Registrasi dan Identifikasi Kendaraan Bermotor, dan 2) Pengelolaan Suroboyo Bus sebaiknya beralih dari Dinas Pemerintah Kota Surabaya ke BUMD, karena Pengelolaan dengan sistem BUMD akan menyebabkan pengelolaan manajemen baik manajemen keuangan maupun manajemen organisasinya akan bersifat lebih luas dan tidak terikat pada APBD Kata Kunci: Suroboyo Bus, BUMD, Plat Nomor Berwarna Kuning, Plat Nomor Berwarna Merah Abstract: In the city of Surabaya, to facilitate mobilization a public means of transportation exists, namely the Suroboyo Bus. The payment system applied for the bus is by using plastic bottle waste to maintain the Sanitation of the city. In practice, it turns out that Surboyo Bus operates with a red plate number, even though in the Indonesian Police Chief Association No. 5 of 2012 concerning Registration and Identification of Transportations, it is explained that vehicles with red plate numbers are government-owned vehicles which in fact should not collect payments.Based on the stated issue, the problem formulations in this study are: 1) Does the use of yellow plates number on the Suroboyo Bus comply with statutory provisions? 2) What forms of management are appropriate in managing Surboyo Buses public transportation? This research is a normative study, by reviewing and analyzing laws and regulations or other legal materials relating to the management of Suroboyo Bus in Surabaya. This research uses the statutory approach and conceptual approach. Based on the results of this study, it was found that 1) The use of a red plate on public transportation is contrary to Article 39 of the Indonesian Police Chief Regulation No. 5 of 2012 concerning Registration and Identification of Transportations, and 2) Management of Suroboyo Buses should move from the Surabaya City Government Office to become a Province owned business because the management system in province owned business will cause the management of both financial management and organizational management to be broader and not bound to the regional budget.Keywords: Suroboyo Bus, Region owned business, Yellow Plate number, Red Plate Number

Abstrak: Di Kota Surabaya, dalam rangka untuk memudahkan mobilisasi terdapat kebijakan terkait dengan kendaraan bermotor umum, yaitu Suroboyo Bus. Sistem sistem pembayaran yang digunakan adalah denganmenggunakan sampah botol plastik dengan tujuan untuk menjaga kebersihan Kota Surabaya. Dalam praktiknya, ternyata Surboyo Bus ini beroperasi dengan plat nomor berwarna merah, padahal di dalam Peratuan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia No. 5 Tahun 2012 tentang Registrasi dan Identifikasi Kendaraan Bermotor, dijelaskan bahwa kendaraan dengan plat nomor berwarna merah adalah kendaraan milik pemerintah yang notabene tidak boleh memungut pembayaran. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1) Apakah penggunaan plat nomor berwarna kuning pada Suroboyo Bus telah sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan? 2) Bentuk pengelolaan seperti apa yang sesuai dalam mengelola kendaraan bermotor umum Surboyo Bus? Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif, dengan mengaji dan menganalisa peraturan perundang-undangan ataupun bahan hukum lain yang berkaitan dengan pengelolaan Suroboyo Bus di Kota Surabaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa 1) Penggunaan plat merah pada kendaraan bermotor umum bertentangan dengan Pasal 39 Peratuan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia No. 5 Tahun 2012 tentang Registrasi dan Identifikasi Kendaraan Bermotor, dan 2) Pengelolaan Suroboyo Bus sebaiknya beralih dari Dinas Pemerintah Kota Surabaya ke BUMD, karena Pengelolaan dengan sistem BUMD akan menyebabkan pengelolaan manajemen baik manajemen keuangan maupun manajemen organisasinya akan bersifat lebih luas dan tidak terikat pada APBD Kata Kunci: Suroboyo Bus, BUMD, Plat Nomor Berwarna Kuning, Plat Nomor Berwarna Merah Abstract: In the city of Surabaya, to facilitate mobilization a public means of transportation exists, namely the Suroboyo Bus. The payment system applied for the bus is by using plastic bottle waste to maintain the Sanitation of the city. In practice, it turns out that Surboyo Bus operates with a red plate number, even though in the Indonesian Police Chief Association No. 5 of 2012 concerning Registration and Identification of Transportations, it is explained that vehicles with red plate numbers are government-owned vehicles which in fact should not collect payments.Based on the stated issue, the problem formulations in this study are: 1) Does the use of yellow plates number on the Suroboyo Bus comply with statutory provisions? 2) What forms of management are appropriate in managing Surboyo Buses public transportation? This research is a normative study, by reviewing and analyzing laws and regulations or other legal materials relating to the management of Suroboyo Bus in Surabaya. This research uses the statutory approach and conceptual approach. Based on the results of this study, it was found that 1) The use of a red plate on public transportation is contrary to Article 39 of the Indonesian Police Chief Regulation No. 5 of 2012 concerning Registration and Identification of Transportations, and 2) Management of Suroboyo Buses should move from the Surabaya City Government Office to become a Province owned business because the management system in province owned business will cause the management of both financial management and organizational management to be broader and not bound to the regional budget.Keywords: Suroboyo Bus, Region owned business, Yellow Plate number, Red Plate Number

Today, Japanese attorneys and so-called "quasi-lawyers" (jun hōritsuka) face significant regulatory reforms to the legal services they provide. The justice system reform (shihō seido kaikaku) significantly expanded the scope of practice for quasi-lawyers in order to meet the country's growing need for legal assistance. Also, in November 2004 attorneys established new ethical standards which also apply to registered foreign business attorneys for the preparation of upcoming increase of population of attorneys. In contrast to the United States, where attorneys provide legal services almost exclusively, there are several licensed legal service providers other than attorneys (bengoshi) in Japan. The paper addresses the following six categories: attorneys, judicial scriveners, administrative scriveners, patent attorneys, tax attorneys, and social insurance and labor consultants. First, judicial scriveners (shihō shoshi) register real property for clients, draft documents that are filed in court or legal proceedings, and assist clients in preparing documents that are necessary to complete various routine legal transactions. Administrative scriveners (gyōsei shoshi) can also submit documents to government agencies for clients. Patent attorneys handle the legal work related to registering various forms of intellectual property. Tax attorneys (zeirishi) can advise, draft, and file documents, as well as represent clients throughout the complaint proceedings within the Tax Office. Social insurance and labor consultants (shakai hoken rōmushi) deal with specific laws concerning employment and insurance. Although the Japanese government plans to increase the number of attorneys to 50,000 by 2018, currently legal service providers must provide a significant amount of services to individuals and corporations because there are only about 20,000 attorneys in Japan—one attorney per 6,000 people—compared to about 941,000 attorneys in the United States—one attorney per 290 people.

Resumen: El presente trabajo pretende esclarecer algunas de las consecuencias que el contractualismo trae al Derecho y la política (virtualidad, voluntarismo, anarquía, positivismo, estatismo, etc.), valiéndose de un examen del estado de naturaleza y del significado del contrato social. Se ha elaborado en base a fuentes y consultando la bibliografía especial. ; Abstract: This work aims to clarify some legal and political aftermaths of contractualism (virtuality, voluntarism, anarchy, positivism, statism, etc.), appealing to an examen of the state of nature and the meaning of the social contract. It has been prepared based on sources and consulting the special literature. ; Sommario: Questo lavoro si propone di chiarire alcune conseguenze legali e politiche del contrattualismo (virtualità, volontarismo, anarchia, positivismo, statalismo, ecc.), Facendo appello a un esame dello stato di natura e del significato del contratto sociale. È stato preparato sulla base di fonti e consultando la letteratura speciale.

Today, a crypto economy is actively developing throughout the globe based on the use of cryptographic technologies for the creation of new digital products, including the issuance of digital financial instruments. The topic of regulation of digital financial assets (hereinafter referred to as DFA) is relevant in the world: since 2019, some countries, including Russia, began to introduce legal norms regarding the issuance of DFA, as well as the sale and turnover of such assets on the market. This article compares approaches to the regulation of DFA in Russia and globally, including the issue of determining financial instruments that will be related to these assets, aspects of the procedure for issuing, storing, and trading them, including the basic rights and obligations of issuers and investors in such assets, and the features of the operation of trading floors and platforms for issuing DFA. In general, two approaches to the regulation of DFA can be distinguished. The first approach is the application of existing rules to tokenized assets (for example, laws on securities and financial instruments); this approach is used in the United States. The second is regulation through the introduction of a new framework for the application of distributed ledger technology in financial services, for example, in Russia, Germany, Luxembourg, the European Union (EU), and Switzerland. This article examines the second approach, which is currently implemented in Russia, to identify differences with foreign regulation, for example, the use of custodian institution for accounting and storing digital assets, converting DFA into traditional financial assets, and creating rules for trading digital financial assets.

The proliferation of armed security contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan has led to widespread criticism of their insufficient control through international laws and conventions. This article suggests that one reason for this omission has been the (re)construction of actors who provide armed force for profit in international legal discourses. During most of the 20th century, armed persons who participated in foreign conflicts for monetary gain were identified as 'mercenaries'. They were outlawed through international legal documents such as the United Nations (UN) Convention on Mercenarism and given restricted rights in the First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions. Today, the same types of actors are increasingly defined as 'private security contractors', and new discourses and international agreements are emerging that attribute to them legality and legitimacy. The aim of this article is to examine the changing legal constructions of armed security providers since the 1970s and the consequences with respect to their control. The article argues that the (re)construction of actors who supply armed force for money in international legal discourses has been made possible by three main discursive strategies: the distinction between persons and corporations providing armed force for profit, the changing focus from the motivations of these actors to their relationship to a 'responsible command', and the shift from a concern about the actors to one about certain activities. Adapted from the source document.

The proliferation of armed security contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan has led to widespread criticism of their insufficient control through international laws and conventions. This article suggests that one reason for this omission has been the (re)construction of actors who provide armed force for profit in international legal discourses. During most of the 20th century, armed persons who participated in foreign conflicts for monetary gain were identified as 'mercenaries'. They were outlawed through international legal documents such as the United Nations (UN) Convention on Mercenarism and given restricted rights in the First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions. Today, the same types of actors are increasingly defined as 'private security contractors', and new discourses and international agreements are emerging that attribute to them legality and legitimacy. The aim of this article is to examine the changing legal constructions of armed security providers since the 1970s and the consequences with respect to their control. The article argues that the (re)construction of actors who supply armed force for money in international legal discourses has been made possible by three main discursive strategies: the distinction between persons and corporations providing armed force for profit, the changing focus from the motivations of these actors to their relationship to a 'responsible command', and the shift from a concern about the actors to one about certain activities.

AbstractThe authors use time series econometric analysis applying non‐stationary panel data methods to estimate the relationships between employment protection legislation and legal protection of different forms of employment (part‐time, fixed‐term and agency work), and economic outcomes, with a data set based on the Centre for Business Research Labour Regulation Index (CBR–LRI), covering 117 countries from 1970 to 2013. Findings suggest that these laws have become significantly more protective over time and that strengthening worker protection is associated with an increase in labour's share of national income, rising labour force participation, rising employment, and falling unemployment, although the observed magnitudes are small when set against wider economic trends.

Numerous legal provisions were enacted at an EU level in order to protect consumers contracting with professionals, especially in a digital environment (see, in particular, the protection measures provided by directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights; directive 2005/29/EC on unfair commercial practices; directive 2000/31/EC on electronic commerce, etc.). With the development of the web 2.0 and the so-called "sharing economy", consumers are now entitled to easily conclude agreements with other consumers through intermediation platforms. EU Consumer Acquis shall normally be applicable to the relationship between the platform and each of the peers (the seller or the provider on one hand, and the buyer or the recipient on the other hand), with the exclusion of C2C relationships.
The objective of this paper is to highlight the potential issues and gaps in the context of consumer protection (lack of information, warranty issues, no right of withdrawal, etc.), resulting from the fact that C2C agreements are normally out of scope of the EU Consumer Acquis (and only governed by the traditional contract law). Some propositions de lege ferenda will also be made, in order to ensure a higher level of consumer protection (with additional legal duties prescribed for the intermediaries, for instance). Blockchain technology and smart contracts shall also be taken into account, since they should normally give rise to a "disintermediation" process. It should however be assessed whether or not consumer protection will benefit from this disintermediation.

Theoretical Basis of System of Limitations on Rights of Copyright -- Legislative Status of Fair Use System -- Legal Relationship of Limitations on Rights of Copyright -- Types of Limitations on Rights of Copyright in Digital Technology Environment -- Reconstruction of Limitations on Rights of Copyright -- Improvement of Copyright Collective Management System in Legal Licensing System -- Fair use implented by blockchain technology -- References.

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Related party transactions have gained significant importance in Europe as a result of the reformed Shareholders' Rights Directive (SRD). Previously, only a few Member States had created regulatory regimes governing such transactions, yet as of the reform of 2019, detailed procedural and disclosure requirements are compulsory in the European Union today. The Directive's specifications in Article 9 c grant national legislators substantial discretion to implement new safeguards into national law. This article compares the implementations chosen by Member States and assesses the degree of harmonisation that countries have achieved. It advocates for a more balanced approach and increased coordination with accounting laws. Furthermore, it argues that the new legal regime should be regarded as a significant part of European Corporate Group Law.
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