The relationship between science and public policy has always been controversial. On one hand, science has a dynamic guided by scientific reasoning, while public policies are guided by the competitive logic of political game. The following presentation is structured by answering four main questions: the first; what kind of science should be listened to?; the second, who should listen to what?; the third, do those who should listen really listen? and fourth, should scientists be involved in politics? ; La relación entre la ciencia y las políticas públicas siempre ha sido controvertida. Por un lado, la ciencia tiene una dinámica orientada por el razonamiento científico, mientras que las políticas públicas están orientadas por la lógica competitiva del juego político. La siguiente presentación fue desarrollada respondiendo cuatro preguntas principales: la primera; ¿qué tipo de ciencia debe ser escuchada?", la segunda, ¿quién debería escuchar qué?, la tercera, ¿aquellos que deberían escuchar realmente lo hacen?; y la cuarta, ¿deberían los científicos deberían involucrarse en la política?
In this paper, I shall argue that both cognitivism and liberal contractualism defend a pre-moral conception of human desire that has its origin in the Hobbesian and Humean tradition that both theories share. Moreover, the computational and syntactic themes in cognitive science support the notion, which Gauthier evidently shares, that the human mind – or, in Gauthier's case, the mind of "economic man" – is a purely formal mechanism, characterized by logical and mathematical operations. I shall conclude that a single conception of human behaviour runs through the various dominant psychological, moral and political theories of analytic inspiration. ; En este artículo argumento que tanto el cognitivismo como el contractualismo liberal defienden una concepción pre-moral del deseo humano que tiene su origen en la tradición hobbesiana y humeana que ambas teorías comparten. Además, la interpretación computacional y sintáctica de la ciencia cognitiva defiende la idea, que Gauthier evidentemente comparte, de que la mente humana –o, en el caso de Gauthier, la mente del "hombre económico"–, es un mecanismo puramente formal que se caracteriza por realizar operaciones lógicas y matemáticas. Concluyo que una concepción unitaria sobre el comportamiento humano subyace a las diversas teorías psicológicas, morales y políticas que han sido dominantes en la tradición analítica.
Latin America has made extremely valuable contributions to the development of planning as an instrument for government. Carlos Matus (1931-1998) in particular stands out as one of the main architects of what may be termed the "Latin American strategic planning school". Matus's contributions focus on the need to create a new type of sciences -the sciences and techniques of government-, thus conceiving of planning as a powerful means to govern rather than a tool for intellectual debate. Therefore, Matus persistently warns of the need to combine science and politics, in order to overcome the technocracy and improvised performance that characterize the governments in our countries. He made his main contribution by thinking of making a science for action and conceiving politics based on a theory of action. The following is one of the conferences delivered by Professor Carlos Matus in the city of Buenos Aires, in 1998, in the framework of a set of academic activities he performed shortly before his death. With his usual clarity, Matus reflects on the necessary and essential linkages between sciences and politics. ; Latinoamérica ha producido importantísimos aportes para el desarrollo de la planificación como instrumento de gobierno y en particular Carlos Matus (1931-1998), se destaca como uno de los principales artífices de lo que puede denominarse la escuela latinoamericana de planificación estratégica. Los aportes de Matus hacen centro en la necesidad de crear un nuevo tipo de ciencias: las ciencias y técnicas de gobierno, pensando así a la planificación no como un instrumento de debate intelectual sino como un poderoso medio para gobernar. Ante ello previene insistentemente sobre la necesidad de aunar la ciencia con la política, para superar el tecnocratismo o la improvisación que caracterizan a los gobiernos de nuestros países. Pensar en conformar una ciencia para la acción y que la política se fundamente en una teoría de la acción es su principal contribución. Se presenta aquí una de las conferencias que el Profesor Carlos Matus dictó en la ciudad de Buenos Aires en 1998 en el marco de una serie de actividades académicas que desarrolló pocos meses antes de su muerte, donde, con la claridad que lo caracterizaba, discurre sobre los vínculos necesarios e imprescindibles entre las ciencias y la política.
Das Internet gilt als globales und demokratisches Massenmedium, doch auch die Probleme, die es mit sich bringt, sind deutlich genug und immer wieder Gegenstand kritischer Reflexion. Für die Literatur und die Literaturwissenschaft lassen sich drei Möglichkeiten unterscheiden, das Internet als Medium zu nutzen: (1) Literatur im Netz, also literarische Texte, die im Internet veröffentlicht werden, separat oder in Literaturmagazinen; (2) Literaturrecherche im Netz, das sind Seiten, die Orientierung über Literatur anbieten; (3) das Netz als 'Literatur', das sind fiktionale Angebote, etwa literarische Texte im Hypertext. Der Beitrag diskutiert an Beispielen, wie diese Möglichkeiten ausgestaltet werden und welche Probleme durch die Nutzung entstehen können. ; The internet is regarded to be a global and democratic mass media, but there are also many problems, which are discussed widely and continuously. For literature and the study of literature we can identify three possible categories to use the internet for their specific purposes: (1) Literature on the internet, this means fictional texts published online, e.g. in special magazines; (2) research on literature: web pages for more and better orientation, e.g. on authors and fictional texts; (3) the internet as literature – e.g. hypertext as fiction. The article investigates examples of doing and researching German literature online. ; Internet es un medio de comunicación global y democrático, aunque lleva consigo problemas bastante claros y que, continuamente, son objeto de reflexión crítica. Existen tres posibilidades de utilizar Internet como medio de comunicación dentro del ámbito de la literatura y de la crítica literaria: 1. Literatura en la red, es decir, textos literarios que son publicados en línea, de modo independiente o en revistas especializadas. 2. Investigación sobre la literatura en la red, esto es, páginas que ofrecen orientación sobre literatura. 3. La red como 'literatura', es decir, por ejemplo, hipertexto como ficción. El artículo analiza ejemplos de cómo se configuran estas posibilidades y de qué problemas pueden surgir al acceder a literatura on-line.
Trash, a novel by Andy Mulligan, was banned from the Blue Peter Book Awards in 2010 given that its organizers determined some of its content was violent and inappropriate for the younger readers. The decision poses a constant issue: ¿is there an evil literature that conveys violence into its readers? Banning the novel entails and merges two tendencies (or gestures) in one: protecting childhood by preventing it from exposure to the dark zones of human society: protection by cancelation of reality. The dynamics of these awards let us see that infancy may be subject of consumption before subject of knowledge. ; Trash, novela del autor inglés Andy Mulligan, fue vetada de los Blue Peter Book Awards en el año 2010 debido a que sus organizadores determinaron que parte de su contenido era violento e inapropiado para sus audiencias más jóvenes. La decisión plantea una cuestión constante: ¿existe una perversa literatura que inocule en sus lectores la violencia? Vetar a la novela entraña y confunde dos tendencias (gestos) en una, proteger a la infancia impidiendo su exposición a zonas oscuras de la sociedad humana: protección por anulamiento de la realidad. La dinámica de estos premios deja ver que la infancia puede ser sujeto de consumo antes que de conocimiento.
Tras más de tres décadas de desarrollo de los estudios de Ciencia y Género, es necesario reflexionar acerca de los efectos de la crítica feminista de la ciencia sobre la práctica científica real. Los efectos de la presencia de mujeres científicas en algunas disciplinas, como la primatología, son citados a menudo como ejemplo del cambio de paradigma propiciado al aplicar modelos interpretativos alternativos. Pero no es menos cierto que las epistemologías feministas más radicales que defendían una ciencia alternativa feminista han ido perdiendo peso. El empirismo feminista y contextual de Helen Longino y la defensa de una ciencia responsable, sostenible y feminista de L. Schiebinger pueden configurar un programa alternativo más viable. Éste puede insertarse en el programa filosófico más amplio de la defensa de una ciencia democrática. ; After more than three decades of Science and Gender studies, it is necessary to think about the effects that feminist criticism of science has produced on scientific practice. The presence of scientific women in some disciplines, such as Primatology, is often mentioned as an example of the change of paradigm fostered by the employment of alternative interpretative models. But nonetheless, it is also truth that those most radical feminist epistemologies, which defended an alternative feminist science, have been losing strength. Helen Longino's feminist and contextual empiricism and L. Schiebinger's vindication of a responsible, sustainable and feminist science, can result into a more viable alternative program. This may be inserted into the wider philosophical program of defence of a democratic science.
This paper analyses public support for government spending on science and technology (S&T) and its determinants. It constructs hypotheses based on previous findings from two streams of research: public preferences for government spending and public understanding of science. Using data from a large national survey in Spain, it develops multivariate models to test the relevance of various predictors of public support for government spending on S&T. Findings identify several variables that are clear and consistent predictors of public support for government spending on science and technology: the respondent's educational level, interest and participation in science, knowledge of science, and positive values and views of science and technology. However, the effects of other variables also related with general attitudes toward science are less clearly associated with support for government spending on S&T. ; Peer reviewed
After the wars of independence in Latin America (1810-1821) the first attempt to articulate and write a literature project that supplemented the political process of emancipation was developed by the 19th century lettered men. That project was characterized by the use of the written word as an organizing and legislative principle designed to give cultural and political form to the recently emancipated nations of Latin America. There was; therefore, an inherent link between politics and aesthetics and the literary project of the 19th century proposed by the letter men. At the turn of the 19th century, the modernist writers postulated a new paradigm of literary representation. The new project was conceived as a depuration of the literary field from the insidious influence of political thought. Literature produced under the rubric of this new paradigm, exhibited tensions stemming from the desire to separate the political realm from the aesthetic realm. This paradigm shift is explored by the literary critic Julio Ramos whose work sheds light on the professionalization of the Latin American writer and its impact upon the writing of literature at the intersection of the 19th and 20th centuries in Latin America. In the European academy, a new perspective on aesthetics has been proposed by the Algerian French philosopher Jaques Rancière who using the works of Plato and Aristotle, examines the close relationship between aesthetics and politics in artistic production, specifically the origin and differences between mimetic and aesthetic art and their relation to the birth of politics. In this thesis, I explore the change in the literary representation from the organizational paradigm proposed by the 19th century lettered men to the highly aestheticized literary field proposed by the modernist of the early 20th century. My study will explore the relationship between those two paradigms and their intrinsic link to the political phenomena of that time. Finally, I reveal how the production of literature is crucial and historically linked to the current political transformations occurring in Latin American countries such as Venezuela and Colombia. In these social transformations, important aspects of the literature produced during the periods mentioned above are present; those aspects are: the concepts of equality, justice and the participation of the common people in the political and cultural transformation in their countries.
Este artículo es una versión actualizada del capítulo conclusivo de un libro dedicado a Raul Mordenti: Domenico Fiormonte y Paolo Sordi (2020), "Conclusioni. Testo-Politica-Computer: il trittico rivoluzionario di Raul Mordenti", in Domenico Fiormonte y Paolo Sordi (eds.), Letteratura e altre rivoluzioni. Scritti per Raul Mordenti. Roma: Bordeaux, pp. 264- 297. La traducción al español es de María Julia Vigliocco y Ernesto Priego. ; [Resumen] Raul Mordenti fue protagonista en Italia de una red científica, intelectual y política que ha atravesado, en conciencia y en acción, tres transformaciones epistémicas a caballo entre los siglos XX y XXI: la política, la de la universidad y de la investigación literaria y aquella que, en pocas palabras, podríamos definir como digital. Este texto resume la actualidad y la vitalidad de su reflexión intelectual y de su "imaginación científica" cuyo núcleo es la teoría de la práctica revolucionaria. En particular, la contribución descansa en un asunto de la revolución epistemológica de las ciencias humanas, cuyo centro gravita alrededor de las Humanidades Digitales que Mordenti contribuyó a fundar a finales de los años 80: el sentido del texto en un mundo colonizado por la digitalización. La sociedad algorítmica de las plataformas ha vuelto más manifiestas las interconexiones entre filología y crítica textual, tecnologías e intereses geopolíticos globales. Aplicaciones, medios sociales y algoritmos son hoy los editores de nuestra vida, promotores y patrones de un texto que asocia y une hechos, historias, palabras, personas: configuran una obra totalitaria frente a la cual se vuelve necesario llevar adelante una descolonización epistémica como punto de partida de una nueva revolución política, social y antropológica. ; [Abstract] Raul Mordenti is a prominent scientific, intellectual and political Italian figure who has lived and contributed to shape three epistemic transformations across the XX and XXI centuries: one political, one in education and literary research, and the last that we may define, for brevity, as digital. This paper summarizes the vitality of his intellectual reflections and his "scientific imagination" – the heart of which was the practical and theoretical idea of revolution. His contribution focuses in particular on the epistemological revolution in humanities, which gravitates around the field of digital humanities that Mordenti himself helped to found, trying to find the meaning of the text in a world colonized by digitalization. Algorithmic and platform societies have made the connections between philology and textual criticism, technologies and global geopolitical interests more evident: applications, media and algorithms have become the editors of our lives, promoters and masters of texts that group and connect facts, stories, words and people: a totalitarian body that requires a cognitive decolonization to catalyze a new political, social and anthropological revolution.
El artículo comienza por hacer un análisis de la estructura del sistema sobre el que operan los usuarios de los criptoactivos (criptomonedas), especialmente del nivel efectivo de descentralización de esa red. Posteriormente, se presenta una revisión de la literatura académica reciente sobre: (i) los determinantes de la dinámica de los precios de los criptoactivos, (ii) las implicaciones de la presencia de criptoactivos sobre la política monetaria de una economía, (iii) el impacto de los criptoactivos sobre la estabilidad financiera, y (iv) las consideraciones hechas por aquellos que han sugerido o implementado algún tipo de regulación en relación con los criptoactivos. ; The article begins with an analysis of the structure of the system on which the users of cryptoassets (cryptocurrencies) interact, especially of the actual level of decentralization of that network. Subsequently, the article examines recent academic literature on: (i) the determinants of the evolution of cryptoassets' prices, (ii) the implications of the presence of cryptoassets on the monetary policy of an economy, (iii) the impact of cryptoassets on financial stability, and (iv) the considerations made by those who have suggested or implemented some kind of regulation related to cryptoassets.
Going through compilation works of Paraguayan writers Augusto Roa Bastos and Rubén Bareiro Saguier, and from literary and nonliterary discourses, the ambiguity founded in the word guarani is analyzed; which indistinctly designates a language, a culture, and an ethnic group; and which, by metonymy, is a demonymnickname for Paraguayans. Relations between Paraguayan and Guarani literature are explored, from the perspective of the cited authors; both connoisseurs and disseminators of Guarani literature, as two of the few Paraguayans able to overcome a siege of cultural isolation thanks, in part, to the political exile; in the light of an hizpanicying Latin American critical tradition that, as well as invisibilizes Paraguayan literature, contributes to a mystification founded in its linguistic peculiarity, whether real or invented. ; Passando por trabalhos compilatórios dos escritores paraguaios Augusto Roa Bastos e Rubén Bareiro Saguier, e a partir de discursos literários e não literários, analisa-se a ambiguidade fundada na palavra guarani; que designa, indistintamente, uma língua, uma cultura, uma etnia; e que, por metonímia, constitui-se em apelido-gentílico dos paraguaios. Relações entre literatura paraguaia e literatura Guarani são exploradas, desde a perspectiva dos autores citados; tanto conhecedores e divulgadores da mesma, como dois dos poucos paraguaios capazes de ultrapassar um cerco de isolamento cultural graças, em parte, ao exílio político; sob a luz de uma tradição crítica latino-americana hispanizante que, enquanto invisibiliza a literatura paraguaia, contribui com uma mistificação dela, fundada em sua peculiaridade linguística, seja ela real ou inventada.
