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Lobbying includes all attempts to influence legislators and officials, whether by other legislators, constituents or organized groups. The terms lobbying and public affairs are often used interchangeably. Public affairs is a public relations specialism that seeks to influence public policy via lobbying and/or through the media. While public affairs is a specialized part of public relations, it is still closely connected with other parts of the public relations disciplines. For example, issue management, crises management. There is a particular skills set required to do lobbying. The core skills are those of identifying and analyzing issues, building a case in response, getting access to decision makers, aligning private and public interests, persuading officials and politicians in your favour and deciding on private or public routes of influence. Grassroots lobbying is pressure from bottom to top. From a public affairs viewpoint, grassroots lobbying is the mobilization of constituents to demonstrate public support for an organization's position. Grassroots lobbying consists of three essential steps: constituency building, constituency communication and constituency activation. Constituency building is the process of identifying and recruiting people who are willing to become politically active on behalf of an organization. Constituency communication means that when time permits, recruitment of constituents can be follow up by regular communication about pertinent political issues and stressing the importance of constituents involvement in the political process. Finally, constituency activation is not always distinct from constituency communications, its goal is to alert and mobilize supporters on issues of importance to the company. Grassroots lobbying is important to legislators because it provides information about their constituencies. Tools of grassroots lobbying are: conducting a media campaign (television, radio and newspaper advertisements), paying for billboards, films, speakers, writing letters to the editor, picket, signing a petition. Object, goal and tasks of master thesis. Goal of master thesis – to discuss and analyze lobbying in a juridical point of view and to analyze the lobbying activities that are implemented along with use of tools of public support stimulation. Object of master thesis – implementation of grassroots lobbying. The goal is being reached via the following tasks: 1. To disclose the meaning of lobbying as well as its juridical regulation and processes of implementation. 2. To analyze lobbying as a program of public relations. 3. To analyze grassroots lobbying as an activity of influence in governmental level of actions. 4. To disclose what tools of grassroots lobbying are used to accomplish specific programs of these actions in Lithuania and to compare the activity of tool usage in public and business organizations. This work will be useful for students studying public relations, for everyone, who is interested in grassroots lobbying.

Lobbying includes all attempts to influence legislators and officials, whether by other legislators, constituents or organized groups. The terms lobbying and public affairs are often used interchangeably. Public affairs is a public relations specialism that seeks to influence public policy via lobbying and/or through the media. While public affairs is a specialized part of public relations, it is still closely connected with other parts of the public relations disciplines. For example, issue management, crises management. There is a particular skills set required to do lobbying. The core skills are those of identifying and analyzing issues, building a case in response, getting access to decision makers, aligning private and public interests, persuading officials and politicians in your favour and deciding on private or public routes of influence. Grassroots lobbying is pressure from bottom to top. From a public affairs viewpoint, grassroots lobbying is the mobilization of constituents to demonstrate public support for an organization's position. Grassroots lobbying consists of three essential steps: constituency building, constituency communication and constituency activation. Constituency building is the process of identifying and recruiting people who are willing to become politically active on behalf of an organization. Constituency communication means that when time permits, recruitment of constituents can be follow up by regular communication about pertinent political issues and stressing the importance of constituents involvement in the political process. Finally, constituency activation is not always distinct from constituency communications, its goal is to alert and mobilize supporters on issues of importance to the company. Grassroots lobbying is important to legislators because it provides information about their constituencies. Tools of grassroots lobbying are: conducting a media campaign (television, radio and newspaper advertisements), paying for billboards, films, speakers, writing letters to the editor, picket, signing a petition. Object, goal and tasks of master thesis. Goal of master thesis – to discuss and analyze lobbying in a juridical point of view and to analyze the lobbying activities that are implemented along with use of tools of public support stimulation. Object of master thesis – implementation of grassroots lobbying. The goal is being reached via the following tasks: 1. To disclose the meaning of lobbying as well as its juridical regulation and processes of implementation. 2. To analyze lobbying as a program of public relations. 3. To analyze grassroots lobbying as an activity of influence in governmental level of actions. 4. To disclose what tools of grassroots lobbying are used to accomplish specific programs of these actions in Lithuania and to compare the activity of tool usage in public and business organizations. This work will be useful for students studying public relations, for everyone, who is interested in grassroots lobbying.

Lobbying includes all attempts to influence legislators and officials, whether by other legislators, constituents or organized groups. The terms lobbying and public affairs are often used interchangeably. Public affairs is a public relations specialism that seeks to influence public policy via lobbying and/or through the media. While public affairs is a specialized part of public relations, it is still closely connected with other parts of the public relations disciplines. For example, issue management, crises management. There is a particular skills set required to do lobbying. The core skills are those of identifying and analyzing issues, building a case in response, getting access to decision makers, aligning private and public interests, persuading officials and politicians in your favour and deciding on private or public routes of influence. Grassroots lobbying is pressure from bottom to top. From a public affairs viewpoint, grassroots lobbying is the mobilization of constituents to demonstrate public support for an organization's position. Grassroots lobbying consists of three essential steps: constituency building, constituency communication and constituency activation. Constituency building is the process of identifying and recruiting people who are willing to become politically active on behalf of an organization. Constituency communication means that when time permits, recruitment of constituents can be follow up by regular communication about pertinent political issues and stressing the importance of constituents involvement in the political process. Finally, constituency activation is not always distinct from constituency communications, its goal is to alert and mobilize supporters on issues of importance to the company. Grassroots lobbying is important to legislators because it provides information about their constituencies. Tools of grassroots lobbying are: conducting a media campaign (television, radio and newspaper advertisements), paying for billboards, films, speakers, writing letters to the editor, picket, signing a petition. Object, goal and tasks of master thesis. Goal of master thesis – to discuss and analyze lobbying in a juridical point of view and to analyze the lobbying activities that are implemented along with use of tools of public support stimulation. Object of master thesis – implementation of grassroots lobbying. The goal is being reached via the following tasks: 1. To disclose the meaning of lobbying as well as its juridical regulation and processes of implementation. 2. To analyze lobbying as a program of public relations. 3. To analyze grassroots lobbying as an activity of influence in governmental level of actions. 4. To disclose what tools of grassroots lobbying are used to accomplish specific programs of these actions in Lithuania and to compare the activity of tool usage in public and business organizations. This work will be useful for students studying public relations, for everyone, who is interested in grassroots lobbying.

Lobbying includes all attempts to influence legislators and officials, whether by other legislators, constituents or organized groups. The terms lobbying and public affairs are often used interchangeably. Public affairs is a public relations specialism that seeks to influence public policy via lobbying and/or through the media. While public affairs is a specialized part of public relations, it is still closely connected with other parts of the public relations disciplines. For example, issue management, crises management. There is a particular skills set required to do lobbying. The core skills are those of identifying and analyzing issues, building a case in response, getting access to decision makers, aligning private and public interests, persuading officials and politicians in your favour and deciding on private or public routes of influence. Grassroots lobbying is pressure from bottom to top. From a public affairs viewpoint, grassroots lobbying is the mobilization of constituents to demonstrate public support for an organization's position. Grassroots lobbying consists of three essential steps: constituency building, constituency communication and constituency activation. Constituency building is the process of identifying and recruiting people who are willing to become politically active on behalf of an organization. Constituency communication means that when time permits, recruitment of constituents can be follow up by regular communication about pertinent political issues and stressing the importance of constituents involvement in the political process. Finally, constituency activation is not always distinct from constituency communications, its goal is to alert and mobilize supporters on issues of importance to the company. Grassroots lobbying is important to legislators because it provides information about their constituencies. Tools of grassroots lobbying are: conducting a media campaign (television, radio and newspaper advertisements), paying for billboards, films, speakers, writing letters to the editor, picket, signing a petition. Object, goal and tasks of master thesis. Goal of master thesis – to discuss and analyze lobbying in a juridical point of view and to analyze the lobbying activities that are implemented along with use of tools of public support stimulation. Object of master thesis – implementation of grassroots lobbying. The goal is being reached via the following tasks: 1. To disclose the meaning of lobbying as well as its juridical regulation and processes of implementation. 2. To analyze lobbying as a program of public relations. 3. To analyze grassroots lobbying as an activity of influence in governmental level of actions. 4. To disclose what tools of grassroots lobbying are used to accomplish specific programs of these actions in Lithuania and to compare the activity of tool usage in public and business organizations. This work will be useful for students studying public relations, for everyone, who is interested in grassroots lobbying.

Mokslinėse diskusijose dažnai pastebima, kad lobizmas yra vienas iš viešosios politikos veiksnių, lemiančių valdymo kokybę. Tačiau praktikoje ši koncepcija dažnai įgyja neigiamų konotacijų. Straipsnyje aptariama lobizmo raida Lietuvoje, nagrinėjamos 2000–2013 m. lobistinės veiklos tendencijos, analizuojami interesų grupių ir lobistinės veiklos keliami iššūkiai viešajai politikai Lietuvoje. Analizė grindžiama 2013 m. atlikto kokybinio tyrimo rezultatais. Tyrimas parodė, kad nepaisant fakto, jog Lietuva yra viena iš nedaugelio Europos šalių, reguliuojančių lobizmą nacionaliniu lygmeniu, teisinis lobistinės veiklos reglamentavimas Lietuvoje nėra pakankamas, kad užtikrintų lobizmo, kaip vieno iš viešosios politikos veiksnių, nuoseklią plėtrą, o lobistinės veiklos priežiūros spragos sąlygoja registruotų lobistų skaičiaus neatitiktį tikriesiems lobistinės veiklos mastams Lietuvoje.

Mokslinėse diskusijose dažnai pastebima, kad lobizmas yra vienas iš viešosios politikos veiksnių, lemiančių valdymo kokybę. Tačiau praktikoje ši koncepcija dažnai įgyja neigiamų konotacijų. Straipsnyje aptariama lobizmo raida Lietuvoje, nagrinėjamos 2000–2013 m. lobistinės veiklos tendencijos, analizuojami interesų grupių ir lobistinės veiklos keliami iššūkiai viešajai politikai Lietuvoje. Analizė grindžiama 2013 m. atlikto kokybinio tyrimo rezultatais. Tyrimas parodė, kad nepaisant fakto, jog Lietuva yra viena iš nedaugelio Europos šalių, reguliuojančių lobizmą nacionaliniu lygmeniu, teisinis lobistinės veiklos reglamentavimas Lietuvoje nėra pakankamas, kad užtikrintų lobizmo, kaip vieno iš viešosios politikos veiksnių, nuoseklią plėtrą, o lobistinės veiklos priežiūros spragos sąlygoja registruotų lobistų skaičiaus neatitiktį tikriesiems lobistinės veiklos mastams Lietuvoje.

Mokslinėse diskusijose dažnai pastebima, kad lobizmas yra vienas iš viešosios politikos veiksnių, lemiančių valdymo kokybę. Tačiau praktikoje ši koncepcija dažnai įgyja neigiamų konotacijų. Straipsnyje aptariama lobizmo raida Lietuvoje, nagrinėjamos 2000–2013 m. lobistinės veiklos tendencijos, analizuojami interesų grupių ir lobistinės veiklos keliami iššūkiai viešajai politikai Lietuvoje. Analizė grindžiama 2013 m. atlikto kokybinio tyrimo rezultatais. Tyrimas parodė, kad nepaisant fakto, jog Lietuva yra viena iš nedaugelio Europos šalių, reguliuojančių lobizmą nacionaliniu lygmeniu, teisinis lobistinės veiklos reglamentavimas Lietuvoje nėra pakankamas, kad užtikrintų lobizmo, kaip vieno iš viešosios politikos veiksnių, nuoseklią plėtrą, o lobistinės veiklos priežiūros spragos sąlygoja registruotų lobistų skaičiaus neatitiktį tikriesiems lobistinės veiklos mastams Lietuvoje.

Mokslinėse diskusijose dažnai pastebima, kad lobizmas yra vienas iš viešosios politikos veiksnių, lemiančių valdymo kokybę. Tačiau praktikoje ši koncepcija dažnai įgyja neigiamų konotacijų. Straipsnyje aptariama lobizmo raida Lietuvoje, nagrinėjamos 2000–2013 m. lobistinės veiklos tendencijos, analizuojami interesų grupių ir lobistinės veiklos keliami iššūkiai viešajai politikai Lietuvoje. Analizė grindžiama 2013 m. atlikto kokybinio tyrimo rezultatais. Tyrimas parodė, kad nepaisant fakto, jog Lietuva yra viena iš nedaugelio Europos šalių, reguliuojančių lobizmą nacionaliniu lygmeniu, teisinis lobistinės veiklos reglamentavimas Lietuvoje nėra pakankamas, kad užtikrintų lobizmo, kaip vieno iš viešosios politikos veiksnių, nuoseklią plėtrą, o lobistinės veiklos priežiūros spragos sąlygoja registruotų lobistų skaičiaus neatitiktį tikriesiems lobistinės veiklos mastams Lietuvoje.

One of the principle elements of the liberal democracies which separates it from authoritarian regimes is the possibilities of citizens and groups thereof to participate in the governance of the state by submitting proposals and arguments for the adoption of political decisions. This right is enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, which entitles citizens to participate in the governance of the state both directly and indirectly through the elected representatives (Article 33 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania). A number of particular rights of citizens to participate in the governance of the state are directly referred in the Constitution itself (for example, rights of petition, referendum, the initiative of legislation), and some are provided for in different laws (the Statue of the Seimas establishes the right to submit proposals to a Member of the Seimas, the Law on the Legislative Framework provides for the right of persons to participate in consultations on adoption of legal acts, the possibility to participate in working groups of the institutions, etc.) Lobbying as well is a means to participate in public life by influencing legislation both directly or through a professional lobbyist. To sum up, legal acts ensure possibilities to citizens to seek influencing political decisions in a number of ways. However, the lobbying activity is closely related to a number of political corruption risks. The efforts of persons to influence public decisions might have both positive and negative result for the society. Some of public decisions initiated by lobbying activities may be beneficial only for a very narrow interest groups at the same time causing harm for the public at large. The paper seeks to determine the point where the lobbying activities become illegal, which criteria could be used for the separation lobbying activities from the trading in influence, in which cases illegal lobbying activities might turn out into bribery, and in which cases it might turn out into trading in influence and how the legislature should be oriented in order to reduce the risks posed by illegal lobbying activities. The paper consists of three main parts. The first part introduces the concept of lobbying activities, underlining its elements and main regulation guidelines, the second part analyses risks connected with lobbying activities, analysing in detail the regulation and case-law on trading in influence and illegal lobbying activities. The third part is devoted to the regulation of lobbying activities with a view to reducing risks posed by lobbying activities, separately discussing the need to differently regulate lobbying activities in different legal contexts, and separately describing the national situation and providing proposals on the methods for efficient regulation in the context of other prevention instruments.

One of the principle elements of the liberal democracies which separates it from authoritarian regimes is the possibilities of citizens and groups thereof to participate in the governance of the state by submitting proposals and arguments for the adoption of political decisions. This right is enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, which entitles citizens to participate in the governance of the state both directly and indirectly through the elected representatives (Article 33 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania). A number of particular rights of citizens to participate in the governance of the state are directly referred in the Constitution itself (for example, rights of petition, referendum, the initiative of legislation), and some are provided for in different laws (the Statue of the Seimas establishes the right to submit proposals to a Member of the Seimas, the Law on the Legislative Framework provides for the right of persons to participate in consultations on adoption of legal acts, the possibility to participate in working groups of the institutions, etc.) Lobbying as well is a means to participate in public life by influencing legislation both directly or through a professional lobbyist. To sum up, legal acts ensure possibilities to citizens to seek influencing political decisions in a number of ways. However, the lobbying activity is closely related to a number of political corruption risks. The efforts of persons to influence public decisions might have both positive and negative result for the society. Some of public decisions initiated by lobbying activities may be beneficial only for a very narrow interest groups at the same time causing harm for the public at large. The paper seeks to determine the point where the lobbying activities become illegal, which criteria could be used for the separation lobbying activities from the trading in influence, in which cases illegal lobbying activities might turn out into bribery, and in which cases it might turn out into trading in influence and how the legislature should be oriented in order to reduce the risks posed by illegal lobbying activities. The paper consists of three main parts. The first part introduces the concept of lobbying activities, underlining its elements and main regulation guidelines, the second part analyses risks connected with lobbying activities, analysing in detail the regulation and case-law on trading in influence and illegal lobbying activities. The third part is devoted to the regulation of lobbying activities with a view to reducing risks posed by lobbying activities, separately discussing the need to differently regulate lobbying activities in different legal contexts, and separately describing the national situation and providing proposals on the methods for efficient regulation in the context of other prevention instruments.

The article presents analysis and typological classification of legal regulation of lobbying in other countries and looks for the reasons of failure to legitimize lobbying activities in Lithuania which would serve as important preventive measure against corruption. It discusses the reasons why lobbying regulation is usually ineffective. In Lithuania, institutionalization of legitimate lobbying faces problems of effectiveness of legal regulation, of integrity and of the legitimacy of legal regulations. The current institutional, socio-cultural and legal regulative factors are not favorable to regulation of lobbying in Lithuania. That, however, should not mean that there should be no effort to implement effective, fair and democratic regulations on the process. A necessary precursor to such implementation may well require further cultural indoctrination.

The article presents analysis and typological classification of legal regulation of lobbying in other countries and looks for the reasons of failure to legitimize lobbying activities in Lithuania which would serve as important preventive measure against corruption. It discusses the reasons why lobbying regulation is usually ineffective. In Lithuania, institutionalization of legitimate lobbying faces problems of effectiveness of legal regulation, of integrity and of the legitimacy of legal regulations. The current institutional, socio-cultural and legal regulative factors are not favorable to regulation of lobbying in Lithuania. That, however, should not mean that there should be no effort to implement effective, fair and democratic regulations on the process. A necessary precursor to such implementation may well require further cultural indoctrination.

The article presents analysis and typological classification of legal regulation of lobbying in other countries and looks for the reasons of failure to legitimize lobbying activities in Lithuania which would serve as important preventive measure against corruption. It discusses the reasons why lobbying regulation is usually ineffective. In Lithuania, institutionalization of legitimate lobbying faces problems of effectiveness of legal regulation, of integrity and of the legitimacy of legal regulations. The current institutional, socio-cultural and legal regulative factors are not favorable to regulation of lobbying in Lithuania. That, however, should not mean that there should be no effort to implement effective, fair and democratic regulations on the process. A necessary precursor to such implementation may well require further cultural indoctrination.

The article presents analysis and typological classification of legal regulation of lobbying in other countries and looks for the reasons of failure to legitimize lobbying activities in Lithuania which would serve as important preventive measure against corruption. It discusses the reasons why lobbying regulation is usually ineffective. In Lithuania, institutionalization of legitimate lobbying faces problems of effectiveness of legal regulation, of integrity and of the legitimacy of legal regulations. The current institutional, socio-cultural and legal regulative factors are not favorable to regulation of lobbying in Lithuania. That, however, should not mean that there should be no effort to implement effective, fair and democratic regulations on the process. A necessary precursor to such implementation may well require further cultural indoctrination.

Eventually, an alternative attitude to lobbying regulation was settled. This is the model of lobbying activities poorly restricted by legal norms, when high publicity and transparency standards, ensured by internal rules, codes of ethics and analogous instruments of government institutions are applicable to the actions of lobbyists. Influential associated interest groups actively speak against the attempts, covered by the necessity of lobbying regulations, to restrict the initiatives of civil society, related to the objective to influence legislation. Lithuania failed to establish the explicitly and strictly legally regulated lobbying of the Anglo-Saxon type, though the Law on Lobbying is officially still in force. In this area our country should take the road chosen by the absolute majority of democratic countries and refuse altogether lobbying regulating lobbying under a special legal act.