Suchergebnisse

Cet article presente les résultats d'une reconstruction de l'ensemble de la population espagnole, pour la période 1500-1860, réalisée à partir des données de recensements et des estimations des naissances et des décès. Il se propose d'évaluer l'impact du réseau urbain sur la croissance de la population dans son ensemble, et plus particulièrement sur la crise démographique du 17 e siècle. Les résultats suggèrent que, en dépit de la faible espérance de vie (autour de 25-30 ans), le faible taux de nuptialité a joué un rôle détetminant dans la régulation de la croissance démographique. Concrètement, dans les périodes de forte dépense militaire où l'Espagne se battait pour maintenir sa position hégémonique (d'abord contre les Pays-Bas puis contre la Grande Bretagne), le niveau plus élevé de la fiscalité a également eu une influence importante sur la régulation de la croissance démographique. Les lourdes impositions ont affecté le niveau de vie des familles, ce qui s'est traduit par une chute des taux de nuptialité, conduisant à une stagnation démographique.

The article considers a new data of the 17 century Kostroma business style documents. Based on it, we come to a conclusion about a history of the fi rst prestressed syllable vocalism aft er palatalized consonants in North Russian Kostroma dialects, as well as discover its relationship with the stressed syllable phenomena. The results obtained are then compared with the modern dialects data in the territory considered. It turns out that in Kostroma dialects the tendency to non-high vowel neutralization in the sound [e] in the first prestressed syllable between palatalthized consonants started to take shape as early as the 17 century, which is evidenced by letter substitutions in this position. The manuscript data confirms the previous conclusions about the formation of the North Russian dialectal landscape and clarifi es the dating of the 'ekanye' emergence in a position before palatalized consonants. Parallelism of the phenomena in the fi rst prestressed syllable aft er palatalized consonants with the phenomena present in the stressed syllable was still present in th17 century Kostroma dialects, but nowadays it is lost in Kostroma dialects with 'ekanye' in the fi rst prestressed syllable in a position before palatalized or velarized consonants.

The Moscow Catholics' Church organization that emerged in the late 17-th century is consideredin this article as a religious community, but not a mission agency. On the basis of clearly definedcriteria, the author clarifies the exact time of community's formation, examines the processes of itscreation and development in the context of Russian political life. On the basis of various sourcesthe article reveals a number of believers, considers the social, national and personal composition ofthe community. The paper presents an analysis of the parameters of community's religious life. Thisanalysis allows asserting the existence in the community of stable inner core which was very activein religious rites. Special attention in the research is paid to the organizational work of the ScottishbornGeneral Patrick Gordon, as well as some other Church activists. The author concludes that theirwork on creating of Catholic community stimulated the Russian authorities' abandonment of conflictmodel in the practice of interfaith relation ; Церковное объединение московских католиков, сформировавшееся в конце XVII столетия,в статье впервые предстает в качестве религиозной общины, а не миссионерской организации.Автор, исходя из четко сформулированных критериев, определяет время образования общины,рассматривает процессы ее становления и развития в контексте политической жизни России.На основе разнообразных источников выявляется численность общины, ее социальный, на-циональный и персональный состав. Предпринимается анализ параметров конфессиональнойжизни общины, который дает основание утверждать наличие в ней устойчивого инициативногоядра, активного в религиозном плане. Особое внимание уделяется организационной работегенерала шотландского происхождения П. Гордона, а также некоторых других церковныхактивистов. Автор приходит к выводу, что их деятельность по созданию католического при-хода стимулировала отказ российских властей от конфликтной модели межконфессиональныхотношений.

Grace aux registres baptismaux et aux livres de comptabilité de l'hôpital d'enfants abandonnés de Dubrovnik, sans oublier d'autres sources conservées aux Archives d'État de la ville, cet article analyse le réseau de parrainage des enfants abandonnés de la cité de Dubrovnik entre la fin du xvii e siècle et le milieu du xix e siècle. Sont ainsi étudiés la présence ou l'absence de parents spirituels, leur nombre par enfant baptisé, leur statut social ou leur lien à l'institution hospitalière. Enfin, on s'interroge sur le rôle des parrains et marraines dans la construction de l'identité des enfants abandonnés.

Introduction. The article examines the state of the budget of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th century during the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich, Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky, and the beginning of the reign of Mikhail Romanov. The aim is to trace the impact of the crisis on the level of economic development and the ability of the monastery to provide financial support to the state. The economic structure of the monastery has been well studied in relation to the 16th century, but the beginning of the 17th century was only touched upon by researchers. Methods and materials. We have at our disposal the economic books of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery of the late 16th – early 17th century. The method of continuous systematization of income and expenses was used for study the economic development of the patrimony. Analysis. The analysis of the budget structure made it possible to identify categories of income and expenses, measure and compare indicators for different years of the late 16th – early 17th century, identify external factors that influenced the economic development of the patrimony. Results. In the 1580s the position of church patrimony in the Russian state ceased to be privileged, which provoked the economic reform of Misail Beznin in the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery in 1591 and the subsequent peasant unrest in the winter of 1594/95. The monastery's income in the category of deposits began to fall, but receipts from fees (dues, state duties, "na vere", "na moleben") increased. Of particular importance was the sale of investment property. In general, at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th century, there was a gradual decline in income until 1609. Unplanned payments affected the monastery budget the most: funds requested by Vasily Shuisky; maintenance of "pososhnye lyudi" and children of boyar "tuleny". The siege of the monastery by the Poles in 1608–1609 and its capture provoked a sharp economic downturn. Despite the fact that in 1612/13 (after the liberation of the monastery in 1610) the first signs of economic recovery appeared, the monastery subsequently could not return to the previous level of economic development.

SUMMARY:
На протяжении большей части XVIII века западные идеи лишь поверхностно затрагивали повседневную жизнь большинства россиян. Однако возникающее в начале XIX в. понятие "русскости" начинает формировать основу для институтов, практик, отношений и поведения, которая постепенно утвердилась среди всех слоев общества и оставалась стабильной на протяжении поколений, в некоторых случаях – вплоть до нашего времени. Кристаллизация "русскости" в определенной исторической форме не позволила реализоваться другим стратегиям, заложенным в заимствованных с Запада в XVIII в. представлениях, таким как более определенная ориентация на либеральный капитализм или идея принадлежности к западной цивилизации и общности исторического пути России и Запада. Распространение понятия "русскости", таким образом, помогло придать большую стабильность и прочность российскому обществу, однако ограничило спектр возможных путей дальнейшего развития страны.

The article examines spiritual education in the context of the specifics of the cultural and spiritual life of Russia in the XIX-th century. During this period, the structure of spiritual education was formed in provincial cities, which significantly influenced the socio-spiritual and historical practice of the provincial clergy. By the middle of the XIX-th century, the Orthodox Church, theological schools and their graduates realize their importance and significance in the cultural and historical life of the state. The change in the role of cultural processes in provincial life was mainly influenced by the liberal transformations of the 1850s-1880s, implemented within the framework of a single state policy. Particular attention in the article is paid to the democratization of society and the involvement of provincial priests in this process, it is at this time that new forms of cultural-mass activity arise, among which the image of the cultural ecclesiastical intelligentsia comes to the fore.

From ancient times Georgia represented the shortest way to link the Black and Caspian Seas and countries of the East and West. Apart from the Italian city-states, Georgians also had relations with other countries of Europe. It is thought that Poland must have been among the countries Georgia had contact with. From the mid-15th century, Georgia as well as Poland became actively involved in efforts to establish anti-Ottoman coalitions. The paper presents the relationship between Poland, Georgia and the Ottoman Empire, the mutual influence of those countries, their trade and political involvement.In the struggle between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia, Western countries, as a rule, took sides against the Ottoman Empire and considered Persia an ally from which various sorts of goods, mainly silk, was exported to the Western countries and which served as a connecting channel with India. Besides commercial interests, this was also justified from a political perspective: the powerful Ottoman Empire was a permanent threat for Europe in the period when Persia was a comparatively weaker state and posed less of a threat, however was attractive for the west in terms of commercial interests. This position was as strong and sustainable as Georgia's wish to have relations with Europe, for which in many cases Georgia had to compromise its direct interests. Even if Persia in some cases was more dangerous for Georgia, it joined anti-Ottoman coalitions in order to be closer to Europe.