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This article explores the diffusion of trust-based management (TBM) and how trust-based management affects trust between managers and employees, as well as organizational results. The idea of trust-based management stems from reforms in Copenhagen municipality in 2012 and has since spread to the public sector in Norway and Sweden. Trust-based management is perceived by many as an innovation and as different from traditional governance and control. There have recently been some studies of trust-based management in Denmark and Sweden, but so far there are few empirically based studies of trust-based management beyond case studies. This analysis uses survey data from 143 managers and employees in public sector organizations in Norway and the article is the first analysis of the diffusion of trust-based management and its impact on organizational performance in Norway. The results indicate that there has been little change in trust-based management in recent years, and municipalities seem to have more trust-based management than central government organizations. Multivariate analyses with PLS-SEM show that increased trust-based management is positively related to organizational performance directly as well as positively related to organizational performance via trust, as expected from theory. ; Denne artikkelen utforsker utbredelsen av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse (TBSL) og hvordan tillitsbasert styring og ledelse påvirker tillit mellom ledere og ansatte og organisasjoners resultater i offentlig sektor i Norge. Idéen om tillitsbasert styring og ledelse springer ut fra reformer i København kommune i 2012 og har siden spredd seg til den offentlige sektoren i Norge og Sverige. Tillitsbasert styring og ledelse blir av mange oppfattet som en innovasjon og forskjellig fra tradisjonell styring og kontroll. Det er nå kommet en del studier av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse i Danmark og Sverige, men det er så langt få empirisk baserte studier av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse utover case-studier. Analysen bruker spørreskjemadata fra 143 ledere og ansatte i offentlig virksomhet, og dette er den første analysen av utbredelsen av tillitsbasert styring og ledelse og dens virkninger i Norge. Resultatene viser at det har vært lite endring i tillitsbasert styring og ledelse de siste årene, og kommunene hadde mer tillitsbasert styring og ledelse enn statlige organisasjoner. Multivariate analyser med PLS-SEM viser at økt tillitsbasert styring og ledelse har en direkte positiv sammenheng med organisasjonsresultater så vel som en positiv indirekte sammenheng med organisasjonsresultater gjennom tillit, som forventet fra teorien.

The Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis has influenced the lives of people in rural areas since the beginning of Norwegian civilization. In the first known written sources about the species, during the Viking age, the goshawk symbolized heroism and bravery. Goshawks were historically connected to mysticism and superstition, as evidenced first in old runes and later in fairy tales and common adages. This paper reviews the scientific and ethical argumentation for the management strategy in that took place between 1845 and 1971, when the goshawk was considered a bounty species. At the start of this extermination period, a small number of influential scientists convinced the government to establish a bounty on goshawks that is dictated in hunting legislation from 1845, 1863 and 1899. From 1910 onward, the debate concerning the bounty policy became more diverse, broadening the discussion to include moralistic and conservational issues and finally leading to the protection of goshawks in 1971. Hunting legislation beginning the 1970s refined the utilitarian view of nature by including functional aspects of game species removing the distinction between "vermin" and "utility" animals in 1981. The goshawk has been listed on Norway's Red List of Threatened Species since 1984. This review illuminates how scientific, aesthetical and ethical arguments were all interwoven in the policy and management for the Northern Goshawk over a relatively short historic timeframe. ; Hønsehauken har influert folks liv siden tidlig sivilisasjon. I de første nedtegnede skrevne kildene om arten, i Vikingtiden fra 800-1050 e.kr., symboliserer hønsehauken heltemot og dyktighet. Det var mye mystikk og overtro knyttet til hønsehauken og bevis på dette kan finnes fra gamle runer og senere i eventyr og ordtak. Artikkelen beskriver den vitenskapelige og etiske argumentasjonen for å gi skuddpremie på arten i perioden 1845 til 1971. I starten på perioden var det bare et fåtall innflytelsesrike personer som påvirket myndighetene til å gi skuddpremie på den og utarbeide lovverk for dette i 1845, 1863 og 1899. Fra 1910 og fremover ble argumentasjonen for eller imot skuddpremie mer mangfoldig og til slutt resulterte det, til at arten ble fredet i 1971. Med viltloven i 1981 ble det fra offisielt politisk hold slutt på å skille mellom skade- og nyttedyr i naturen, og hønsehauken har vært listet på de nasjonale rødlista siden 1984. Hønsehauk er et godt eksempel på en art som har samvirket med mennesket i lang tid og som inkluderer sterke følelser fra både de som ser på den som en konkurrent og fra de som ser på den som en naturlig del av økosystemet. Selv om forvaltningen av hønsehauk i dag skal være kunnskapsbasert, er vår påstand at også andre verdier som symbolverdi og estetisk verdi påvirker forvaltningen av arten.

Medlemsundersøkelse foretatt blant velforeninger. Tar for seg livsvilkårene for velforeninger og aktiviteten i dem. Denne boka dokumenterer at dugnads-Norge fortsatt utfolder seg gjennom et tusentalls områdeforeninger på grasrotsnivå. I samvirke med kommunene står velforeninger for løsningen av mange praktiske oppgaver i nærmiljøet. Antallet vel og oppslutningen om dem har aldri vært større enn på denne siden av år 2000. Utgivelsesdata Tittel: Dugnadsånd og samstyring i lokalsamfunnet Forfatter(e): Harald Koht Serie: HiOA rapport Issn: 1892-9648 Nr: 2013 nr 2 Utgiver: HiOA Avdeling/fakultet: Fakultet for samfunnsfag Sider: 96 Pris: 400,– ISBN-print: 978-82-93208-31-0

Why do we focus on the internal arrangements of the contractual process from a leadership perspective? Through empirical research where we have asked questions about the internal organizational arrangements, what kind of knowledge the organization need, and how institutional arrangements affect the contract process, we have tried to answer the main research question. We have also carried with us a question of if the organization's attachment to the public or private sector affects the arrangements. I have conducted a comparative case study where data has been generated from two public sector organizations, The National Road Administration, Helsebygg Midt-Norge, one private sector organization, Siemens, and one hybrid organization, NTE. Data was primarily generated from the governance system of the different organizations, and informant interviews. The analysis was carried out by two steps; first an empirical analysis, then a theoretical analysis, based on contractual theory, of the empirical findings. The empirical analysis shows that the organizations share the same thoughts on how to organize the contractual work; the division between the line and the project organization, the distribution of decision-making authority, and the institutionalization of a specific governance system. The organizational processes are formalized, and the governance system gives the clear recommendation on desired actions. The empirical data gives a clear understanding that the contract process is dominated by one profession — the engineers. Regarding the question on knowledge, I found the organizations to be interested foremost on problem solving competencies (engineering competencies). Other competencies, for example economic or legal competencies, where viewed as support competencies. We also found that personal skills in handling the complex and difficult processes and attitude toward ethics seemed to be of importance. On the question on how institutional elements in the organizational environment affected the contract process, we found that the overall interest of the organizations was stability and predictability. We also found that the market mechanisms cause the organizations some worry. In the end, the empirical findings did not give us any strong reasons to differentiate between public sector organizations and private sector organizations in how to deal with contractual work processes. The theoretical analysis has been carried out within classical and relational contract theory. The analysis shows that the empirical findings, to a great extend, can be explained through classical contract theory. It also gives us some ideas on what areas of the theory, especially relational contract theory that should be improved. Regarding the main research question, the conclusions indicate a need to establish a comprehensive approach to the contract process, to ensure a good balance between different partial processes. There also seem to be necessary to work on improvements on contract theory to increase the applicability of the theory, especially the relational contract theory.