There is perhaps no better setting in which to discuss the role of social research in the courts than that of school desegregation. From its early, rural, southern beginnings in Brown to its present, urban, northern manifestation in the Detroit case of Milliken v. Bradley, empirical evidence has been used in the litigation. In 1954, the Supreme Court declared that "[s]eparate educational facilities are inherently unequal" and ruled that the separate-but-equal doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson—which for half a century had legitimated Jim Crow legislation—had "no place" in the public schools. Eleanor Wolf, Professor of Sociology at Wayne State University, provides a detailed account of this litigation in Trial and Error: The Detroit School Segregation Case. This article reviews the book and uses it as a springboard to examine broader issues concerning the uses and limits of social research in the judicial process. Since judicial reliance on empirical inquiry may vary according to the problems under consideration, these issues cannot be addressed in the abstract. They have to be discussed in the context of a particular substantive problem; hence, the topic chosen here is school desegregation.
"Scale," a term referring to size and/or complexity, is a societal dimension frequently employed and generally regarded as important but rarely systematically investigated. This paper provides a critical overview of the meanings which have been attached to the concept and the implications they carry. Special attention is paid here to the diverse literature dealing with the contrast between societies characterized by such polar terms as Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, folk and urban, small and large, simple and complex. The paper then turns to a consideration of the effects of social scale as an independent variable affecting social organization and social relations. This is undertaken by reference to the author's own ethnographic research in societies and situations which apparently offer contrasts in scale: (1) the Aleutian Islands, where a case study was made of processes and results of a major change in scale, from that of a small-scale hunting and fishing society to one participating in the national political and economic nexus of the United States;(2) village India, contrasting the very small scale of a Himalayan village and its region with the larger-scale situation of villages of the densely populated Indo-Gangetic plain; (3) urban India, contrasting social organization and social relations in the city with those in traditional villages, as described in 2. In each instance, general principles have been derived from the ethnographic data concerning the social consequences of variations in scale and the social processes which they engender, e.g., the widespread quest for community, communal sentiments, and communal experience which large-scale organization brings about. In conclusion, some two dozen general inferences about the ways in which scale influences social relations are proposed and enumerated. It is hoped that as a result, other anthropologists may be moved to investigate the implications of scale in the various societies in which they work. One significant aim would be to ascertain what features of social organization and social relations are inherently aspects of scale, what features are affected by scale (and in what ways), and what features are independent of scale.
"Carolyn S. Mathiasen wrote . [2] chapters . and the Legislative appendix [p. 39-92]" ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.
El artículo realiza una presentación de la burocracia, sus elementos, las diversas formas que adopta en los países en desarrollo, su racionalidad como estrategia política y los nuevos teóricos que la estudian. ; This article is a presentation of bureaucracy, its elements, the diverse forms it takes in developing countries, its rationality as political strategy and new theorists in the subjects.
Les conséquences politiques de la mobilité sociale intergénérationnelle sur les comportements et les attitudes politiques des individus ont fait l'objet, depuis une vingtaine d'années, d'une série de recherches en particulier aux Etats-Unis et en Angleterre. A la suite de ces travaux une conclusion majeure semble s'imposer : les " mobiles sociaux " adopteraient un comportement politique intermédiaire entre leur groupe d'origine et leur groupe d'arrivée. Dans cette recherche, qui se fonde sur l'analyse d'un échantillon représentatif de cadres moyens et supérieurs, l'origine sociale paraît effectivement déterminer pour partie les comportements et attitudes politiques des individus appartenant aux couches moyennes salariées. Toutefois, une étude plus précise de ce mécanisme montre que l'effet de l'origine sociale sur le comportement et les attitudes politiques n'est pas seulement fonction de la distance entre la position sociale du père et celle du fils mais se diversifie également selon la nature et les conditions du trajet social effectué par l'individu.
Les conséquences politiques de la mobilité sociale intergénérationnelle sur les comportements et les attitudes politiques des individus ont fait l'objet, depuis une vingtaine d'années, d'une série de recherches en particulier aux Etats-Unis et en Angleterre. A la suite de ces travaux une conclusion majeure semble s'imposer : les " mobiles sociaux " adopteraient un comportement politique intermédiaire entre leur groupe d'origine et leur groupe d'arrivée. Dans cette recherche, qui se fonde sur l'analyse d'un échantillon représentatif de cadres moyens et supérieurs, l'origine sociale paraît effectivement déterminer pour partie les comportements et attitudes politiques des individus appartenant aux couches moyennes salariées. Toutefois, une étude plus précise de ce mécanisme montre que l'effet de l'origine sociale sur le comportement et les attitudes politiques n'est pas seulement fonction de la distance entre la position sociale du père et celle du fils mais se diversifie également selon la nature et les conditions du trajet social effectué par l'individu.
Colección Digital Ignacio Martín-Baró ; La polarización social manifiesta en la guerra civil arrastra una percepción estereotipada entre los grupos rivales que, a su vez, endurece la misma polarización y dificulta la terminación de la guerra. Esta polarización afecta también a otros sectores sociales que se ven presionados a adoptar una postura ante el conflicto. Los resultados de tres estudios empíricos muestran que: 1) los grupos rivales tienen una percepción mutua muy negativa, bajo la forma de una "imagen especular"; 2) los sectores medios metropolitanos tienen una imagen similar de militares y revolucionarios como ambiciosos y violentos; 3) la mayoría de estudiantes de la UCA tiene una opinión negativa de los grupos involucrados en el conflicto, aunque las opiniones se polarizan según preferencias grupales. Estos datos parecen indicar que un sector amplio de la población salvadoreña no se identifica psicológicamente con ninguno de los contendientes y más bien opta por una solución política al conflicto. La búsqueda de esta solución requiere entre otras cosas eliminar los estereotipos rivales que alimentan la polarización social.
The M. H. Ross Papers contain information pertaining to labor, politics, social issues of the twentieth century, coal mining and its resulting lifestyle, as well as photographs and audio materials. The collection is made up of five different accessions; L2001-05, which is contained in boxes one through 104, L2002-09 in boxes 106 through 120, L2006-16 in boxes 105 and 120, L2001-01 in boxes 120-121, and L2012-20 in boxes 122-125. The campaign materials consist of items from the 1940 and 1948 political campaigns in which Ross participated. These items include campaign cards, posters, speech transcripts, news clippings, rally materials, letters to voters, and fliers. Organizing and arbitration materials covers labor organizing events from "Operation Dixie" in Georgia, the furniture workers in North Carolina, and the Mine-Mill workers in the Western United States. Organizing materials include fliers, correspondence, news articles, radio transcripts, and some related photos. Arbitration files consist of agreements, decisions, and agreement booklets. The social and political research files cover a wide time period (1930's to the late 1970's/early 1980's). The topics include mainly the Ku Klux Klan, racism, Communism, Red Scare, red baiting, United States history, and literature. These files consist mostly of news and journal articles. Ross interacted with coal miners while doing work for the United Mine Workers Association (UMWA) and while working at the Fairmont Clinic in West Virginia. Included in these related files are books, news articles, journals, UMWA reports, and coal miner oral histories conducted by Ross. Tying in to all of the activities Ross participated in during his life were his research and manuscript files. He wrote numerous newspaper and journal articles on history and labor. Later, as he worked for the UMWA and at the Fairmont Clinic, he wrote more in-depth articles about coal miners, their lifestyle, and medical problems they faced (while the Southern Labor Archives has many of Ross's coal mining and lifestyle articles, it does not have any of his medical articles). Along with these articles are the research files Ross collected to write them, which consist of notes, books, and newspaper and journal articles. In additional to his professional career, Ross was adamant about documenting his and his wife's family history in the oral history format. Of particular interest are the recordings of his interviews with his wife's family - they were workers, musicians, and singers of labor and folk songs. Finally, in this collection are a number of photographs and slides, which include images of organizing, coal mining (from the late 19th through 20th centuries), and Appalachia. Of note is a small photo album from the 1930s which contains images from the Summer School for Workers, and more labor organizing. A few audio items are available as well, such as Ross political speeches and an oral history in which Ross was interviewed by his daughter, Jane Ross Davis in 1986. All photographic and audio-visual materials are at the end of their respective series. ; Myron Howard "Mike" Ross was born November 9, 1919 in New York City. He dropped out of school when he was seventeen and moved to Texas, where he worked on a farm. From 1936 until 1939, Ross worked in a bakery in North Carolina. In the summer of 1938, he attended the Southern School for Workers in Asheville, North Carolina. During the fall of 1938, Ross would attend the first Southern Conference on Human Welfare in Birmingham, Alabama. He would attend this conference again in 1940 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. From 1939 to 1940, Ross worked for the United Mine Workers Non-Partisan League in North Carolina, working under John L. Lewis. He was hired as a union organizer by the United Mine Workers of America, and sent to Saltville, Virginia and Rockwood, Tennessee. In 1940, Ross ran for a seat on city council on the People's Platform in Charlotte, North Carolina. During this time, he also married Anne "Buddie" West of Kennesaw, Georgia. From 1941 until 1945, Ross served as an infantryman for the United States Army. He sustained injuries near the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944. From 1945 until 1949, Ross worked for the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, then part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), as a union organizer. He was sent to Macon, Georgia, Savannah, Georgia and to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he worked with the United Furniture Workers Union. He began handling arbitration for the unions. In 1948, Ross ran for United States Congress on the Progressive Party ticket in North Carolina. He also served as the secretary for the North Carolina Progressive Party. Ross attended the University of North Carolina law school from 1949 to 1952. He graduated with honors but was denied the bar on the grounds of "character." From 1952 until 1955, he worked for the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers as a union organizer, first in New Mexico (potash mines) and then in Arizona (copper mines). From 1955 to 1957, Ross attended the Columbia University School of Public Health. He worked for the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund from 1957 to 1958, where he represented the union in expenditure of health care for mining workers. By 1958, Ross began plans for what would become the Fairmont Clinic, a prepaid group practice in Fairmont, West Virginia, which had the mission of providing high quality medical care for miners and their families. From 1958 until 1978, Ross served as administrator of the Fairmont Clinic. As a result of this work, Ross began researching coal mining, especially coal mining lifestyle, heritage and history of coal mining and disasters. He would interview over one hundred miners (coal miners). Eventually, Ross began writing a manuscript about the history of coal mining. Working for the Rural Practice Program of the University of North Carolina from 1980 until 1987, Ross taught in the medical school. M. H. Ross died on January 31, 1987 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ; Digitization of the M. H. Ross Papers was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.
Este repertorio fue realizado y editado por el Instituto de Información y Documentación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades (ISOC), que en 1992 junto con el ICYT formaría el CINDOC. Todos los registros bibliográficos que componen las diferentes ediciones de este repertorio están accesibles en la base de datos ISOC del CSIC http://bddoc.csic.es:8080/ http://bddoc.csic.es:8085/ Más información en: http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/fichero_articulo?codigo=967409&orden=68880 ; [EN] Bibliographic index of Spanish academic journals specialized in Social Sciences. It has the next structure: Index of journals, summaries, index of authors and subject index with strings of keywords. Was published from 1979 to 1983, then it was divided in the next series: A Psychology and Education Science, B Economy, Sociology, Political Sciences and Urban Planning, C Legal Science, D Science and Scientific Documentation. ; [ES] Repertorio bibliográfico de publicaciones periódicas españolas de carácter científico de Ciencias Sociales. Contiene el análisis de contenido de los artículos de revistas seleccionadas. La estructura del repertorio es la siguiente: Índice de revistas indizadas, fotocomposición de los sumarios de las revistas, índice de autores, e índice de materias formado por cadenas de palabras clave. Se publicó de 1979 a 1983, desdoblándose a partir de esta fecha en series: Serie A Psicología y C. Educación, Serie B Economía, Sociología, C. Políticas y Urbanismo, Serie C Derecho, Serie D Ciencia y Documentación Científica. ; Peer reviewed
L'ANALYSE des processus de mobilité sociale mobilise l'intérêt des sociologues depuis une trentaine d'années ; pourtant ni ce terme ni les concepts auxquels il fait appel ne font l'objet d'un consensus en sociologie. Le débat qui s'est développé autour de ce problème semble s'ordonner selon deux axes. D'une part, des discussions de type technique, de l'autre des oppositions plus radicales de nature théorique ou épistémologique. Le premier plan concerne tous les problèmes liés à la constitution et à l'interprétation des indicateurs de mobilité sociale : définition de critères permettant de constituer les classes ou groupes sociaux, mesure du flux de mobilité, problèmes liés à l'existence d'une mobilité structurelle, etc. Le second axe, d'une nature différente, met en question la légitimité du concept de mobilité sociale et, par conséquent, l'utilité de ce type de recherche quelles qu'en soient par ailleurs les modalités techniques (.).
L'ANALYSE des processus de mobilité sociale mobilise l'intérêt des sociologues depuis une trentaine d'années ; pourtant ni ce terme ni les concepts auxquels il fait appel ne font l'objet d'un consensus en sociologie. Le débat qui s'est développé autour de ce problème semble s'ordonner selon deux axes. D'une part, des discussions de type technique, de l'autre des oppositions plus radicales de nature théorique ou épistémologique. Le premier plan concerne tous les problèmes liés à la constitution et à l'interprétation des indicateurs de mobilité sociale : définition de critères permettant de constituer les classes ou groupes sociaux, mesure du flux de mobilité, problèmes liés à l'existence d'une mobilité structurelle, etc. Le second axe, d'une nature différente, met en question la légitimité du concept de mobilité sociale et, par conséquent, l'utilité de ce type de recherche quelles qu'en soient par ailleurs les modalités techniques (.).
Las bibliotecas escolares juegan un papel muy importante en las comunidades, de estas depende las posibles y futuras influencias que se den relacionados con los aspectos económicos, sociales, políticos, culturales y psicológicos proyectados al bienestar comunal. A medida que el avance tecnológico y científico va acrecentándose igualmente la necesidad de poseer información y documentación crece. En Nicaragua, por medio del Ministerio de Educación se intenta implantar un plan nacional cooperativo para todas las bibliotecas que formarán parte del Sistema de Bibliotecas Escolares. ; The school libraries play a very important paper in the communities, on these it depends the possible and future influences that are met related by the economic, social, political, cultural and psychological aspects projected to the communal well-being. As the technological and scientific advance goes there being increased equally the need to possess information and documentation grows. In Nicaragua, by means of the Department of Education one tries to implant a national cooperative plan for all the libraries that will form a part of the System of School Libraries.
En este mismo número de "Encuentro" publicamos una comunicación presentada por el sociólogo argentino Aldo E. Solari al VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Sociología que tuvo lugar en San salvador en Septiembre del año pasado, y que trata de "Los movimientos estudiantiles universitarios en América Latina". En dicho estudio leemos que la politización estudiantil, entiéndase de una minoría dirigente, es seguramente la consecuencia de ciertas características de la estructura social latinoamericana y no un fenómeno patológico inexplicable". Según Solleri estas características son, en primer lugar, la inestabilidad social y política de nuestros países, que hace que ciertos grupos encuentren en la universidad, y particularmente en el movimiento estudiantil, un medio de ascenso al poder; y en segundo lugar, el hecho de que las inquietudes de buena parte de los universitarios por los problemas de la colectividad no son canalizadas por la universidad y buscan entonces el canal político.
We are now beginning to be able to evaluate the results of the rapid growth of family practice residency training programs during the past decade. Because this growth has been supported by federal and state funds, it is particularly important to review these programs to measure their progress toward the public policy goals established by legislation. The University of California, Davis, School of Medicine has been an innovator and leader in training family physicians. Graduates of the UC Davis Network of Family Practice Residency Programs are locating in medically underserved areas and are helping to respond to the perceived problems of specialty and geographic maldistribution of physicians.
