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Maize (Zea mays L.), one of the three most cultivate crops in the world, is an important source of food, feed, fuel and fibre (Tenaillon and Charcosset 2011). In the European Union (EU-28), grain maize production accounts for 20.8% of the total cereal production (FAOSTAT 2016), and until 2026, a further expansion of the maize cultivation area of around 8% is expected.In the Nordic-Baltic countries, successful maize forage production is possible at a latitude of at least 58°N; however, currently, only a minor proportion of maize is harvested as grain in Denmark, Lithuania and Sweden (Swensson 2014). Despite the rapid maize expansion in northern Europe, the short growing seasons, the occurrence of late/early frosts, the rain quantity, which usually does not match with the highest water demand during the growing period, and the incidence of drought are considered to be the primary factors still limiting maize expansion in northern regions (Olesen et al. 2011).

Maize (Zea mays L.), one of the three most cultivate crops in the world, is an important source of food, feed, fuel and fibre (Tenaillon and Charcosset 2011). In the European Union (EU-28), grain maize production accounts for 20.8% of the total cereal production (FAOSTAT 2016), and until 2026, a further expansion of the maize cultivation area of around 8% is expected.In the Nordic-Baltic countries, successful maize forage production is possible at a latitude of at least 58°N; however, currently, only a minor proportion of maize is harvested as grain in Denmark, Lithuania and Sweden (Swensson 2014). Despite the rapid maize expansion in northern Europe, the short growing seasons, the occurrence of late/early frosts, the rain quantity, which usually does not match with the highest water demand during the growing period, and the incidence of drought are considered to be the primary factors still limiting maize expansion in northern regions (Olesen et al. 2011).

Organic viticulture is attracting increasing interest worldwide. Fertilisation can be carried out with different products, such as manure, the solid fraction of digestate and compost. In order to optimise the distribution rate, it is very important to previously check the physical characteristics of these materials, which are typically subjected to progressive compression during the spreading procedure. In this context, the use of dedicated sensors and specialised software devoted to piloting the rotors and bulkhead speed of the spreader is highly recommended, taking into account also the different rheological characteristics of the different matrices. A series of laboratory tests to determine the load-deformation curve were arranged. The results showed that digestate and manure behaved in a similar way, but the former was more compact with the same load.

Demand for organic products is intensified in many countries each year. Following this trend, Brazil produces increasing volumes of organic grape juice. In this way, a survey of organic grape juices made from grapes produced according to this system was carried out where physicochemical composition, minerals, trace elements, and pesticide residues were determined. Variables related to grape juice composition were performed by physicochemical procedures; minerals and trace elements, by inductively plasma optical emission spectrometry; pesticide residues, by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Main results show that the physicochemical composition of organic grape juices was in general in accordance to the Brazilian legislation. The mean concentrations of trace elements were very low, varying from 0.002 (Cd) to 0.970 (Ba) mg L–1. Pesticide residues were not detected in any sample analyzed (MRL= 10 μg L–1). These results show that the Serra Gaúcha viticultural region present conditions to produce organic grape juices, despite the adverse climate factors that occurs in some years. Nevertheless, these products should be made with grape varieties, such as the labrusca ones, less susceptibles to the main grapevine pathogens.

Viabilidad técnica para la producción industrial de abonos y enmiendas orgánicas mediante compostaje de orujo de oliva de dos fases o "alperujo" ; Nowadays, the main concern for the Spanish olive oil industry is the disposal of the huge amounts (about 5 Mt in the last olive oil campaign, 2010-2011) of the two-phase olive-mill waste or "alperujo" (AL) that it produces. Here, we have studied the technical feasibility of using composting to transform AL into commercial organic amendments and fertilisers. For this, six piles of 20 t each, prepared by mixing AL and either poultry (PM) or sheep manure (SM), were composted. In addition, Fe and P-enriched acidic mineral amendments were added at the beginning of the process in order to reduce alkalinisation and nitrogen losses. As composting proceeded, substantial organic matter degradation, progressive humification, increases of pH and germination indices and decreases in fats and water-soluble organic fractions were detected. Also, the addition of the mineral amendments was effective with regard to reducing the pH, water-soluble organic carbon and polyphenols, hemicellulose fraction and nitrogen losses. According to the Spanish legislation for fertiliser production (PRE/630/2011), the composts obtained were suitable for preparing commercial organic amendments and fertilisers within categories such as AL Compost, Humic Organic Amendment, Compost Organic Amendment and NPK Organic Fertiliser. Also, by mixing with organic and/or mineral fertilisers, the composts were optimal substrates for the production of 19 types of Organo-mineral Fertilisers, either as solid or liquid formulations. ; Peer reviewed

In developing countries, agriculture's burden is not just ensuring enough food for the people but also securing net income for the farmers to alleviate poverty and to conserve the environment at the same time. Consumption shift towards staples, particularly during economic crisis or pandemic, requires a policy that could make food growers respond to the demand appropriately. Initially, from soil science, an argument asserts that mixing organic and synthetic fertilisers can increase yield/productivity and be safe for the environment. Previous studies showed that, on average organic farming produced lower yield compared to conventional farming using synthetic fertilisers. The objective of this study was to investigate if the farming method using mixed fertilisers could outperform the conventional method. This study used the 2014 household survey data of paddy farmers in West Java, part of a more extensive survey on main agricultural sub-sectors conducted by Statistics Indonesia every ten years. Applying the Stochastic Frontier Analysis and the Generalised Linear Model, this study found that the combination of organic and synthetic fertilisers could yield an efficiency level as high as 9% over the conventional method. The Logit model results also showed that improving efficiency reduced the likelihood of farmer households being in a state of poverty. Therefore, the government should encourage farmers to apply the mixed fertiliser method rather than using only synthetic fertilisers.

The experiment on the mineral supplementation of the feed used for light breed avian youth was performed in concordance with the European Union legislation and applied the feeding and maintenance conditions specific to the organic system. According to the experimental organization scheme, an initial number of 150 chickens were randomly distributed in three experimental groups.

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic and mineral fertilization on collard green yield, and to assess the macro and micronutrient and heavy metal concentrations of its leaves to assess the potential hazards of manure use. Collard plants (Brassica oleracea var. acephala, cv. couve-manteiga) were grown in 4-L pots filled with a clay soil under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design used was completely randomized design and the treatments in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement: three N sources (pig slurry, poultry manure, and urea) and four N rates (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg kg-1), with four replicates. Collard greens leaves were harvested 70 days after seedling plantings. The manure application (pig slurry or poultry manure) resulted in collard yield equivalent to the application of mineral fertilizer. However, the pig slurry application resulted in an increase of leaf Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Pb concentrations. Nitrogen application rates up to 300 mg N kg-1 result in the higher yield and nutritional quality of collard leaves. The application of high rates of manure, especially pig slurry, results in the increase of heavy metal (Cd, Cr, and Pb) concentrations. However, the maximum concentrations of 0.042 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.034 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.030 mg kg-1 Pb are well lower than maximum daily intake limit established by the Brazilian legislation, indicating that the consumption of collards from organic production systems with the manure application can be considered safe and without risk to human health.