Suchergebnisse

A discussion of 2 basic models for conflict: (1) in which the phenomena are mutually exclusive, & (2) in which they are mutually incompatible. The existence of mutually exclusive or mutually incompatible phenomena is of no consequence unless differing values are attached to them by diff persons; & whether or not conflicting values will lead to the raising of an issue depends upon the relative amount of utility each party associates with the conflicting values. Information with respect to conflict, even when available, sometimes 'becomes a casualty of images.' A conflict paradigm based upon the amount of available information is presented, employing as basic variables the amount of information perceived by the parties to a conflict &the amount available to an objective observer. With 3 categories of information - exclusiveness & incompatibility does exist, does not exist, &uncertainty - & 6 patterns of agreement-disagreement between the parties based on these categories, 18 possible situations result. 3 types are singled out for discussion: (a) mutually exclusive or incompatible values exist & are recognized, (b) mutually exclusive or incompatible values are recognized by only one or neither party, & (c) values are not mutually exclusive or incompatible. It is suggested that techniques are needed to determine whether or not values are mutually exclusive or incompatible, & under what conditions information will be effective in modifying images. I. Taviss.

Conflict models taught in the classroom often highlight the need for "collaborative" conflict outcomes. This experiential exercise combined with a canvas tool helps participants frame the complexities of conflict to better understand these factors. Participants are encouraged to view a conflict situation "from the balcony," removing themselves from the emotional and competitive components associated with conflict. Participants are given a canvas or road map to help frame conflict situations, including understanding each party's viewpoint, motivations, and interpersonal histories. Specific instructions, example conflict vignettes, and guidance for debriefing the exercise are provided.

The pressing need to find new ways to settle social disputes and render them less destructive has led to a concern with the role that outsiders-or third parties-can play in the conflict resolution process. This book contributes to an increased understanding of the nature and activities of third parties in a wide range of conflict situations. Dr. Bercovitch first describes and interprets the major elements of the third-party intervention process, then provides an empirical examination of its structure and characteristics in settings as diverse as family struggles, labor-management problems, and international disputes. Throughout, he illustrates the dynamics of the process from the vantage point of the third parties themselves. Finally he points out the conditions most likely to strengthen this type of conflict management and discusses the means for determining the appropriate forms of intervention at different junctures of a dispute.

The author analyzes and compares the approaches of Russian parliamentary parties to understanding the causes and consequences of inter-ethnic conflicts and parties' reaction on conflicts. The article was written on the basis of content-analysis of parties' materials dedicated to accidents which took place in the towns of Salsk, Kondopoga and Stavropol in 2006-2007.

The professional health of a serviceman is the absence of diseases in the presence of a certain level of compensatory and protective mechanisms that ensure high combat effectiveness in the conditions of his professional activity. That is why the most important component of the national security system of our country is the protection and strengthening of the health of military personnel. In recent years, armed conflict has continued in the east of Ukraine. Therefore, today's urgent task is to study the features of comorbid diseases that may be primary to modern combat trauma in military personnel participating in the anti-terrorist operation / Joint Forces Operation (ATO / JFO). Comorbid diseases have a negative impact on the course of modern combat trauma, as well as combat trauma has a negative impact on the course of these diseases. The objective: to analyze the frequency of comorbid diseases in military personnel – participants in the ATO / JFO, depending on the presence of a closed craniocerebral injury (CTBI). Materials and methods. The study was performed in the Ukrainian Military Medical Academy based on the National Military Medical Clinical Center "Main Military Clinical Hospital" where 183 servicemen – participants of the ATO / JFO with arterial hypertension (AH) were examined. Patients were divided into two statistically homogeneous groups according to age: group I – 127 people who, while participating in the ATO / JFO, did not receive CTBI, group II – 56 people with such injury. Statistical analysis of the results was done by use of the standard statistical package STATISTICA 10.0 for Windows from StatSofr Inc. (USA) using parametric statistical methods. Results. In military personnel participating in the ATO/JFO, there was no correlation between the severity of hypertension and the presence of a cranio-cerebral injury. At the same time, in subjects with CTBI, there was an increase in the frequency of comorbid diseases of the nervous system and diseases of the ear and mammillary process and a ...

Within the international system, states frequently fight even when opponents have little or nothing to offer them. Yet, international relations scholars envision conflict as a means for states to acquire some amount of a desired good, and view bargaining through this lens. This paper presents a model in which war and conflict bargaining can serve as signals to potentially hostile third parties. The analysis indicates that states sometimes have incentives to bargain harder than they would otherwise, in order to conceal information from future enemies. This can lead to war, even when a peaceful settlement should be possible.

ABSTRACTThe growing commercialization of science has raised concerns about financial conflicts of interest (COIs). Evidence suggests that such conflicts threaten the integrity of research and the well‐being of research participants. Trying to minimize these negative effects, federal agencies, academic institutions, and publishers have developed conflict‐of‐interest policies. Among such policies, recommendations or requirements to disclose financial COIs to potential research participants and patients have become commonplace. Here, I argue that disclosing conflicts of interest to potential research participants fails to achieve the weighty moral goals that presumably ground such policies. This is so either because disclosure is simply a wrong means for achieving some of the goals in question or because, although disclosure could be an appropriate means for some of those goals, the way in which it is implemented prevents fulfillment of the desirable moral aim.