Suchergebnisse

Usporednom analizom prikaza libacije s urni (dolina Une) i drugoga relevantnog činjeničnog repertoara (sveukupna figuralivnost na urnama, pokop) zaključuje se o strukturi: a) funrralne žrtve, b) funcralnog rituala u cjelini i c) cshatološkog koncepta u japodskoj prolopovijesnoj zajednici. U morfologiji žrtve ukomponiran je odraz temeljnih društvenih vrednota i sam eshatološki koncept. Vrednote naglašavaju bitnost vrhovnog autoriteta u japodskoj kulturi, koji se zasniva na spoju profanih (političkih, ratničkih i dr.) i sakralnih funkcija (kult). Lik ratnika, koji je izvršitelj libacije (i sudionik banketa i Posljednjeg putovanja), najkonkretnije oslikava ovu društvenu sintezu, njezin prijenos i kvalitativno (simboličko) obogaćenje u kultu mrtvih. U rekonstruiranom (konstruiranom) tijeku funcralne japodske prakse i vjerovanja ističe se: žrtva libacije, banket, procesija žena, procesija ratnika- konjanika i, napokon, Posljednje putovanje. Uhvatljivi tragovi japodskoga cshatološkog koncepta govore o: a) blagotvornom djelovanju vode kao žrtvene tvari na pokojnika i njegovu dušu, b) odlasku pokojnika u onostanosl preko akvaličkih ili zemno/podzemnih sfera, c) konceptu duše kao svojevrsnom hibridu (dvojstvu) materijalnoga i duhovnoga, i d) postojanju kategorije besmrtnosti, koja se vjerojatno zamišljala u nebeskim sferama.

Interpretacija Neiztrohnjenega srca govori za to, da je pesnik uporabil aparat krščanske veroizpovedi, da bi po analogiji s sodnim dnem opozoril na tisto, kar bo po koncu časov najbolj vidnega ostalo od človeštva: pesem, predvsem pa njen tvorec. Pri tem je globoko posegel po arzenalih, ki mu jih je nudilo njegovo znanje pesništva. Besedilo je artikuliral v romantični perspektivi, vendar zgolj toliko, da je iz filozofije gibanja potegnil premiso, s katero je pesem postavil v brezčasen prostor poslednje sodbe. Domnevati smemo, da je ob izteku ustvarjalne moči France Prešeren poemo napisal zato, da bi razodel širši smisel bivanja, tudi in predvsem zanamcem. Njeno sporočilo bi bilo, da si ob sodnem dnevu skupina idealiziranih posameznikov, sicer posvečenih v temeljno skrivnost, prizadeva obeležiti pokop mrliča, zadnjega v vrsti mislečega človeka. Pri tem jih vodi načelo, da naj se ta poslednji, k večnemu počitku položeni posameznik pomiri s kozmično celoto, tako da ji prepusti nedoumljivo skrivnost stvarstva: »pesmi večne«. S tem je krog sklenjen in opravilo človeka na Zemlji – ob zadnji sodbi – poveličano prav v tistem, kar si je za življenjski poklic izbral avtor elegične pesnitve. V tem smislu je pesnitev njegova najintimnejša duhovna oporoka in ključno napotilo, kako brati ter razumevati Poezije in zagonetnost njihovega avtorja.

U sklopu projekta Arheološka baština Baranje proveden je nastavak istraživanja nalazišta Batina–Sredno na kojem su u prethodnim istraživanjima otkriveni paljevinski grobovi daljske grupe iz kasnoga brončanog i početka starijega željeznog doba te biritualna rimska nekropola. Površina istraživanja nalazila se uz rub surduka koji položaj groblja dijeli od naselja na Gracu. Osim otkrića ravnoga paljevinskog groba daljske grupe, započelo se s istraživanjem tumula 1 u kojem je pronađen bogato opremljeni grob s keramičkim simpozijalnim servisom i dijelovima konjske opreme koji ukazuju na pokop istaknutog člana zajednice s kraja 8. i početka 7. stoljeća pr. Kr. Rimski paljevinski grobovi tipa bustum sadržavali su priloge keramičkih posuda i metalnih te koštanih predmeta koji ih datiraju u doba Severa. Rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su kako je Batina iznimno arheološko nalazište koje pruža vrijedne podatke o kraju kasnoga brončanog i početku starijega željeznog doba u hrvatskom Podunavlju te spoznaje o životu na baranjskom dijelu limesa. ; Within the project entitled «The Archaeological Heritage of Baranja» the excavations were continued at the Batina-Sredno site, which had yielded cremation graves of the Dalj group and a biritual Roman necropolis. The excavated area lay adjacent to the edge of the gully dividing the Sredno site from the settlement at Gradac. In addition to the discovery of a grave of the Dalj group (Fig. 9), the excavations were commenced of tumulus 1, which yielded a richly furnished grave measuring 4.5 x 4.5 m, 2 m deep (Fig. 4), dug through the fills of the tumulus. The timber grave chamber contained a ceramic set decorated with motifs executed with thin plates of bronze and tin (Fig. 5–6), as well as items of horse gear (Fig. 7–8), pointing to the burial of a prominent member of the community from the end of the 8th and the beginning of the 7th cent. BC. Sondages 11-13 yielded a ditch characterized by a cross-section in the shape of elongated letter V (Fig. 11), presumably a trench of a temporary military camp. Cremation graves of the bustum type, furnished with ceramic vessels and metal and bone objects that date them to the Severan period, were dug into the fill of the ditch (Fig. 13–15). The results of the excavations corroborated the importance of Batina as a site that provides valuable information about the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Early Iron Age in the Croatian Danube basin and our understanding of the life in the Baranja section of the limes.

Le volume Il diritto alla sepoltura nel Mediterraneo antico a été publié en février 2021 aux éditions de l'École française de Rome, sous la direction de Reine-Marie Bérard (CNRS, Centre Camille Jullian). Ce recueil d'articles est issu de trois journées d'étude organisées à l'École française de Rome par l'éditrice scientifique lorsqu'elle en était membre scientifique. Trois chapitres reprennent les thématiques complémentaires de ces journées : recrutement des défunts (3 articles), statut juridiqu …

[EN] Based on the case study of the process of exhumation, reburial and territorial demarcation of two mass graves of women killed by Francoism in Candeleda (Ávila) and Grazalema (Cádiz), this article accounts for the processes and tensions around mass graves as sites of memory. Different forms of interpreting the ritualization of significative moments during the recovery of bodies of the executed by Francoism are discussed, as well as the tensions around dominant sites of memory and the mass grave after the exhumation. Also, these cases allow us to analyze dominant narratives around violence against women, their possible political involvement, as well as the ways to conceive and represent them implemented by civil society and institutions in those processes. ; [ES] A partir del estudio de caso de la exhumación, reinhumación y demarcación territorial como lugar de memoria de dos fosas de mujeres represaliadas en la retaguardia sublevada y franquista en Candeleda (Ávila) y Grazalema (Cádiz), el presente artículo da cuenta de los procesos y tensiones que transitan las fosas comunes como lugares de memoria. Se ponen en cuestión aquí diferentes formas de interpretar la ritualización de los momentos significativos de recuperación de los cuerpos de los ejecutados/as por el franquismo, y de las tensiones en torno a lugares de memoria dominantes y la fosa común después de la exhumación. Estos casos nos permitirán analizar también las narrativas dominantes en torno a la(s) violencia(s) contra las mujeres, su posible compromiso político, así como las formas de concebirlas y representarlas que se ponen en marcha tanto desde la sociedad civil como desde las instituciones en estos procesos

International audience The article discusses chronologically important things from the finds belonging to the steppenomads of the Post-Hunnic periods in Eastern Europe, from the Urals to the Lower Danube (mid 5th – mid 6th centuries):weapons, horse equipment, elements of costume, jewelry. It should be noted that very similar types of these thingsprevail across the entire steppe area during the Post-Hunnic time, indicating the steppe nomad cultural homogeneity,regardless of their origin and ethnicity. Some things from the steppe graves of the time have a wider date and existuntil the 7th century. Some things are typical for the early stage of the Post-Hunnic horizon, i.e. time around themiddle – the second half of the 5th century. On the other hand, some things mark the end of the Post-Hunnic era anddate back to the middle or second half of the 6th century. The date for most of the things examined here is establishedby external analogies, known in vast territories, which include the Western European and Balkan-Danubian regions.There the reasoned chronology of antiquities of the 5th – 6th centuries was developed, which is based on numerouscoin finds and also on dendrochronology. Equally important for the chronology of steppe antiquities are analogsderived from the monuments of the sedentary population of the steppe borderlands, where there are numerousclosed complexes. First of all, these are monuments of the North Caucasus, and the Crimea, on the chronology ofwhich there are numerous studies. Some of the things we have considered belong to the prestigious "princely"culture and are of Mediterranean or Asian origin and thus reflect the cultural, military and political, economic tiesof the steppe population and political orientation of the steppe "princely" elites in the Early Middle Ages.Key words: Eastern Europe, Post-Hunnic periods, steppe, nomads, chronology.

В данной работе сопоставлены результаты антропологических исследований и сведения о захоронениях лошадейв могильниках самбийско-натангийской культуры (культура Доллькайм-Коврово). Привлечение данных антропологи-ческого анализа из некрополей Митино и Заостровье-1 показывает, что для меровингского времени и начала эпохивикингов связь конских захоронений исключительно с мужскими могилами не является бесспорной. Конские захо-ронения сопровождают здесь мужские, женские и детские погребения. Присутствие коня в погребениях самбийско-натангийской культуры, несомненно, являлось и социальным маркером, а в римское время было связано в первую оче-редь с воинскими погребальными ритуалами. В начале средневековья обычай погребения коня «демократизируется»и получает широкое распространение. Наличие коней в погребениях продолжает играть роль социального индикатора,но теперь показательным является не сам факт присутствие коня, а их количество. ; International audience his paper compares the results of anthropological research and information about the burial of horses in the burialgrounds of the Sambian-Natangian civilisation (Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture). The inclusion of anthropological analysis datafrom the cemeteries of Mitino and Zaostrovye-1 shows that for the Merovingian period and the beginning of the Vikingperiod, the connection of horse burials exclusively with male graves is not certain. Horse burials are accompanied here bymale, female and children's burials. Presence of a horse in the burials of Sambian-Natangian culture was undoubtedly a socialmarker, and Roman period was associated primarily with military funerary rituals. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, thecustom of burying a horse was "democratized" and widely used. However, presence of horses in burials continues to play therole of a social indicator, but now it is not the presence of the horse that is indicative, but their number.

The detailed study of Musarna's Greek necropoles drew attention to a particular type of tomb, identified by archeologists of the 19th century under the term tomba a cassone. These tombs are cubic pits, crushed directly into the tuf, usually large in size. Apart from the various internal arrangements — whether individual or double, burial or incinerating — they always have a similar plan and the same structural characteristics. While initially this type of fall seemed to be a phenomenon exclusively in Musarna and its surroundings, we identified 83 'Musarna type' casing tombs distributed throughout the Tarquinian territory; their dissemination, limited to the end of the eve and the beginning of the third century, is closely linked to the change in the political situation in Tarquinia on the eve of the last conflict against Rome. This article provides an initial inventory of this 'new' typology, as these sepultures have never been the subject of detailed studies, although several of them have delivered rich funeral furniture, comparable to that of the large aristocratic tombs. ; The study of Musarna's Hellenistic necropolis has drawn attention to a particular type of grave, identified by 19th-century archaeologists as tomba a cassone. Those large cube-shaped pits are dug into the tufa bedrock and apart from various internal arrangements –single or double burials, inhumation or cremations– they always have a similar layout and same structural characteristics. This type of grave was thought to be attested exclusively in Musarna and its surroundings but we have registered 83 graves a cassone of 'Musarna type', distributed throughout the Tarquinian territory. The diffusion of these graves is limited to the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd century BC proves to be closely connected to the creation of small oppida in the hinterland of the Etruscan metropolis on the eve of the last conflict against Rome. This article aims to make a first inventory of this 'new' typology, as these graves have never been ...

The storage of solid urban waste in Algeria has been the subject of remarkable regulatory developments in recent years. Law 01-19 of 12 December 2001 requires the safe and environmentally sound disposal of waste. Respect for the environment implies, in fact, a 'technological leap' in the design of landfill facilities, which are regarded as a competitive and reliable technique in relation to other waste disposal routes, when they are designed in accordance with good engineering practice. The aim of the proposed study is to determine the optimum conditions for the burial of solid urban waste. It is based on the expertise of two technical burial centres, one located in Ouled Fayet (Algiers) and the other in Biskra. The specific features of these TCEs are that they are comparable at the design level but are located in two completely different climate zones, wet (Mediterranean) for the former, and arid (Sahara) for the second. The work we present in this article includes an experimental part (physicochemical characterisation of waste and leachate analysis) and a theoretical part (numerical modelling of water balance). ; International audience ; The storage of solid urban waste in Algeria has been the subject of remarkable regulatory developments in recent years. Law 01-19 of 12 December 2001 requires the safe and environmentally sound disposal of waste. Respect for the environment implies, in fact, a 'technological leap' in the design of landfill facilities, which are regarded as a competitive and reliable technique in relation to other waste disposal routes, when they are designed in accordance with good engineering practice. The aim of the proposed study is to determine the optimum conditions for the burial of solid urban waste. It is based on the expertise of two technical burial centres, one located in Ouled Fayet (Algiers) and the other in Biskra. The specific features of these TCEs are that they are comparable at the design level but are located in two completely different climate zones, wet (Mediterranean) for ...

[EN] The following Expert Court Report is based on the experience of research of the signatories in relation to the exhumations of mass graves of the Civil War (1936-1939) and the postwar period, in the context of the "movement for the recovery of historical memory" that is taking place in Spain since 2000. This movement has focused its demands on the search of the missing persons and has launched a cycle of exhumations of mass graves derived from the Civil War and the Dictatorship. In this Report, the exhumations of the 21st century are used as indicators of the persistence over time of the politics and cultures of fear installed in Spanish society, beyond the deep political and institutional transformations that occurred in the country after the death of Francisco Franco. It was presented as part of the documentation of Fausto Canales' Laws uit against Spain on September 15th, 2012 in the European Court of Human Rights. ; [ES] El siguiente informe pericial se basa en la experiencia de investigación de los firmantes en exhumaciones de fosas comunes de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) y la postguerra, en el contexto del "movimiento para la recuperación de la memoria histórica" que está teniendo lugar en España desde el año 2000. Este movimiento ciudadano ha centrado sus demandas en la búsqueda de desaparecidos y ha puesto en marcha un ciclo de exhumaciones de fosas comunes producidas en el contexto bélico y en la dictadura franquista. En este peritaje se utilizan las exhumaciones del siglo XXI como indicadores de la persistencia en el tiempo de las políticas y culturas del miedo instaladas en la sociedad española, más allá de las profundas transformaciones políticas e institucionales acaecidas en el país tras la muerte de Francisco Franco. Fue presentado como parte de la documentación de la demanda de Fausto Canales contra España el 15 de septiembre de 2012 en el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos.

Landfill of waste has always been the most dominant method of disposal in Algeria. The technical nature of this activity has increased significantly since the enactment of Law 01-19-2001 on waste management. For example, there has been a shift from a long period of wild-cleaning to the controlled landfill and then to the technical burial centre (CET). The latter must allow the final disposal of solid waste in a safe manner by minimising the impact on the environment and public health. The search for suitable sites must therefore comply not only with the technical and environmental criteria (sealing of the soil and treatment of liquid and gaseous effluents), but also with the planning and urban planning guidelines. As a result, spatial planning and urban planning instruments must provide for a land portfolio for future landfills. The aim is to limit the proliferation of anarchic depots and other landfills. This work consists, in the first place, in understanding the scope of these instruments and the objectives attributed to them through a critical reading. Secondly, it aims to assess the take-up of TECs by these instruments in the case of the agglomeration of Algecirise. ; International audience Landfilling has always been the most common form of treatment in Algeria.The technical nature of this activity has increased considerably since the promulgation of law 01-19-2001 on waste management. Thus, we have passed from the uncontrolled discharge, which is practiced for a long time, to controlled discharge and then to the technical landfill (TL). This latter must allow the final disposal of solid waste in a safe manner, minimizing environmental and public health impacts.The search for suitable sites must not only meet the technical and environmental criteria (waterproofing of the soil and treatment of liquid and gaseous effluents), but also, territorial and urban planning orientations. As a result, territorial and urban planning instruments must provide for a land portfolio for future landfill centers.The aim is to ...

International audience This article contrasts the ways in which the memories of the Khmer Rouge genocide have been constructed at different levels and at different periods since the 1980s. Various actors have been involved in this construction, such as the ruling Cambodian People's Party, the Khmer Rouge Court sponsored by the United Nations since 2007, and Cambodian villagers. This has led to numerous misunderstandings and discrepancies regarding the trial of the former Khmer Rouge leaders. The current research is based on ethnographic fieldwork undertaken in a village in the province of Pursat. It shows how the villagers have taken care of the human remains from the state-sponsored memorials and of the mass graves (that is to say, of the unknown bodies). The article shows how the Khmer popular religious system is instrumental in forging a memory of the dead of the Pol Pot regime and in healing social suffering.

The rise of the state in Ancient Italy went hand in hand with an increase in infrastructural power, i.e., settlement centralization and urbanization. The paper discusses theoretical challenges and introduces a modeling approach to a case study, one of the earliest cities in Southern Italy, Pontecagnano, with the aim of understanding the community dynamics at the time of the earliest urbanization (ca. 900–600 BC). The model is a two-mode model that derives from social network analysis, an approach that has been fruitfully adapted to archaeological research. The model is applied to detect trends in burial contexts from the community involved. Burial was, at that time, in the region, a key instrument in the creation of memory and display of status and thus for building and consolidating state power. The analytical network model is able to detect the dynamics in the community over time very well: network Cohesion is expanding and contracting, and points to the existence of tension and a tight control of funerary behavior. The study of Centrality of selected nodes provides a good understanding of the strategies in terms of the circulation of key resources. The latter is particularly significant for studying urbanization because the appropriation of resources was not possible without centralization and the development of infrastructure, as well as an ideology. Based on the study of selected resources, it is suggested that an increase in crop storage has played a particular role in the development of state power and the urbanization process at Pontecagnano. In due course, the paper also addresses methodological challenges of working with fragmented datasets when applying models to study the past.