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The 'scored consumer' is just one example of many generic developments in and around big data, entailing potential conflicts with the fundamental right to privacy. In this paper, we will discuss the relation between elements of the big data debate and the issue of privacy, and we will exemplify the challenges arising by looking into the details of credit scoring. The current challenges originate predominantly from socio-technical developments during recent decades, which will continue to unfold over the coming years. Three of these socio-technical and techno-economic-driven developments are digitisation, big data and the Internet of things. These developments are very relevant to all of us, as they are supposed to change - and have already changed - our lives profoundly.

The effects of WWII on home & family life are explored, using Chicago, IL, as a case study. During the war, the federal government stressed the importance of home front duties by its citizens for the support of the armed forces. Wartime rationing, civil defense drills, & work & government production schedules led to a loss of privacy & less control of personal time, which resulted in changes in personal behavior & family life. These conditions help to explain the postwar "return to the home" movement, which brought a renewed emphasis to domesticity & personal freedom. 5 Figures. J. Ferrari

Today almost any kind of User Generated Content (UGC) can be situated within
a geographic context. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) can include
many types of UGC, such as georeferenced photographs, social media and text,
geographic data themselves, etc. There are legal, privacy and ethical issues raised
by VGI, and at present these are not very well studied or understood despite the
rise in popularity of VGI. This chapter will discuss, investigate and define some of the most prominent issues related to the legal, privacy and ethics topic within
VGI. The chapter argues that these issues are not well understood by all of the
actors in VGI, and in particular by the producers of this information as well as
the users or consumers of this new data source. Creating a better understanding
of these issues will be very important in the future development and evolution
of VGI in society.

Digital inequalities research has investigated who engages in online political participation, finding gaps along socioeconomic variables such as gender and education. Recent research has also highlighted how online platforms may facilitate political participation. Especially for multi-purpose platforms such as Facebook, where users are supposed to use their real names, issues of adequate self-presentation arise. The diversity of multiple audiences engenders privacy concerns, particularly when controversial political issues are discussed. We add to existing research on digital inequalities by focusing on privacy concerns as a critical construct. Using a survey of German Internet users, we test the effect of privacy concerns on online political participation. Unexpectedly, privacy concerns increase political participation. As privacy concerns are spread evenly throughout the population, they contribute little to the socioeconomic stratification of online political participation. Social media use, however, exerts a strong positive effect on political participation, and differs significantly among socioeconomic groups.

The authors contend that public intervention is the key to fulfillment of digital democracy's promise. Basic components of liberal & digital democracy are described. An argument for governmental empowerment of digital information dissemination cites economic, contextual, marketing, & subjectivity issues. Policy considerations such as privacy protection & access to infrastructure, public information, & services are listed. Details of the cultural, educational, & sexual composition of Internet users are included. There is examination of international gaps in technological access & changes in information-access policies. Exemplification of ways in which public actions may promote digital democracy includes specific methods for providing information & elucidation of laws concerning public access to data. Also considered are pivotal actions in the liberalization & sponsorship of telecommunications, including such US policies as the Electronic Freedom of Information Act & the High Performance Computer Act. Government roles in promoting public awareness & enthusiasm for computer use, system design promotion, & organization are assessed. 1 Table, 21 References. M. C. Leary

Investigates the political thought of John Locke, an influential figure in the contemporary debate on the private (vs public). Drawing on analyses of the 1689 works Epistola de Tolerantia (A Letter on Toleration), The Two Treatises of Government, & Essay concerning Human Understanding, common themes in Locke's development of the private are identified, among them, the existence of private property, private property as the individual's human body, & intellectual privacy. While Locke's use of intellectually private applied to the defense of Christian Protestants in their right to practice religion without state intervention, his ideas about tolerance & privacy have modern relevance. J. Sadler

Investigates the political thought of John Locke, an influential figure in the contemporary debate on the private (vs public). Drawing on analyses of the 1689 works Epistola de Tolerantia (A Letter on Toleration), The Two Treatises of Government, & Essay concerning Human Understanding, common themes in Locke's development of the private are identified, among them, the existence of private property, private property as the individual's human body, & intellectual privacy. While Locke's use of intellectually private applied to the defense of Christian Protestants in their right to practice religion without state intervention, his ideas about tolerance & privacy have modern relevance. J. Sadler

Explores a nonexceptional mode of counterknowledge for the human sciences with sources in Gaston Bachelard & the poetics of the imagination. The argument is for a sort of knowledge that passes through the immediacy & privacy of memory traces. This idea of knowledge involves temporalizing knowledge-creation, instead of understanding it through the static categories. Bachelard's The Poetics of Space (1969) is drawn on to show how the problem of knowledge is reconceived through a phenomenology of the imagination, which is understood as a spatially constituted complex of memory traces. Bachelard's imagination is spatial because the spatial complex of memory traces constitutes a sort of architectonic & because its assumptions of privacy & intimate space are spatial. Most important, it is spatial in that memory is like a dwelling place; it is a "house of memory" in which lived time is lived space. Memory, as the private (housed) space of childhood daydreams, as the intimate space of memory, is experienced as a shelter & a place for the well-being of the self. 31 References. V. Rios

Analyzes the expansion of freedom of information laws in various countries, & assesses their effectiveness in government accountability to its citizenry. Increased access to public documents results in enhanced possibilities for citizens; however, the right to obtain government information is limited by privacy rights & state interests. The information laws across countries -- including the US, France, & Italy -- reveal changes in the relationship between citizens & governments. Information laws are considered important for government accountability, & their capacity for enhanced citizen participation is contemplated. 11 Tables, 3 Figures. L. Collins Leigh

Discusses the potential of various sensory-enhancing technologies in terrorist situations & the legal & constitutional questions raised by their use. The utility & efficiency of ambient light magnification, audio amplification, infrared lighting, & radar are compared. The potential for abuse of Fourth Amendment privacy rights, as seen in the 1967 Katz v. US case, & the legal implications of specific applications of these technologies in "classic" (drug interdiction) & "nonclassic" (counterterrorist) situations are assessed. It is shown how courts rely on passive vs penetrative technology distinctions to resolve these issues & how improvements in technology could provide a more accurate audio & visual record of terrorist incidents. These distinctions may influence the development & marketing of future sensory-enhancing technologies. T. Arnold

Explores implications of the new "war on terror" for antiglobalization efforts, particularly for its human rights agenda. Following the terrorist attacks against the US on 11 Sept 2001, a tightened US security agenda & enactment of legislation like the Patriot Act have had dire effects on civil liberties & other human rights, including freedom of speech & assembly & the right to privacy. Ways that civil liberties have typically been restricted during previous periods of wartime are reviewed & the interdependence of human rights & national/international security is discussed. Ways that the human rights community can develop a new agenda acknowledging this interdependence are suggested, emphasizing the importance of considering (1) the limits of imposing human rights from the outside, (2) human rights opportunities & the political realities of the major powers, & (3) the appropriate means toward human rights ends. Directions toward the development of a new "human rights realism" in the globalized economy are outlined. K. Hyatt Stewart

Analyzes the processes of identity formation among working-class female students of Algerian descent in France, drawing on 1989/90 observations of two classes (total N = 48 students) & interviews with students & school personnel in the vocational Lycee Lurcat in Paris. It is shown that mass media have constructed girls of Algerian descent as a possible bridge between the French & immigrant worlds. Given the pressure produced by such explicit positioning in the public culture, it is suggested that these girls find school to be a kind of hiding place in which to conduct the work of identity formation in relative privacy. Contrary to simply assimilating, however, it is found that the girls actively engage in positioning themselves within, between, & against different discourses. Moreover, their particular position at the nexus of several conflicting discourses, the media, xenophobia, & racism of the French culture & of their parents, creates the possibility of critical insights & the formation of a rebellious consciousness. It is suggested that scholars move beyond representations of a homogeneous Euro-American notion of womanhood. D. M. Smith

Looks at the US Supreme Court's alleged loss of legitimacy as a result of Bush v. Gore to argue that such claims are greatly inflated. It is maintained that the Court's intervention in the 2000 presidential election did not involve substantive issues on a par with privacy rights or abortion. Rather, the "one-of-a-kind" decision was consistent with the Court's institutional role, ended the election dispute, & restored stability to the political system. Sociological, psychological, & legal meanings of the word legitimacy are explored by examining public attitudes toward the Court, historical periods in which the Court's authority was questioned, & theories of sources of the Court's authority. Bush v. Gore is compared to Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, in which the Court refused to reverse its precedent in Roe v. Wade on the ground that it would undermine the Court's legitimacy. Both cases involved a divisive national controversy; however, the election debate needed a final resolution, while the abortion debate remained an intensely controversial issue for decades without destroying the legitimacy of the Court. J. Lindroth