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http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rfsp_0035-2950_1999_num_49_6_395426 ; Depuis que les États-Unis attirent l'attention des théoriciens de la démocratie, la propension des Américains à former des associations fait l'objet de nombreux commentaires. Leur " art de s'associer ", cette capacité à se réunir sans attendre une initiative de l'État pour mettre en œuvre ensemble les projets les plus divers, est considéré comme l'un des fondements de la culture civique, indispensable au système démocratique. Rendant compte de La démocratie en Amé­rique, Tocqueville écrivait : " Les sentiments et les idées ne se renouvellent, le cœur ne s'agrandit et l'esprit humain ne se développe que par l'action réciproque des hommes les uns sur les autres (.).

http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rfsp_0035-2950_1999_num_49_6_395426 ; Depuis que les États-Unis attirent l'attention des théoriciens de la démocratie, la propension des Américains à former des associations fait l'objet de nombreux commentaires. Leur " art de s'associer ", cette capacité à se réunir sans attendre une initiative de l'État pour mettre en œuvre ensemble les projets les plus divers, est considéré comme l'un des fondements de la culture civique, indispensable au système démocratique. Rendant compte de La démocratie en Amé­rique, Tocqueville écrivait : " Les sentiments et les idées ne se renouvellent, le cœur ne s'agrandit et l'esprit humain ne se développe que par l'action réciproque des hommes les uns sur les autres (.).

La volatilité des prix du porc est élevée en comparaison des volatilités observées sur les principales matières premières agricoles. Cependant, les éleveurs de porcs ne bénéficient aujourd'hui d'aucun soutien des politiques publiques agricoles. Par leur mode de production en continu, les producteurs parviennent naturellement à obtenir un prix moyen en vendant régulièrement sur le marché physique. Pour autant, une gestion asymétrique des risques de prix serait en mesure d'accroître l'utilité attendue des producteurs de porcs adverse au risque. Mais, s'il existe aujourd'hui un contrat à terme européen (EUREX), il n'y a pas de marché d'option et, en conséquence, pas de contrats dérivés sur le marché du porc européen. L'article décrit comment les intermédiaires financiers pourraient offrir un contrat dérivés novateur en complément de la « naturelle » stabilisation des prix déjà réalisée par les producteurs de porcs français.

The essence of "force-majeure circumstances" has been determined, the legislative acts, which regulate them as well as natural disasters, which give impact on agreement relations between business entities have been considered. Documentation of force-majeure making facts has been offered. ; Визначено сутність "форс-мажорних обставин", розглянуто, які законодавчі акти їх регулюють, а також як стихійні лиха впливають на договірні відносини між суб'єктами господарювання. Запропоновано налагодження процесів документування фактів здійснення форс-мажору.

In the article, the author considers the property interests of manufacturers of television format. Determines who can be a television format manufacturer.The producer should have exclusive rights only on those objects-elements used in the television format, as well as on objects created by him in person. Object-elements or parts thereof created during the production of a teleformat but for various reasons not included in the television format as a whole should belong exclusively to their au­thors. If the producer wishes to acquire rights also for objects (works) that are not in­cluded in the format, he will need to conclude certain relevant contracts for these works or parts of them. The only exception to this rule may be the case of granting rights to use individual items-elements for television-format advertising.Since the authors of the teleformat have a director, scriptwriter, and author of a spe­cially created musical composition for a format, the owner of the whole set of property rights to the television format (in accordance with the contract) is its producer, which may be any person, including legal, which took the initiative and responsibility for the production of such a work, but only within the use of a particular teleformat.It should be borne in mind that television format may include objects that have differ­ent terms of legal protection (for example, copyrights and rights of performers), which are subject to a different calculation procedure and have different legal regimes.It is expedient to see the television studio and producers see the position that when using a complex object, the person who arranged for its creation has the right to indicate his name, name or pseudonym. Note: this is already widely practiced on television.It should be emphasized that among persons who are not subjects of copyright to the teleformat, but can dispose of the rights of authors, there are organizations for collective management of intellectual property rights. As stated in the legal litera­ture, the collective management of intellectual property rights is the most effective mechanism of legal regulation of the circulation of various objects of copyright with their large-scale use.The main disadvantage of collective management of property rights in accordance with the provisions of Articles 47 (Part 3), 48 (Part 2, 3) of the Law of Ukraine «On Copyright and Related Rights» is the existence in the legislation of the simultaneous provision of the exclusive nature of property rights and the model «Advanced Collec­tive Management of Intellectual Property Rights». We believe that the existence in one copyright and legal system of two mutually exclusive legal institutions is a signif­icant obstacle for the normal realization of the subjects of copyright relations of their subjective rights. ; В статье рассмотрены имущественные интересы производителей телевизионного формата. Определено, кто может быть производителем телеви­зионного формата. Исследованы законодательные положения, призванные защи­щать права и имущественные интересы продюсеров аудиовизуальных произведе­ний (в том числе и телевизионных форматов). Акцентировано внимание на пра­вах авторов и исполнителей. ; У статті розглянуто майнові інтереси виробників телевізійного формату. Визначено, хто може бути виробником телевізійного формату. Досліджено законодав­чі положення, покликані захищати права та майнові інтереси продюсерів аудіовізу­альних творів (у тому числі й телевізійних форматів). Закцентовано увагу на правах авторів і виконавців.

У статті розглянуто майнові інтереси виробників телевізійного формату. Визначено, хто може бути виробником телевізійного формату. Досліджено законодав­чі положення, покликані захищати права та майнові інтереси продюсерів аудіовізу­альних творів (у тому числі й телевізійних форматів). Закцентовано увагу на правах авторів і виконавців. ; В статье рассмотрены имущественные интересы производителей телевизионного формата. Определено, кто может быть производителем телеви­зионного формата. Исследованы законодательные положения, призванные защи­щать права и имущественные интересы продюсеров аудиовизуальных произведе­ний (в том числе и телевизионных форматов). Акцентировано внимание на пра­вах авторов и исполнителей. ; In the article, the author considers the property interests of manufacturers of television format. Determines who can be a television format manufacturer.The producer should have exclusive rights only on those objects-elements used in the television format, as well as on objects created by him in person. Object-elements or parts thereof created during the production of a teleformat but for various reasons not included in the television format as a whole should belong exclusively to their au­thors. If the producer wishes to acquire rights also for objects (works) that are not in­cluded in the format, he will need to conclude certain relevant contracts for these works or parts of them. The only exception to this rule may be the case of granting rights to use individual items-elements for television-format advertising.Since the authors of the teleformat have a director, scriptwriter, and author of a spe­cially created musical composition for a format, the owner of the whole set of property rights to the television format (in accordance with the contract) is its producer, which may be any person, including legal, which took the initiative and responsibility for the production of such a work, but only within the use of a particular teleformat.It should be borne in mind that television format may include objects that have differ­ent terms of legal protection (for example, copyrights and rights of performers), which are subject to a different calculation procedure and have different legal regimes.It is expedient to see the television studio and producers see the position that when using a complex object, the person who arranged for its creation has the right to indicate his name, name or pseudonym. Note: this is already widely practiced on television.It should be emphasized that among persons who are not subjects of copyright to the teleformat, but can dispose of the rights of authors, there are organizations for collective management of intellectual property rights. As stated in the legal litera­ture, the collective management of intellectual property rights is the most effective mechanism of legal regulation of the circulation of various objects of copyright with their large-scale use.The main disadvantage of collective management of property rights in accordance with the provisions of Articles 47 (Part 3), 48 (Part 2, 3) of the Law of Ukraine «On Copyright and Related Rights» is the existence in the legislation of the simultaneous provision of the exclusive nature of property rights and the model «Advanced Collec­tive Management of Intellectual Property Rights». We believe that the existence in one copyright and legal system of two mutually exclusive legal institutions is a signif­icant obstacle for the normal realization of the subjects of copyright relations of their subjective rights.

The subject of the study is peculiarities of statistical provision of processes of management of objects of state property and institutional support of the national producer at the expense of the state order. The purpose of the article is the author's vision of the peculiarities of statistical provision of management of state–owned objects and the implementation of state orders in the economy of Ukraine, as well as directions for its improvement. Methodology of the work – is the position of the institutional theory, the theory of governance, the Keynesian concept. On the basis of a systematic approach using methods of analysis and synthesis, the deficiencies of statistical provision in the field of management of state–owned objects and the execution of state orders in the Ukrainian economy were identified, and proposals were made for its improvement. The results of the work is the strengthening of the role of the state in the conditions of the rapid development of globalization processes and the necessity of proper statistical provision of management activity is argued. The estimation of the state and the shortcomings of the statistical provision of management of state–owned objects and state orders in the economy of Ukraine was made, measures were identified to improve it. Conclusions – for proper statistical, informational and analytical support for the management of state–owned objects and the execution of a state order, it is necessary to carry out a complex of measures for streamlining the current legislation in the field of public procurement and public procurement, clarifying the methodological provisions in the field of management of objects located in the state and communal property, increasing attention to the statistical monitoring of the functioning of objects involved in the field of public–private partnership.

Mountain environments have long been the place and target of so-called partnership research policies, which focus on approaches to co-build research issues between development actors, professionals and scientists. Research into the French dairy sectors in the Alps and the Jura is exemplary to this situation. Taking the example of dairy microbiology and the emergence of the concept of 'microbial terroir' in the Alps and the Jura, I propose in this article that the following question be answered: how do we produce knowledge in the Alpine context? In the first part, I will present the different forms taken by this collaborative research since the 1960s. In a second part, I will show how the concept of 'microbial terroir' has emerged within these research systems, and I will develop the idea that such participatory research remains a minority form of development of microbiology knowledge. I will base this work on an analysis of the reflex literature published by these various research projects, as well as on scientometric analyses and archive work carried out between 2016 and 2020 in the Northern Alps. ; Les environnements de montagne sont de longue date le lieu et la cible de politiques de recherches dites partenariales, qui privilégient des approches en co-construction de problématiques de recherche, entre acteurs du développement, professionnels et scientifiques. Les recherches portant sur les filières laitières françaises des Alpes et du Jura sont exemplaires de cette situation. En prenant l'exemple de la microbiologie laitière et l'émergence de la notion de « terroir microbien » dans les Alpes et le Jura, je propose dans cet article de répondre à la question suivante : comment produit-on du savoir en contexte alpin ? Dans une première partie, je présenterai les différentes formes prises par ces recherches collaboratives depuis les années 1960. Dans une seconde partie, je montrerai comment la notion de « terroir microbien » a pu émerger au sein de ces dispositifs de recherche et je développerai l'idée que ces ...

Some statistics are being developed in a coherent movement which includes both administrative management objectives, political projects and intellectual projects. This was particularly the case for criminal justice statistics, which developed in France since the 1820s and developed with criminology and prison policy throughout the nineteenth century. We study the official statistics of civil and commercial justice, in particular its part on bankruptcies, and show that although of good technical quality, this statistic is declining because no real use was made of it: its use for administrative management purposes was rapidly called into question, probably not unrelated to the lack of genuine political (i.e. legislative) use, itself weakened by the absence of economic or sociological theories capable of using these statistics effectively to explain significant economic or social phenomena. ; Some statistics are developed within a consistent intellectual, political and administrative project, as was the case of criminal statistics which appeared and developed with criminology during the 19th century, particularly in France and Belgium. We examine the official statistics of civil and commercial justice, and particularly those of bankruptcy, which were created by the same administration as the criminal statistics in the same period (in the 1830s). We show that the statistics were well done, but that they were unable to attract users in spite of an early use by the justice administration as a management device. Neither members of Parliament nor social scientists used them, probably because they weren't developed in order to answer adequate questions that would have been embedded in a clear and developing scientific framework. This led to a decline of these statistics, in spite of the fact the data they contained provide interesting insights on 19th century's society and economy. ; Some statistics are being developed in a coherent movement which includes both administrative management objectives, political projects and ...

The majority of experts agree to say that the big data is a rupture. Maybe are they right. But this rupture is not really material, nor even organizational. It has already been a long time that the big web actors daily exploring and exploiting the big data. If revolution there is, it is happening elsewhere, at the periphery of the great disruption that depict most of big data promoters. To being aware of, simply ask the following question: pointing the revolutionary nature of big data and devices are provided to treat, what these actors are they doing? They are preparing a massive integration of artificial intelligences within the various spheres of society. If there is a rupture, it is therefore rather here: in this movement that we know today and which consists, for a great diversity of socioeconomic actors, to appropriate of the calculation agents that are increasingly autonomous and powerful. So in order to better understand the issues of this democratization, we propose in this thesis to study the case of machines to produce of the economic futures: what is their role within the socio-technical collectives that compose the markets? To answer this question, we will draw on a multi-situated ethnography we conducted from 2012 to 2015 according to a posture situated at the intersection of market, science and technology sociologies. Specifically, we will be mobilizing a corpus of archives and an important investigative material collected from several professionals, companies and salons to discuss the design and operation of these machines to predict merchant futures. We will see at the level of design environment, these machines are interesting in so far as they generally have a local intelligence that has to happen, in the present, of futures allowing to optimize the economic interests of those that implement. Starting from a series of studies and experimentations dealing with the use of a recommendation agent, we will show that this intelligence is debatable because it may entail of considerable ambivalences ...

The majority of experts agree to say that the big data is a rupture. Maybe are they right. But this rupture is not really material, nor even organizational. It has already been a long time that the big web actors daily exploring and exploiting the big data. If revolution there is, it is happening elsewhere, at the periphery of the great disruption that depict most of big data promoters. To being aware of, simply ask the following question: pointing the revolutionary nature of big data and devices are provided to treat, what these actors are they doing? They are preparing a massive integration of artificial intelligences within the various spheres of society. If there is a rupture, it is therefore rather here: in this movement that we know today and which consists, for a great diversity of socioeconomic actors, to appropriate of the calculation agents that are increasingly autonomous and powerful. So in order to better understand the issues of this democratization, we propose in this thesis to study the case of machines to produce of the economic futures: what is their role within the socio-technical collectives that compose the markets? To answer this question, we will draw on a multi-situated ethnography we conducted from 2012 to 2015 according to a posture situated at the intersection of market, science and technology sociologies. Specifically, we will be mobilizing a corpus of archives and an important investigative material collected from several professionals, companies and salons to discuss the design and operation of these machines to predict merchant futures. We will see at the level of design environment, these machines are interesting in so far as they generally have a local intelligence that has to happen, in the present, of futures allowing to optimize the economic interests of those that implement. Starting from a series of studies and experimentations dealing with the use of a recommendation agent, we will show that this intelligence is debatable because it may entail of considerable ambivalences ...