Suchergebnisse

The paper reviews the theoretical and empirical issues on the measurement of the impacts of the performance of the improved highway infrastructure. It focuses on experience with the notion of the assessment of so called direct benefits associated with the investments rather than the estimation of the indirect ones in context of so popular in practice cost-benefit analysis generating a huge literature in its own right. Raising the issues of validity of the intervention of governments into economics in terms of social justice, the concept of public alternative costs is discussed. Concluding that the inadequate usage of public resources for the formation and development of highway infrastructure may have negative consequences on the dynamics and tendencies of the development of other economic sectors, the question of an adequate, socially and economically reasonable assessment of development is raised. Despite the fact that the cost-benefit analysis is the method by which this concept of efficiency can be applied to publicly supplied good it lacks clarity. In fact, the intangible costs and benefits never enter the analysis. It is suited only for ranking courses of action designed to attain the same ends so the real benefits of decisions will be speculative and uncertain. Taking into account the complexity of the interaction the authors of the article focus on the research of the methodological framework of the evaluation of the benefits of the public in the result highway system modification. The research is based on the improvement of the simplified general equilibrium model which focuses at the price effects of direct changes in transport costs and their measurement. The research results may answer the question if the accomplishment of tasks set for the system or its parts meet the society (which uses or is a neighbor to that infrastructure )needs. Other aspects are going to be excluded from this initial investigation. [.]

The paper reviews the theoretical and empirical issues on the measurement of the impacts of the performance of the improved highway infrastructure. It focuses on experience with the notion of the assessment of so called direct benefits associated with the investments rather than the estimation of the indirect ones in context of so popular in practice cost-benefit analysis generating a huge literature in its own right. Raising the issues of validity of the intervention of governments into economics in terms of social justice, the concept of public alternative costs is discussed. Concluding that the inadequate usage of public resources for the formation and development of highway infrastructure may have negative consequences on the dynamics and tendencies of the development of other economic sectors, the question of an adequate, socially and economically reasonable assessment of development is raised. Despite the fact that the cost-benefit analysis is the method by which this concept of efficiency can be applied to publicly supplied good it lacks clarity. In fact, the intangible costs and benefits never enter the analysis. It is suited only for ranking courses of action designed to attain the same ends so the real benefits of decisions will be speculative and uncertain. Taking into account the complexity of the interaction the authors of the article focus on the research of the methodological framework of the evaluation of the benefits of the public in the result highway system modification. The research is based on the improvement of the simplified general equilibrium model which focuses at the price effects of direct changes in transport costs and their measurement. The research results may answer the question if the accomplishment of tasks set for the system or its parts meet the society (which uses or is a neighbor to that infrastructure )needs. Other aspects are going to be excluded from this initial investigation. [.]

The object of this master thesis are sporting mega-events. The research subject: comparison of expected and actual impacts (effects, legacy) of the II European Games held in Minsk in 2019. The goal of this study is to analyze the political, socio-economic, urban and media aspects and effects of the II European Games. The main tasks of the thesis are: reviewing the theoretical literature on the mega-events and their impact on politics, symbolic and real economy of cities and states that host these events; overviewing the issues of mega-events legacy evaluation, their 'soft power' and potential for political legitimization; analyzing the specific context of mega-events held in the countries of the former Socialist bloc; analyzing the political and cultural context of Belarus and image management measures undertaken by the country in the last 10-12 years - including during the World Hockey Championship in 2014; analyzing the process of event organization, specific features of PR-campaign and media-representation of the II European Games based on the official documents and state media; analyzing the range of responses to this event by the international and Belarusian independent media, as well as in social media; conducting and analyzing the expert interviews; analyzing of my own experience as a participant of the II European Games Opening Ceremony. This master thesis can be useful for mega-events researchers and organizers, sociologists, urbanists and cultural studies scholars, PR, media & communication professionals, creative industries actors, journalists and the general public.

The object of this master thesis are sporting mega-events. The research subject: comparison of expected and actual impacts (effects, legacy) of the II European Games held in Minsk in 2019. The goal of this study is to analyze the political, socio-economic, urban and media aspects and effects of the II European Games. The main tasks of the thesis are: reviewing the theoretical literature on the mega-events and their impact on politics, symbolic and real economy of cities and states that host these events; overviewing the issues of mega-events legacy evaluation, their 'soft power' and potential for political legitimization; analyzing the specific context of mega-events held in the countries of the former Socialist bloc; analyzing the political and cultural context of Belarus and image management measures undertaken by the country in the last 10-12 years - including during the World Hockey Championship in 2014; analyzing the process of event organization, specific features of PR-campaign and media-representation of the II European Games based on the official documents and state media; analyzing the range of responses to this event by the international and Belarusian independent media, as well as in social media; conducting and analyzing the expert interviews; analyzing of my own experience as a participant of the II European Games Opening Ceremony. This master thesis can be useful for mega-events researchers and organizers, sociologists, urbanists and cultural studies scholars, PR, media & communication professionals, creative industries actors, journalists and the general public.

Striving to strengthen competiveness of national products of agriculture and food sector, governments of many countries increasingly put more efforts to promote these products and the whole sector in foreign markets. Their marketing activities resemble those applied by private companies, but are of much larger scope. During the last decade, a number of EU Member States have put quite much effort on developing national brands as tools of representation of state's overall agricultural sector, and started applying it as a marketing tool through various channels. The aim of this study is to assess possibilities to apply national agriculture brand for representation of Lithuanian agricultural products in foreign markets. In attempt to reach this aim, the following objectives were brought: 1. Building on scientific literature analysis, to identify major features of national brand for agricultural products representation. 2. In conformity with the identified features, to select good practice examples of EU member states that apply national brand for agricultural products representation and to distinguish criteria for application of this tool in practice. 3. To assess expedience and possibilities of applying national brand for representation of Lithuanian agricultural products, basing on the earlier identified features and criteria for applying this tool in practice. This study has been performed in three stages, corresponding to the above-listed objectives. Scientific literature, legal acts, results of other authors' researches made in the similar field were processed using methods of induction, deduction, analogy, comparison, content-analysis, extrapolation as well as expertise analysis in assessment of different alternatives for applying national agricultural brand for representation of Lithuanian food products. With the help of these methods, two groups of denoting agricultural products were dis

Striving to strengthen competiveness of national products of agriculture and food sector, governments of many countries increasingly put more efforts to promote these products and the whole sector in foreign markets. Their marketing activities resemble those applied by private companies, but are of much larger scope. During the last decade, a number of EU Member States have put quite much effort on developing national brands as tools of representation of state's overall agricultural sector, and started applying it as a marketing tool through various channels. The aim of this study is to assess possibilities to apply national agriculture brand for representation of Lithuanian agricultural products in foreign markets. In attempt to reach this aim, the following objectives were brought: 1. Building on scientific literature analysis, to identify major features of national brand for agricultural products representation. 2. In conformity with the identified features, to select good practice examples of EU member states that apply national brand for agricultural products representation and to distinguish criteria for application of this tool in practice. 3. To assess expedience and possibilities of applying national brand for representation of Lithuanian agricultural products, basing on the earlier identified features and criteria for applying this tool in practice. This study has been performed in three stages, corresponding to the above-listed objectives. Scientific literature, legal acts, results of other authors' researches made in the similar field were processed using methods of induction, deduction, analogy, comparison, content-analysis, extrapolation as well as expertise analysis in assessment of different alternatives for applying national agricultural brand for representation of Lithuanian food products. With the help of these methods, two groups of denoting agricultural products were dis

Striving to strengthen competiveness of national products of agriculture and food sector, governments of many countries increasingly put more efforts to promote these products and the whole sector in foreign markets. Their marketing activities resemble those applied by private companies, but are of much larger scope. During the last decade, a number of EU Member States have put quite much effort on developing national brands as tools of representation of state's overall agricultural sector, and started applying it as a marketing tool through various channels. The aim of this study is to assess possibilities to apply national agriculture brand for representation of Lithuanian agricultural products in foreign markets. In attempt to reach this aim, the following objectives were brought: 1. Building on scientific literature analysis, to identify major features of national brand for agricultural products representation. 2. In conformity with the identified features, to select good practice examples of EU member states that apply national brand for agricultural products representation and to distinguish criteria for application of this tool in practice. 3. To assess expedience and possibilities of applying national brand for representation of Lithuanian agricultural products, basing on the earlier identified features and criteria for applying this tool in practice. This study has been performed in three stages, corresponding to the above-listed objectives. Scientific literature, legal acts, results of other authors' researches made in the similar field were processed using methods of induction, deduction, analogy, comparison, content-analysis, extrapolation as well as expertise analysis in assessment of different alternatives for applying national agricultural brand for representation of Lithuanian food products. With the help of these methods, two groups of denoting agricultural products were dis

Striving to strengthen competiveness of national products of agriculture and food sector, governments of many countries increasingly put more efforts to promote these products and the whole sector in foreign markets. Their marketing activities resemble those applied by private companies, but are of much larger scope. During the last decade, a number of EU Member States have put quite much effort on developing national brands as tools of representation of state's overall agricultural sector, and started applying it as a marketing tool through various channels. The aim of this study is to assess possibilities to apply national agriculture brand for representation of Lithuanian agricultural products in foreign markets. In attempt to reach this aim, the following objectives were brought: 1. Building on scientific literature analysis, to identify major features of national brand for agricultural products representation. 2. In conformity with the identified features, to select good practice examples of EU member states that apply national brand for agricultural products representation and to distinguish criteria for application of this tool in practice. 3. To assess expedience and possibilities of applying national brand for representation of Lithuanian agricultural products, basing on the earlier identified features and criteria for applying this tool in practice. This study has been performed in three stages, corresponding to the above-listed objectives. Scientific literature, legal acts, results of other authors' researches made in the similar field were processed using methods of induction, deduction, analogy, comparison, content-analysis, extrapolation as well as expertise analysis in assessment of different alternatives for applying national agricultural brand for representation of Lithuanian food products. With the help of these methods, two groups of denoting agricultural products were dis

The relevance of the topic is primarily related to the increase in the amount of used electrical and electronic equipment in the world. Most of this equipment has a complex configuration, namely it consists of both non-toxic and toxic materials, making it difficult to define a common approach to legal regulation of its storage, transportation and disposal. The object of the study is the transboundary movement of e-waste, the subject is international legal and regional standards in the field of transboundary movement. The purpose of this work is to study existing international and regional regulatory acts to establish international standards applicable to the transportation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), as well as to identify their shortcomings and to study best practices to improve the existing approach to managing e-waste. The main tasks of the work: to determine the content of the concept "waste electrical and electronic equipment", as well as to identify the reasons why they create problems not only at the environmental level, but also at the societal, political and legal ones; investigate in detail and apply extended producer responsibility (EPR) to management of e-waste. Using such methods as comparative, as well as the method of generalization and system analysis, it was concluded that EPR is a very important tool for implementing the principles of reducing toxicity, reuse and recycling, because of its ability to stimulate "upstream" changes in product design by imposing obligations on "downstream" WEEE management. It is revealed that the individual responsibility of the manufacturer is most acceptable in the design of environmentally friendly products. Ultimately, an effective e-waste management framework in developed countries will help reduce the illegal transboundary movement of e-waste to developing countries. Master's work can be useful to legal scholars specializing in environmental issues, in particular - waste generation and management practices, law teachers, law students, and practicing lawyers. This is the first Russian-language study of such kind, where, in the course of studying mainly English scientific/legal literature and international treaties, the issue of applying extended producer responsibility when dealing with WEEE was investigated. Even such an extensive topic at first glance, as the problem of electronic waste, is not well studied in the literature of Russian-speaking authors.

The relevance of the topic is primarily related to the increase in the amount of used electrical and electronic equipment in the world. Most of this equipment has a complex configuration, namely it consists of both non-toxic and toxic materials, making it difficult to define a common approach to legal regulation of its storage, transportation and disposal. The object of the study is the transboundary movement of e-waste, the subject is international legal and regional standards in the field of transboundary movement. The purpose of this work is to study existing international and regional regulatory acts to establish international standards applicable to the transportation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), as well as to identify their shortcomings and to study best practices to improve the existing approach to managing e-waste. The main tasks of the work: to determine the content of the concept "waste electrical and electronic equipment", as well as to identify the reasons why they create problems not only at the environmental level, but also at the societal, political and legal ones; investigate in detail and apply extended producer responsibility (EPR) to management of e-waste. Using such methods as comparative, as well as the method of generalization and system analysis, it was concluded that EPR is a very important tool for implementing the principles of reducing toxicity, reuse and recycling, because of its ability to stimulate "upstream" changes in product design by imposing obligations on "downstream" WEEE management. It is revealed that the individual responsibility of the manufacturer is most acceptable in the design of environmentally friendly products. Ultimately, an effective e-waste management framework in developed countries will help reduce the illegal transboundary movement of e-waste to developing countries. Master's work can be useful to legal scholars specializing in environmental issues, in particular - waste generation and management practices, law teachers, law students, and practicing lawyers. This is the first Russian-language study of such kind, where, in the course of studying mainly English scientific/legal literature and international treaties, the issue of applying extended producer responsibility when dealing with WEEE was investigated. Even such an extensive topic at first glance, as the problem of electronic waste, is not well studied in the literature of Russian-speaking authors.

In contemporary international security system new elements of security appears on the stage and energy security is this kind of element. The importance of energy security grows along with the growing dependency of states on the energy resources, and also by growing rivalry in international system for control of the resources. Energy resources are becoming part of economy, foreign policy and as well as various security elements. Analysing states through prism of energy security it is possible to indentify the main actors in the filed of energy security, to distinguish levels of their influence, to determine their links and interactions. This allows constructing global energy security system. Article distinguishes three types of states in the field of energy security: producers, consumers and transit states. These types of states interact with each other and this interaction is a core of energy security for individual states and global system. Producers are the most influential group followed by consumers as transit states that are dependent on the relations between producers and consumers. Producers and consumers through changes in energy security can influence regional and global security as changes in global and regional security (also energy security) interacts with each other. Transnational actors and global economical factors could influence global or regional energy security. Geographical distribution of energy resources influences relations between producers, consumers and transit states as well as influences global and regional energy security. Geographical positions and climatic conditions influence energy security of individual states and their interaction.

In contemporary international security system new elements of security appears on the stage and energy security is this kind of element. The importance of energy security grows along with the growing dependency of states on the energy resources, and also by growing rivalry in international system for control of the resources. Energy resources are becoming part of economy, foreign policy and as well as various security elements. Analysing states through prism of energy security it is possible to indentify the main actors in the filed of energy security, to distinguish levels of their influence, to determine their links and interactions. This allows constructing global energy security system. Article distinguishes three types of states in the field of energy security: producers, consumers and transit states. These types of states interact with each other and this interaction is a core of energy security for individual states and global system. Producers are the most influential group followed by consumers as transit states that are dependent on the relations between producers and consumers. Producers and consumers through changes in energy security can influence regional and global security as changes in global and regional security (also energy security) interacts with each other. Transnational actors and global economical factors could influence global or regional energy security. Geographical distribution of energy resources influences relations between producers, consumers and transit states as well as influences global and regional energy security. Geographical positions and climatic conditions influence energy security of individual states and their interaction.

The Lithuanian system of higher education should be diversified so as to match students' potential talents with the university offerings. In Europe, almost eighty per cent of graduates feel that they work in an international environment. This calls for English to be used at least in Masters programmes, as well as for some internationally oriented Bachelor studies. Rather than spend money in political and economic cooperation on translators, we need to produce graduates who are fluent in English next to their mother tongue. A wider usage of the English language in university studies will create more favourable conditions for teacher and student exchange and will encourage young people from abroad to enter Lithuanian universities.

The Lithuanian system of higher education should be diversified so as to match students' potential talents with the university offerings. In Europe, almost eighty per cent of graduates feel that they work in an international environment. This calls for English to be used at least in Masters programmes, as well as for some internationally oriented Bachelor studies. Rather than spend money in political and economic cooperation on translators, we need to produce graduates who are fluent in English next to their mother tongue. A wider usage of the English language in university studies will create more favourable conditions for teacher and student exchange and will encourage young people from abroad to enter Lithuanian universities.

The Lithuanian system of higher education should be diversified so as to match students' potential talents with the university offerings. In Europe, almost eighty per cent of graduates feel that they work in an international environment. This calls for English to be used at least in Masters programmes, as well as for some internationally oriented Bachelor studies. Rather than spend money in political and economic cooperation on translators, we need to produce graduates who are fluent in English next to their mother tongue. A wider usage of the English language in university studies will create more favourable conditions for teacher and student exchange and will encourage young people from abroad to enter Lithuanian universities.