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This paper compares the results of anthropological research and information about the burial of horses in the burial grounds of the Sambian-Natangian civilisation (Dolkeim-Kovrovo culture). The inclusion of anthropological analysis data from the cemeteries of Mitino and Zaostrovye-1 shows that for the Merovingian period and the beginning of the Viking period, the connection of horse burials exclusively with male graves is not certain. Horse burials are accompanied here by male, female and children's burials. Presence of a horse in the burials of Sambian-Natangian culture was undoubtedly a social marker, and Roman period was associated primarily with military funerary rituals. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the custom of burying a horse was "democratized" and widely used. However, presence of horses in burials continues to play the role of a social indicator, but now it is not the presence of the horse that is indicative, but their number.

Two "military" burials of the Sambian-Natangian culture are considered —
Dollkeim-Kovrovo No. 269 and Kleinheide-Guryevsk No. 21 of the Great Migration Period,
where there are burials of dogs. Burials with dogs in the early Middle Ages were
widespread in the Germanic area, but extremely rarely found among the Balts. Apparently
in Sambia, their appearance is associated with the influence of the funerary customs of
the Germans, most likely from Central Europe. It is possible that these customs reflect
military rituals associated with warriors-werewolves (wolves/dogs).

International audience ; his paper compares the results of anthropological research and information about the burial of horses in the burialgrounds of the Sambian-Natangian civilisation (Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture). The inclusion of anthropological analysis datafrom the cemeteries of Mitino and Zaostrovye-1 shows that for the Merovingian period and the beginning of the Vikingperiod, the connection of horse burials exclusively with male graves is not certain. Horse burials are accompanied here bymale, female and children's burials. Presence of a horse in the burials of Sambian-Natangian culture was undoubtedly a socialmarker, and Roman period was associated primarily with military funerary rituals. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, thecustom of burying a horse was "democratized" and widely used. However, presence of horses in burials continues to play therole of a social indicator, but now it is not the presence of the horse that is indicative, but their number. ; В данной работе сопоставлены результаты антропологических исследований и сведения о захоронениях лошадейв могильниках самбийско-натангийской культуры (культура Доллькайм-Коврово). Привлечение данных антропологи-ческого анализа из некрополей Митино и Заостровье-1 показывает, что для меровингского времени и начала эпохивикингов связь конских захоронений исключительно с мужскими могилами не является бесспорной. Конские захо-ронения сопровождают здесь мужские, женские и детские погребения. Присутствие коня в погребениях самбийско-натангийской культуры, несомненно, являлось и социальным маркером, а в римское время было связано в первую оче-редь с воинскими погребальными ритуалами. В начале средневековья обычай погребения коня «демократизируется»и получает широкое распространение. Наличие коней в погребениях продолжает играть роль социального индикатора,но теперь показательным является не сам факт присутствие коня, а их количество.

International audience ; his paper compares the results of anthropological research and information about the burial of horses in the burialgrounds of the Sambian-Natangian civilisation (Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture). The inclusion of anthropological analysis datafrom the cemeteries of Mitino and Zaostrovye-1 shows that for the Merovingian period and the beginning of the Vikingperiod, the connection of horse burials exclusively with male graves is not certain. Horse burials are accompanied here bymale, female and children's burials. Presence of a horse in the burials of Sambian-Natangian culture was undoubtedly a socialmarker, and Roman period was associated primarily with military funerary rituals. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, thecustom of burying a horse was "democratized" and widely used. However, presence of horses in burials continues to play therole of a social indicator, but now it is not the presence of the horse that is indicative, but their number. ; В данной работе сопоставлены результаты антропологических исследований и сведения о захоронениях лошадейв могильниках самбийско-натангийской культуры (культура Доллькайм-Коврово). Привлечение данных антропологи-ческого анализа из некрополей Митино и Заостровье-1 показывает, что для меровингского времени и начала эпохивикингов связь конских захоронений исключительно с мужскими могилами не является бесспорной. Конские захо-ронения сопровождают здесь мужские, женские и детские погребения. Присутствие коня в погребениях самбийско-натангийской культуры, несомненно, являлось и социальным маркером, а в римское время было связано в первую оче-редь с воинскими погребальными ритуалами. В начале средневековья обычай погребения коня «демократизируется»и получает широкое распространение. Наличие коней в погребениях продолжает играть роль социального индикатора,но теперь показательным является не сам факт присутствие коня, а их количество.

International audience ; his paper compares the results of anthropological research and information about the burial of horses in the burialgrounds of the Sambian-Natangian civilisation (Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture). The inclusion of anthropological analysis datafrom the cemeteries of Mitino and Zaostrovye-1 shows that for the Merovingian period and the beginning of the Vikingperiod, the connection of horse burials exclusively with male graves is not certain. Horse burials are accompanied here bymale, female and children's burials. Presence of a horse in the burials of Sambian-Natangian culture was undoubtedly a socialmarker, and Roman period was associated primarily with military funerary rituals. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, thecustom of burying a horse was "democratized" and widely used. However, presence of horses in burials continues to play therole of a social indicator, but now it is not the presence of the horse that is indicative, but their number. ; В данной работе сопоставлены результаты антропологических исследований и сведения о захоронениях лошадейв могильниках самбийско-натангийской культуры (культура Доллькайм-Коврово). Привлечение данных антропологи-ческого анализа из некрополей Митино и Заостровье-1 показывает, что для меровингского времени и начала эпохивикингов связь конских захоронений исключительно с мужскими могилами не является бесспорной. Конские захо-ронения сопровождают здесь мужские, женские и детские погребения. Присутствие коня в погребениях самбийско-натангийской культуры, несомненно, являлось и социальным маркером, а в римское время было связано в первую оче-редь с воинскими погребальными ритуалами. В начале средневековья обычай погребения коня «демократизируется»и получает широкое распространение. Наличие коней в погребениях продолжает играть роль социального индикатора,но теперь показательным является не сам факт присутствие коня, а их количество.

International audience ; his paper compares the results of anthropological research and information about the burial of horses in the burialgrounds of the Sambian-Natangian civilisation (Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture). The inclusion of anthropological analysis datafrom the cemeteries of Mitino and Zaostrovye-1 shows that for the Merovingian period and the beginning of the Vikingperiod, the connection of horse burials exclusively with male graves is not certain. Horse burials are accompanied here bymale, female and children's burials. Presence of a horse in the burials of Sambian-Natangian culture was undoubtedly a socialmarker, and Roman period was associated primarily with military funerary rituals. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, thecustom of burying a horse was "democratized" and widely used. However, presence of horses in burials continues to play therole of a social indicator, but now it is not the presence of the horse that is indicative, but their number. ; В данной работе сопоставлены результаты антропологических исследований и сведения о захоронениях лошадейв могильниках самбийско-натангийской культуры (культура Доллькайм-Коврово). Привлечение данных антропологи-ческого анализа из некрополей Митино и Заостровье-1 показывает, что для меровингского времени и начала эпохивикингов связь конских захоронений исключительно с мужскими могилами не является бесспорной. Конские захо-ронения сопровождают здесь мужские, женские и детские погребения. Присутствие коня в погребениях самбийско-натангийской культуры, несомненно, являлось и социальным маркером, а в римское время было связано в первую оче-редь с воинскими погребальными ритуалами. В начале средневековья обычай погребения коня «демократизируется»и получает широкое распространение. Наличие коней в погребениях продолжает играть роль социального индикатора,но теперь показательным является не сам факт присутствие коня, а их количество.

International audience ; his paper compares the results of anthropological research and information about the burial of horses in the burialgrounds of the Sambian-Natangian civilisation (Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture). The inclusion of anthropological analysis datafrom the cemeteries of Mitino and Zaostrovye-1 shows that for the Merovingian period and the beginning of the Vikingperiod, the connection of horse burials exclusively with male graves is not certain. Horse burials are accompanied here bymale, female and children's burials. Presence of a horse in the burials of Sambian-Natangian culture was undoubtedly a socialmarker, and Roman period was associated primarily with military funerary rituals. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, thecustom of burying a horse was "democratized" and widely used. However, presence of horses in burials continues to play therole of a social indicator, but now it is not the presence of the horse that is indicative, but their number. ; В данной работе сопоставлены результаты антропологических исследований и сведения о захоронениях лошадейв могильниках самбийско-натангийской культуры (культура Доллькайм-Коврово). Привлечение данных антропологи-ческого анализа из некрополей Митино и Заостровье-1 показывает, что для меровингского времени и начала эпохивикингов связь конских захоронений исключительно с мужскими могилами не является бесспорной. Конские захо-ронения сопровождают здесь мужские, женские и детские погребения. Присутствие коня в погребениях самбийско-натангийской культуры, несомненно, являлось и социальным маркером, а в римское время было связано в первую оче-редь с воинскими погребальными ритуалами. В начале средневековья обычай погребения коня «демократизируется»и получает широкое распространение. Наличие коней в погребениях продолжает играть роль социального индикатора,но теперь показательным является не сам факт присутствие коня, а их количество.

В данной работе сопоставлены результаты антропологических исследований и сведения о захоронениях лошадейв могильниках самбийско-натангийской культуры (культура Доллькайм-Коврово). Привлечение данных антропологи-ческого анализа из некрополей Митино и Заостровье-1 показывает, что для меровингского времени и начала эпохивикингов связь конских захоронений исключительно с мужскими могилами не является бесспорной. Конские захо-ронения сопровождают здесь мужские, женские и детские погребения. Присутствие коня в погребениях самбийско-натангийской культуры, несомненно, являлось и социальным маркером, а в римское время было связано в первую оче-редь с воинскими погребальными ритуалами. В начале средневековья обычай погребения коня «демократизируется»и получает широкое распространение. Наличие коней в погребениях продолжает играть роль социального индикатора,но теперь показательным является не сам факт присутствие коня, а их количество. ; International audience his paper compares the results of anthropological research and information about the burial of horses in the burialgrounds of the Sambian-Natangian civilisation (Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture). The inclusion of anthropological analysis datafrom the cemeteries of Mitino and Zaostrovye-1 shows that for the Merovingian period and the beginning of the Vikingperiod, the connection of horse burials exclusively with male graves is not certain. Horse burials are accompanied here bymale, female and children's burials. Presence of a horse in the burials of Sambian-Natangian culture was undoubtedly a socialmarker, and Roman period was associated primarily with military funerary rituals. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, thecustom of burying a horse was "democratized" and widely used. However, presence of horses in burials continues to play therole of a social indicator, but now it is not the presence of the horse that is indicative, but their number.

International audience ; Th e main task of this work is to determine the meaning of weapons and equestrian equipment in the hierarchy ofburials of the Sambian-Natangian (Dolkeim-Kovrovo) civilisation of the Migration Period and the Early MerovingianPeriod, corresponding to the Balts, Aestii of written sources of the 6th century (Cassiodorus, Jordanes). In total,more than 180 burials with weapons and spurs have been identifi ed from this time. Th e weapons are dominatedby combat knives, while spears, axes and shields are less common. Burials with weapons and spurs at some burialgrounds, they are scattered over the entire investigated area and do not form pronounced clusters. Th ese are, forexample, the necropolises Lauth-Bolshoye Isakovo or Schlakalken-3. In other cases, it is possible to identify zones ofconcentration of burials with military equipment, for example, in the necropolises Corejten-Putilovo, Dollkeim- Kovrovo,Grebieten-Okunevo, Hünenberg-Rantau-Dobroe. It is diffi cult to say whether the identifi ed concentrations ofsuch graves correspond to any real social groups (families? clans?). It is also necessary to note the unevenness in therichness of the funerary inventory in diff erent necropolises. Th is diff erence is clearly evident in the armament of, forexample, the burial grounds of Mitino or Zaostrovye-1, where there are very few or no weapons at all, in comparison,for example, with the Warnikam-Pervomayskoye necropolis, where they are found much more oft en. Th e diff erenceis also manifested in the wealth of inventory in diff erent parts of the same necropolis, as can be seen from the exampleof the Mitino burial ground. It turned out that weapons play a limited role as a social marker and are inherent ina signifi cant part of male burials. Th e presence of "professional" weapons (shields) and equestrian equipment (spurs)in the burials clearly indicates that among the Aestii there were people who were profi cient in this equipment. Th espread of the fashion for belts, dating back to the late Roman military tradition, as well as the presence of spurs inburials, may indicate the emergence of a "military" culture, which resembles German culture in its external features.Maybe it is worth talking about the beginning of the formation of a permanent contingent of professional soldiers(squads)? At the same time, according to a number of signs, the burials of the leaders, most likely performing militaryfunctions, are distinguished, that in the burial inventory is emphasized by the presence of prestigious weaponsand horse gear, drinking horns and the burial of two or more horses. ; Аннотация. Для самбийско-натангийской культуры эпохи Великого переселения народов и раннемеровингского времени, соответствующей эстиям, выявлено более 180 погребений с оружием и шпорами этого времени. Оружие как социальный маркер играет ограниченную роль, однако находки шпор

International audience ; Th e main task of this work is to determine the meaning of weapons and equestrian equipment in the hierarchy ofburials of the Sambian-Natangian (Dolkeim-Kovrovo) civilisation of the Migration Period and the Early MerovingianPeriod, corresponding to the Balts, Aestii of written sources of the 6th century (Cassiodorus, Jordanes). In total,more than 180 burials with weapons and spurs have been identifi ed from this time. Th e weapons are dominatedby combat knives, while spears, axes and shields are less common. Burials with weapons and spurs at some burialgrounds, they are scattered over the entire investigated area and do not form pronounced clusters. Th ese are, forexample, the necropolises Lauth-Bolshoye Isakovo or Schlakalken-3. In other cases, it is possible to identify zones ofconcentration of burials with military equipment, for example, in the necropolises Corejten-Putilovo, Dollkeim- Kovrovo,Grebieten-Okunevo, Hünenberg-Rantau-Dobroe. It is diffi cult to say whether the identifi ed concentrations ofsuch graves correspond to any real social groups (families? clans?). It is also necessary to note the unevenness in therichness of the funerary inventory in diff erent necropolises. Th is diff erence is clearly evident in the armament of, forexample, the burial grounds of Mitino or Zaostrovye-1, where there are very few or no weapons at all, in comparison,for example, with the Warnikam-Pervomayskoye necropolis, where they are found much more oft en. Th e diff erenceis also manifested in the wealth of inventory in diff erent parts of the same necropolis, as can be seen from the exampleof the Mitino burial ground. It turned out that weapons play a limited role as a social marker and are inherent ina signifi cant part of male burials. Th e presence of "professional" weapons (shields) and equestrian equipment (spurs)in the burials clearly indicates that among the Aestii there were people who were profi cient in this equipment. Th espread of the fashion for belts, dating back to the late Roman military tradition, as well as the presence of spurs inburials, may indicate the emergence of a "military" culture, which resembles German culture in its external features.Maybe it is worth talking about the beginning of the formation of a permanent contingent of professional soldiers(squads)? At the same time, according to a number of signs, the burials of the leaders, most likely performing militaryfunctions, are distinguished, that in the burial inventory is emphasized by the presence of prestigious weaponsand horse gear, drinking horns and the burial of two or more horses. ; Аннотация. Для самбийско-натангийской культуры эпохи Великого переселения народов и раннемеровингского времени, соответствующей эстиям, выявлено более 180 погребений с оружием и шпорами этого времени. Оружие как социальный маркер играет ограниченную роль, однако находки шпор

International audience ; Th e main task of this work is to determine the meaning of weapons and equestrian equipment in the hierarchy ofburials of the Sambian-Natangian (Dolkeim-Kovrovo) civilisation of the Migration Period and the Early MerovingianPeriod, corresponding to the Balts, Aestii of written sources of the 6th century (Cassiodorus, Jordanes). In total,more than 180 burials with weapons and spurs have been identifi ed from this time. Th e weapons are dominatedby combat knives, while spears, axes and shields are less common. Burials with weapons and spurs at some burialgrounds, they are scattered over the entire investigated area and do not form pronounced clusters. Th ese are, forexample, the necropolises Lauth-Bolshoye Isakovo or Schlakalken-3. In other cases, it is possible to identify zones ofconcentration of burials with military equipment, for example, in the necropolises Corejten-Putilovo, Dollkeim- Kovrovo,Grebieten-Okunevo, Hünenberg-Rantau-Dobroe. It is diffi cult to say whether the identifi ed concentrations ofsuch graves correspond to any real social groups (families? clans?). It is also necessary to note the unevenness in therichness of the funerary inventory in diff erent necropolises. Th is diff erence is clearly evident in the armament of, forexample, the burial grounds of Mitino or Zaostrovye-1, where there are very few or no weapons at all, in comparison,for example, with the Warnikam-Pervomayskoye necropolis, where they are found much more oft en. Th e diff erenceis also manifested in the wealth of inventory in diff erent parts of the same necropolis, as can be seen from the exampleof the Mitino burial ground. It turned out that weapons play a limited role as a social marker and are inherent ina signifi cant part of male burials. Th e presence of "professional" weapons (shields) and equestrian equipment (spurs)in the burials clearly indicates that among the Aestii there were people who were profi cient in this equipment. Th espread of the fashion for belts, dating back to the late Roman military tradition, as well as the presence of spurs inburials, may indicate the emergence of a "military" culture, which resembles German culture in its external features.Maybe it is worth talking about the beginning of the formation of a permanent contingent of professional soldiers(squads)? At the same time, according to a number of signs, the burials of the leaders, most likely performing militaryfunctions, are distinguished, that in the burial inventory is emphasized by the presence of prestigious weaponsand horse gear, drinking horns and the burial of two or more horses. ; Аннотация. Для самбийско-натангийской культуры эпохи Великого переселения народов и раннемеровингского времени, соответствующей эстиям, выявлено более 180 погребений с оружием и шпорами этого времени. Оружие как социальный маркер играет ограниченную роль, однако находки шпор

International audience ; Th e main task of this work is to determine the meaning of weapons and equestrian equipment in the hierarchy ofburials of the Sambian-Natangian (Dolkeim-Kovrovo) civilisation of the Migration Period and the Early MerovingianPeriod, corresponding to the Balts, Aestii of written sources of the 6th century (Cassiodorus, Jordanes). In total,more than 180 burials with weapons and spurs have been identifi ed from this time. Th e weapons are dominatedby combat knives, while spears, axes and shields are less common. Burials with weapons and spurs at some burialgrounds, they are scattered over the entire investigated area and do not form pronounced clusters. Th ese are, forexample, the necropolises Lauth-Bolshoye Isakovo or Schlakalken-3. In other cases, it is possible to identify zones ofconcentration of burials with military equipment, for example, in the necropolises Corejten-Putilovo, Dollkeim- Kovrovo,Grebieten-Okunevo, Hünenberg-Rantau-Dobroe. It is diffi cult to say whether the identifi ed concentrations ofsuch graves correspond to any real social groups (families? clans?). It is also necessary to note the unevenness in therichness of the funerary inventory in diff erent necropolises. Th is diff erence is clearly evident in the armament of, forexample, the burial grounds of Mitino or Zaostrovye-1, where there are very few or no weapons at all, in comparison,for example, with the Warnikam-Pervomayskoye necropolis, where they are found much more oft en. Th e diff erenceis also manifested in the wealth of inventory in diff erent parts of the same necropolis, as can be seen from the exampleof the Mitino burial ground. It turned out that weapons play a limited role as a social marker and are inherent ina signifi cant part of male burials. Th e presence of "professional" weapons (shields) and equestrian equipment (spurs)in the burials clearly indicates that among the Aestii there were people who were profi cient in this equipment. Th espread of the fashion for belts, dating back to the late ...

International audience ; Th e main task of this work is to determine the meaning of weapons and equestrian equipment in the hierarchy ofburials of the Sambian-Natangian (Dolkeim-Kovrovo) civilisation of the Migration Period and the Early MerovingianPeriod, corresponding to the Balts, Aestii of written sources of the 6th century (Cassiodorus, Jordanes). In total,more than 180 burials with weapons and spurs have been identifi ed from this time. Th e weapons are dominatedby combat knives, while spears, axes and shields are less common. Burials with weapons and spurs at some burialgrounds, they are scattered over the entire investigated area and do not form pronounced clusters. Th ese are, forexample, the necropolises Lauth-Bolshoye Isakovo or Schlakalken-3. In other cases, it is possible to identify zones ofconcentration of burials with military equipment, for example, in the necropolises Corejten-Putilovo, Dollkeim- Kovrovo,Grebieten-Okunevo, Hünenberg-Rantau-Dobroe. It is diffi cult to say whether the identifi ed concentrations ofsuch graves correspond to any real social groups (families? clans?). It is also necessary to note the unevenness in therichness of the funerary inventory in diff erent necropolises. Th is diff erence is clearly evident in the armament of, forexample, the burial grounds of Mitino or Zaostrovye-1, where there are very few or no weapons at all, in comparison,for example, with the Warnikam-Pervomayskoye necropolis, where they are found much more oft en. Th e diff erenceis also manifested in the wealth of inventory in diff erent parts of the same necropolis, as can be seen from the exampleof the Mitino burial ground. It turned out that weapons play a limited role as a social marker and are inherent ina signifi cant part of male burials. Th e presence of "professional" weapons (shields) and equestrian equipment (spurs)in the burials clearly indicates that among the Aestii there were people who were profi cient in this equipment. Th espread of the fashion for belts, dating back to the late ...

The article presents the latest data on tenth to 13th-century imports, graves with weapons and horse harnesses in the north Prussian area. The study is made on the basis of five recently investigated Prussian cemeteries, and on vast prewar published and archival data. Questions of the Sambian Aschenplätze and social differentiation in Medieval Prussian society are also partly described. In addition, the 12th and 13th-century and Teutonic Period inhumation graves with weapons and horse harnesses are analysed briefly, in order to demonstrate both the continuity of tenth to 13th-century Prussian culture and its transformation brought about by 13th-century political changes.

The article presents the latest data on tenth to 13th-century imports, graves with weapons and horse harnesses in the north Prussian area. The study is made on the basis of five recently investigated Prussian cemeteries, and on vast prewar published and archival data. Questions of the Sambian Aschenplätze and social differentiation in Medieval Prussian society are also partly described. In addition, the 12th and 13th-century and Teutonic Period inhumation graves with weapons and horse harnesses are analysed briefly, in order to demonstrate both the continuity of tenth to 13th-century Prussian culture and its transformation brought about by 13th-century political changes.