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The LGBT or sexual diversity movement in Nicaragua, which was repressed by the FSLN in the 1980s, is currently supported by that party. I argue that this change in the FSLN's policy responds to shifting international frames regarding sexuality and human rights as well as to efforts to separate the LGBT movement from its allies in the feminist movement, and efforts to incorporate the LGBT movement into the FSLN's clientelistic networks. Despite real gains for LGBT activists as a result of these new policies, ultimately the FSLN has offered sexual diversity activists far more in the area of culture than rights.

Este texto constituye un comentario al dossier "Ciudadanías y Sexualidades" presentado en el número 35 de esta revista. Este comentario se funda en una crítica a la noción de diversidad sexual, como noción liberal; modo en el que parece ser asumida por el conjunto de artículos compilados. Desde este enfoque los estudios sobre diversidad sexual no logran incorporar una discusión analítica y política de la desigualdad a la noción de diferencia. Desigualdad que problematiza las prácticas y sentidos de la ciudadanía. ; This text is a commentary on the dossier "Citizenships and Sexualities" presented in number 35 of this journal. The commentary is based on a critique of the notion of sexual diversity as a liberal notion, the focus that seems to have been adopted by the set of articles presented. From this point of view, studies on sexual diversity do not achieve incorporation of an analytic and political discussion of the inequality in the notion of difference, an inequality that problematizes practices and senses of citizenship.

Emerging adulthood presents a unique developmental milieu for sexual orientation and identity development. Over the past 10 years, a body of research has begun delineating contemporary emerging adults' understandings of their sexual orientation and processes of sexual identity development. This scholarship has increasingly recognized the complexity and multidimensional nature of sexual identity development among both heterosexual and sexual-minority individuals. This review covers current conceptualizations of sexual orientation and identity, traditional and contemporary models of sexual identity development, and recent empirical literature assessing developmental trajectories, consistency between and within dimensions of sexual orientation and identity, stability of these dimensions, and issues of sexual identity labeling and categorization. This scholarship suggests that increased attention to diversity within and between sexual identity groups is warranted but also reveals notable patterns and categories that should be considered as the field moves forward.

The purpose of this collection is to bring together representative examples of the most recent work that is taking an understanding of children and childhood in new directions. The two key overarching themes are diversity: social, economic, geographical, and cultural; and agency: the need to see children in industrial England as participants - even protagonists - in the process of historical change, not simply as passive recipients or victims. Contributors address such crucial subjects as the varied experience of work; poverty and apprenticeship; institutional care; the political voice of children; child sexual abuse; and children and education. This volume, therefore, includes some of the best, innovative work on the history of children and childhood currently being written by both younger and established scholars

International audience ; Globalisation has been challenging religion-based movements in many ways. The TIC (Technology of Information and Communication, e.g. internet, social networks), Biotechnology (e.g. GMO, cloning, human insemination) and Feminism combined with Transgender Movements (e.g. women's rights, sexual identity) have put into question traditional beliefs on religious authorities, religious teachings and religious roles in society. The reactions of religion-based movements to these challenges vary and may be classified into two groups: 'Communitarist' and 'Pluralist' Movements. On one side, the activists of the 'Communitarist Movement' believe that their community is the sole holder of the truth, that they hold a sacred duty to apply their belief to the whole world, and that the individual as well as the collective life of the community members is dedicated to community interests. There are two variants of this type of movement: the 'Radicalists' who choose a radical way to achieve their goal, including violence and terror. The other variant is the 'Gradualists' who choose a gradual way to achieve their goal, including social work, education and political parties. On the other side, the activists of the 'Pluralist Movement' believe that diversity (including religious diversity) is the nature of the living world, that maintaining diversity is a must for the survival and continuity of the living world, and that dialogue is the best way to resolve the conflicts among the different religious communities. There are two variants of the movement: the 'Tolerantist' and the 'Altruist.' The 'Tolerantist' activists accept the presence of others, but ultimately believe in their superiority over others. The 'Altruist' activists accept the presence of others, but also take the interest of others as a point of departure of their moral conduct. Where is the place of Muhammadiyah in those movements? This paper tries to answer this question.

International audience ; Globalisation has been challenging religion-based movements in many ways. The TIC (Technology of Information and Communication, e.g. internet, social networks), Biotechnology (e.g. GMO, cloning, human insemination) and Feminism combined with Transgender Movements (e.g. women's rights, sexual identity) have put into question traditional beliefs on religious authorities, religious teachings and religious roles in society. The reactions of religion-based movements to these challenges vary and may be classified into two groups: 'Communitarist' and 'Pluralist' Movements. On one side, the activists of the 'Communitarist Movement' believe that their community is the sole holder of the truth, that they hold a sacred duty to apply their belief to the whole world, and that the individual as well as the collective life of the community members is dedicated to community interests. There are two variants of this type of movement: the 'Radicalists' who choose a radical way to achieve their goal, including violence and terror. The other variant is the 'Gradualists' who choose a gradual way to achieve their goal, including social work, education and political parties. On the other side, the activists of the 'Pluralist Movement' believe that diversity (including religious diversity) is the nature of the living world, that maintaining diversity is a must for the survival and continuity of the living world, and that dialogue is the best way to resolve the conflicts among the different religious communities. There are two variants of the movement: the 'Tolerantist' and the 'Altruist.' The 'Tolerantist' activists accept the presence of others, but ultimately believe in their superiority over others. The 'Altruist' activists accept the presence of others, but also take the interest of others as a point of departure of their moral conduct. Where is the place of Muhammadiyah in those movements? This paper tries to answer this question.

Learn the changing role of sexuality in American life!This helpful book offers a solid background in the sociology of family life and personal sexuality. Marital and Sexual Lifestyles in the United States: Attitudes, Behaviors, and Relationships in Social Context is designed to give readers a broad view of the diversity of contemporary U. S. attitudes, behaviors, and relationships. It also covers basic sociological concepts and research methods. Most human sexuality texts focus on the individual, whereas texts designed for sociology courses on the family downplay individual sexual expression

SummaryThis paper investigates whether ethnic diversity at the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) cluster level predicts HIV serostatus in three sub-Saharan African countries (Kenya, Malawi and Zambia), using DHS household survey and HIV biomarker data for men and women aged 15–59 collected since 2006. The analysis relates a binary dependent variable (HIV positive serostatus) and a weighted aggregate predictor variable representing the number of different ethnic groups within a DHS Statistical Enumeration Area (SEA) or cluster, which roughly corresponds to a neighbourhood. Multilevel logistic regression is used to predict HIV prevalence within each SEA, controlling for known demographic, social and behavioural predictors of HIV serostatus. The key finding was that the cluster-level ethnic diversity measure was a significant predictor of HIV serostatus in Malawi and Zambia but not in Kenya. Additional results reflected the heterogeneity of the epidemics: male gender, marriage (Kenya), number of extramarital partners in the past year (Kenya and Malawi, but probably confounded with younger age) and Muslim religion (Zambia) were associated with lower odds of positive HIV serostatus. Condom use at last intercourse (a spurious result probably reflecting endogeneity), STD in the past year, number of lifetime sexual partners, age (Malawi and Zambia), education (Zambia), urban residence (Malawi and Zambia) and employment (Kenya and Malawi) were associated with higher odds of positive serostatus. Future studies might continue to employ multilevel models and incorporate additional, more robust, controls for individual behavioural risk factors and for higher-level social and economic factors, in order to verify and further clarify the association between neighbourhood ethnic diversity and HIV serostatus.

The dynamically ongoing processes of integration are among the crucial premises for the development of contemporary interpersonal, intergroup and cross-cultural relations, attitudes, conflicts and more. The research problem here directs to an analysis, based on ESS data collected in 8 countries, rounds 2006 and 2008, on the extent to which Europeans' personal orientations significantly influence the attitudes towards ethno-national diversity, in this case, towards two social groups: immigrants coming from poorer countries outside Europe and people with different sexual orientation. Furthermore, the influence of the same factors on the civic activeness and involvement in the social-political processes has been followed. Through regressive analysis the important effect of the co-otherness orientation (a concept developed by Sicakkan, 2003), the orientation to success and traditionalism on all included dependent variables has been proved. The expectations for predicting effects of the three personal orientations have been confirmed regarding the civic involvement and tolerance to diversity. Simultaneously the necessity of working EU politics to deal with the risks of emerging negative attitudes has been pointed out in relation to the broad immigrant and refugee wave to European countries.
Key words: attitudes towards immigrants, civic activeness, co-otherness.

The analysis of sexual diversity and gender requires adopting a critical\nand self-conscious approach to the sociology of law and the legal field. It is\nnecessary, due to the complexity of the issues, to approach the mentioned\nphenomenon not only from one perspective, but from a series of contributions\ndeemed relevant which aim towards ending the theoretical weakness\nand that of the research. From human rights as anchor of democratization of sexuality and gender identity studies, these have become synonyms of respect for individual freedoms and the values of the acceptance of difference.\nThe goal is to prevent a narrative that neglects the difference and to\navoid the treatment of the multiplicity and transdisciplinary plurality.\nThe central axis of this text is to pose questions about possible new legal\nmeanings in a complex social reality and to think about situations that are\nnot considered by the academic life in the law. ; Fil: Gerlero, Mario S. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho. Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Para el análisis de la diversidad en la sexualidad y el género es necesario un abordaje crítico reflexivo de Sociología del Derecho y del campo jurídico. Es necesario, por las cuestiones de complejidad, no abordar el fenómeno mencionado desde una perspectiva única sino desde una serie de aportes considerados de relevancia que tiene como objeto terminar con la debilidad teórica y de la investigación. A partir de los derechos humanos como anclaje de la democratización de la sexualidad y de los estudios de identidad de género, éstos se han vuelto sinónimo del respeto por las libertades individuales y los valores de la aceptación de la diferencia. El objetivo es evitar que en los relatos se anule la diferencia y se evite el tratamiento de la multiplicidad y de la pluralidad transdisciplinaria. Formular preguntas sobre los posibles nuevos sentidos jurídicos en la compleja realidad social y pensar situaciones no tenidas en cuenta por la vida académica en el Derecho es el eje central del presente texto.

The author proposes that the paradigms within which struggles for reproductive and sexual rights are waged fail to engage with those dimensions of sexuality and reproduction that are inscribed into the broader organization of social and economic life nationally and globally. In the case of reproductive rights she argues that the possibility of delivering quality reproductive health services is determined not only by ideological struggles regarding people's right to control their sexual and reproductive selves but also by the extent of the state's commitment to delivery of services as well as global factors influencing state capacity, such as debt, or the impact of international trade agreements and corporate policies on costs of health commodities. Yet reproductive rights activism does not seek alliances with others concerned with questions of state capacity and accountability for provision of services to the public. This is evident in the presentation of parallel events at the WSF, rather than the inclusion of health services including sexual and reproductive health services as part of the discussion on the dominant themes of the WSF regarding both citizenship and globalization. In relation to sexual rights, the author argues that the dominance of identity politics as the paradigm of mobilization leads to failure to recognize that many of the impacts of discrimination on the basis of sexual or gender diversity are also experienced, albeit in different ways, by other marginalized groups, whether immigrants, poor people or different ethnic groups. The use of an essentialist identity paradigm prevents the development of alliances around the more fundamental problem of lack of access to the benefits of full citizenship for all of those who do not fit the hegemonic norm. She proposes that an effort to rethink these challenges would contribute towards the development of alliances at the World Social Forum and beyond to challenge those factors that ultimately undermine both sexual and reproductive rights.