I adopt a situated approach to the question of what would constitute responsible trust and/or distrust in climate change science, and I identify some of the major challenges for laypersons in their attempts to know well by placing their trust in climate change experts. I examine evidence that white males, as a group of relative privilege, are more likely to distrust the institutions of climate change science than are other demographic groups, and use this example to consider specific challenges facing those who occupy positions of privilege and who seek to place their epistemic trust wisely. I argue that the insights of feminist standpoint theory and epistemologies of ignorance concerning the role of positionality in knowledge production and the need for critical reflexivity can be applied to cases of epistemic trust as well; in some contexts, such as climate change science, considerations of how those differently situated from oneself place their trust will be valuable contributions to responsible assignments of trust.
In today's economy, universities are seen as a central source of knowledge for the firms. Innovation policies therefore encourage University-Industry collaborations in the hope that it will lay out the overall framework for an efficient transfer between partners. In this work, I recognize the central role of universities in the innovation process but I question the belief that knowledge is per se flowing between private and academic partners in such collaborations. Focusing on the joint R&D projects financed by the Competitiveness Clusters of Wallonia, the thesis explores knowledge exchanges as they happen, influenced by their material and social circumstances, through a situated approach. In particular, I propose to explore the impact of power exercises between partners on what is learnt, how, and by whom. ; Aujourd'hui, l'université est vue comme une source central de connaissances pour les firmes. Des politiques d'innovation encouragent les collaborations entre universités et entreprises afin de favoriser un transfert de connaissances efficace entre ces partenaires. Dans ce travail, je reconnais le rôle central des universités dans le processus d'innovation mais je questionne la croyance selon laquelle les connaissances se diffuseraient naturellement de l'université vers la firme au sein de telles collaborations. En s'intéressant au cas des projets de R&D financés par les pôles de compétitivité wallons, cette thèse étudie les échanges de connaissances sur le vif, influencés par les circonstances matérielles et sociales qui les encadrent, au travers d'une approche située. En particulier, j'étudie l'impact de l'exercice du pouvoir entre partenaires sur ce qui sera appris, par qui et comment au sein de la collaboration. ; (DOCSESG00) -- FUNDP, 2011
In today's economy, universities are seen as a central source of knowledge for the firms. Innovation policies therefore encourage University-Industry collaborations in the hope that it will lay out the overall framework for an efficient transfer between partners. In this work, I recognize the central role of universities in the innovation process but I question the belief that knowledge is per se flowing between private and academic partners in such collaborations. Focusing on the joint R&D projects financed by the Competitiveness Clusters of Wallonia, the thesis explores knowledge exchanges as they happen, influenced by their material and social circumstances, through a situated approach. In particular, I propose to explore the impact of power exercises between partners on what is learnt, how, and by whom. ; Aujourd'hui, l'université est vue comme une source central de connaissances pour les firmes. Des politiques d'innovation encouragent les collaborations entre universités et entreprises afin de favoriser un transfert de connaissances efficace entre ces partenaires. Dans ce travail, je reconnais le rôle central des universités dans le processus d'innovation mais je questionne la croyance selon laquelle les connaissances se diffuseraient naturellement de l'université vers la firme au sein de telles collaborations. En s'intéressant au cas des projets de R&D financés par les pôles de compétitivité wallons, cette thèse étudie les échanges de connaissances sur le vif, influencés par les circonstances matérielles et sociales qui les encadrent, au travers d'une approche située. En particulier, j'étudie l'impact de l'exercice du pouvoir entre partenaires sur ce qui sera appris, par qui et comment au sein de la collaboration. ; (DOCSESG00) -- FUNDP, 2011
In today's economy, universities are seen as a central source of knowledge for the firms. Innovation policies therefore encourage University-Industry collaborations in the hope that it will lay out the overall framework for an efficient transfer between partners. In this work, I recognize the central role of universities in the innovation process but I question the belief that knowledge is per se flowing between private and academic partners in such collaborations. Focusing on the joint R&D projects financed by the Competitiveness Clusters of Wallonia, the thesis explores knowledge exchanges as they happen, influenced by their material and social circumstances, through a situated approach. In particular, I propose to explore the impact of power exercises between partners on what is learnt, how, and by whom. ; Aujourd'hui, l'université est vue comme une source central de connaissances pour les firmes. Des politiques d'innovation encouragent les collaborations entre universités et entreprises afin de favoriser un transfert de connaissances efficace entre ces partenaires. Dans ce travail, je reconnais le rôle central des universités dans le processus d'innovation mais je questionne la croyance selon laquelle les connaissances se diffuseraient naturellement de l'université vers la firme au sein de telles collaborations. En s'intéressant au cas des projets de R&D financés par les pôles de compétitivité wallons, cette thèse étudie les échanges de connaissances sur le vif, influencés par les circonstances matérielles et sociales qui les encadrent, au travers d'une approche située. En particulier, j'étudie l'impact de l'exercice du pouvoir entre partenaires sur ce qui sera appris, par qui et comment au sein de la collaboration. ; (DOCSESG00) -- FUNDP, 2011
Clusters usually assume a dynamic of innovation at the cross-road between prox-imity and distance. On the one hand, proximity triggers trust and a sense of com-mon understanding between members that allow for the transfer of knowledge, especially its tacit components. But, at the same time, the innovativeness of the cluster also depends on distance: participants from different organizations with different skills, objectives and interests interact in a joint network. It creates a complex context for knowledge sharing, full of creative tensions and power issues. While insights from economic clusters (Porter 1998) or National (Lundvall 1992; Nelson 1993) and Regional Innovation Systems (Cooke et al. 1998; Asheim 2003) allow grasping the rationale behind the promotion of the innovation clus-ters, an important gap subsists in the understanding of the learning processes that are triggered, especially their political dimension. To make sure that such relation-ships keep their promises, it is important to understand what kinds of learning mechanisms are at stake and how partners ensure that the newly created knowledge is of interest for their parent organizations or themselves. Nevertheless, power issues and their impact on knowledge transfers have not been studied yet in the context of innovation clusters. One potential reason is the scarce use of frameworks that adequately manipulate such research objects. The goal of this chapter is therefore to outline a research approach for studying inter-organizational knowledge transfers in clusters as a situated, political process.
Clusters usually assume a dynamic of innovation at the cross-road between prox-imity and distance. On the one hand, proximity triggers trust and a sense of com-mon understanding between members that allow for the transfer of knowledge, especially its tacit components. But, at the same time, the innovativeness of the cluster also depends on distance: participants from different organizations with different skills, objectives and interests interact in a joint network. It creates a complex context for knowledge sharing, full of creative tensions and power issues. While insights from economic clusters (Porter 1998) or National (Lundvall 1992; Nelson 1993) and Regional Innovation Systems (Cooke et al. 1998; Asheim 2003) allow grasping the rationale behind the promotion of the innovation clus-ters, an important gap subsists in the understanding of the learning processes that are triggered, especially their political dimension. To make sure that such relation-ships keep their promises, it is important to understand what kinds of learning mechanisms are at stake and how partners ensure that the newly created knowledge is of interest for their parent organizations or themselves. Nevertheless, power issues and their impact on knowledge transfers have not been studied yet in the context of innovation clusters. One potential reason is the scarce use of frameworks that adequately manipulate such research objects. The goal of this chapter is therefore to outline a research approach for studying inter-organizational knowledge transfers in clusters as a situated, political process.
Las definiciones, los usos y el alcance teórico, metodológico y político del giro interseccional en la teoría feminista son el eje del presente artículo. En este texto se establece una genealogía de los enfoques interseccionales, incluyendo en este relato los aportes del pensamiento feminista producido en distintos contextos históricos y geopolíticos. Se identifican algunas de las grandes líneas del debate sobre la interseccionalidad con el fin de mostrar su alcance y sus límites, ligados en gran parte a su amplia difusión. Igualmente, se da cuenta de la forma como son experimentadas concretamente las intersecciones de raza y género, clase y género y la consubstancialidad de estas relaciones para los grupos sociales involucrados, examinando tanto mis propios trabajos investigativos como los de otras autoras. El texto concluye con la importancia política del concepto, enfatizando los aportes del black feminism, el feminismo de color y el feminismo latinoamericano como enfoques epistémicos descolonizadores. A partir de este recorrido analítico se destaca el alcance teórico y crítico de un enfoque interseccional localizado y contextualizado. ; The definitions, uses and theoretical, methodological and political scope of intersectionality in feminist theory constitute the focus of this article. This text establishes a genealogy of intersectional approaches, including the contributions of feminist thought produced in various historical and geopolitical contexts. It identifies some of the main lines of the debate on intersectionality in order to show their scope and limits, linked largely to their broad dissemination. It also shows how the intersections of race and gender, and class and gender, are experienced, demonstrating the consubstantiality of these relationships for the social groups involved, and examining both my own research and that of other authors. The text concludes with the political importance of the concept, emphasizing the contributions of black feminism, color feminism and Latin American feminism as decolonizing epistemic approaches. This analytical assessment is used to highlight the theoretical and critical scope of a localized, contextualized intersectional approach. ; As definic¸ões, aplicac¸ões e escopo teórico, metodológico e político da mudanc¸a interseccional na teoria feminista são a espinha dorsal do presente artigo. Neste texto é estabelecida uma genealogia de abordagens interseccionais, incluindo as contribuic¸ões do pensamento feminista produzido em diferentes contextos históricos e geopolíticos. Identificam-se algumas das principais linhas de debate sobre a interseccionalidade, a fim de mostrar o seu alcance e limites, ligados em grande medida à sua ampla divulgac¸ão. Da mesma forma, os cruzamentos de rac¸a e gênero, classe e gênero, são analisados, assim como a experiência da consubstancialidade dessas relac¸ões para os grupos sociais envolvidos, examinando os meus próprios trabalhos de pesquisa e os de outras autoras. O texto conclui com a importância política do conceito, enfatizando as contribuic¸ões do feminismo preto (black feminism), o feminismo de cor e o feminismo latino-americano como abordagens epistêmicos da descolonizac¸ão. A partir deste andamento analítico o escopo teórico e crítico da abordagem interseccional é localizado e contextualizado
Transsexual and transgender identities have been the subject of much debate in recent decades. Approaching these identities raises stimulating challenges to dominant understandings of sex/gender identities. This paper discusses some of these challenges and their implications for the psychosocial comprehension of non-normative identities. Firstly, we outline some basic coordinates from where we approach the issue of identity and, particularly, of sex/gender identity. Then we reflect upon how trans identities can, from a critical perspective, undermine identitarian essentialism and challenge the pathologizing biomedical perspective. This is followed by a brief outline of the multiplicity identity positions and political interests that prevails within the transgender community. Finally, it is suggested, through the figure of the trans-knowledge, a situated perspective to approach this multiplicity that would allow for a transformative coexistence of positions and escape homogenizing theorizations. ; Las identidades transexuales y transgénero han sido tema de extenso debate durante las últimas décadas. Su abordaje a menudo plantea estimulantes desafíos a la comprensión dominante de las identidades de sexo/género. En este artículo buscamos trazar y discutir algunos de los desafíos planteados la comprensión psicosocial de las identidades no-normativas de sexo/género. En un primer momento, esbozamos brevemente las coordenadas teóricas donde nos situamos para aproximarnos al tema de la identidad y, particularmente, a la identidad sexogenérica. A continuación damos cuenta de cómo las identidades trans, desde perspectivas críticas, socavan las identidades esenciales de sexo/género al tiempo que desafían la perspectiva biomédica dominante que las patologiza. Posteriormente buscamos avanzar un breve bosquejo de la multiplicidad y la diferencia de posiciones identitarias y políticas que prevalece al interior de la cuestión trans. Finalmente, se sugiere, a través de la figura de los trans-conocimientos, una perspectiva ...
International audience ; Amartya Sen's work is situated in a general perspective of history, which for him is clearly characterized by the rise of democracy. His whole work is indeed related to the idea that only enlighten democracy can achieve justice. This article aims to show that Sen's philosophical approach is, as every political and scientific thought, a situated approach. While he claims his belonging to a tradition of "realization-focused comparative approaches" pursued in various ways by Smith, Condorcet, Wollstonecraft, Bentham, Marx or Mill, his idea of justice emerges clearly from the debates provoked John Rawls' Theory of justice. Sen's philosophy is also situated in a particular discipline: economics, and more precisely social choice theory, to which Sen dedicated his research since the early Sixties. Moreover one cannot forget that Sen is the son and grand-son of Indian intellectuals, close to the poet and philosopher Rabindranath Tagore. Thus Sen belongs to the international community of economists which implies his conforming to specific conventions and rules, but he seems to be aware that his origins have partly shaped his world vision. These particular backgrounds partly explain his influential revitalization not only of normative economics, but political philosophy as well.
International audience ; Amartya Sen's work is situated in a general perspective of history, which for him is clearly characterized by the rise of democracy. His whole work is indeed related to the idea that only enlighten democracy can achieve justice. This article aims to show that Sen's philosophical approach is, as every political and scientific thought, a situated approach. While he claims his belonging to a tradition of "realization-focused comparative approaches" pursued in various ways by Smith, Condorcet, Wollstonecraft, Bentham, Marx or Mill, his idea of justice emerges clearly from the debates provoked John Rawls' Theory of justice. Sen's philosophy is also situated in a particular discipline: economics, and more precisely social choice theory, to which Sen dedicated his research since the early Sixties. Moreover one cannot forget that Sen is the son and grand-son of Indian intellectuals, close to the poet and philosopher Rabindranath Tagore. Thus Sen belongs to the international community of economists which implies his conforming to specific conventions and rules, but he seems to be aware that his origins have partly shaped his world vision. These particular backgrounds partly explain his influential revitalization not only of normative economics, but political philosophy as well.
International audience ; Amartya Sen's work is situated in a general perspective of history, which for him is clearly characterized by the rise of democracy. His whole work is indeed related to the idea that only enlighten democracy can achieve justice. This article aims to show that Sen's philosophical approach is, as every political and scientific thought, a situated approach. While he claims his belonging to a tradition of "realization-focused comparative approaches" pursued in various ways by Smith, Condorcet, Wollstonecraft, Bentham, Marx or Mill, his idea of justice emerges clearly from the debates provoked John Rawls' Theory of justice. Sen's philosophy is also situated in a particular discipline: economics, and more precisely social choice theory, to which Sen dedicated his research since the early Sixties. Moreover one cannot forget that Sen is the son and grand-son of Indian intellectuals, close to the poet and philosopher Rabindranath Tagore. Thus Sen belongs to the international community of economists which implies his conforming to specific conventions and rules, but he seems to be aware that his origins have partly shaped his world vision. These particular backgrounds partly explain his influential revitalization not only of normative economics, but political philosophy as well.
