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The advent and spread of Internet and the Web have radically transformed the modes of communication. This book considers a particular ambit of online communication, namely that of science. In the first place, the author reconstructs the circumstances that gave rise to the modern system of scientific communication, and the qualitative and quantitative tools for scientific evaluation. After this, the analysis concentrates on the history, philosophy and architecture of the Web from its inception through to the most recent developments of both a technical (Semantic Web) and a socio-cultural kind (Web 2.0). Finally an open and democratic model for scientific communication is projected and proposed, made possible through the use of transparent, accessible and distributed tools.

The book contains the proceedings of the European conference and review «Products and experiences for intercultural dialogue: Best practices for social inclusion in Italy and Europe" held in Florence on 18 January 2008 in the framework of the project «Social Inclusion: How Leonardo da Vinci Projects Contribueted to Make it Effective». With a social and pedagogic/educational approach, the text is designed to make a specific contribution to the knowledge and evaluation of quality products, carefully selected by European experts, regarding three fundamental aspects of social inclusion and intercultural dialogue: learning on the part of the immigrants of the language and culture of the host country; reception and inclusion in the workplace; the protection of the health and safety of the immigrants. - Il volume raccoglie gli atti della Conferenza e Rassegna Europea «Prodotti ed esperienze per il dialogo interculturale. Le migliori pratiche per l'inclusione sociale in Italia e in Europa», svoltasi a Firenze il 18 gennaio 2008, nell'ambito del progetto «Social Inclusion: How Leonardo da Vinci Projects Contribueted to Make it Effective». Con un approccio di carattere sociale e pedagogico/educativo il testo intende apportare un contributo specifico alla conoscenza e alla valutazione di prodotti di qualità, accuratamente selezionati da esperti europei, riguardanti tre aspetti fondamentali dell'inclusione sociale e del dialogo interculturale: l'apprendimento da parte degli immigrati della lingua e della cultura del paese ospitante; l'accoglienza e l'inclusione nei luoghi di lavoro; la salvaguardia della salute e della sicurezza degli immigrati.

The aim of this article is to review the literature on the effects of social environment on the development of physical aggression. We have chosen to consider the social environment in terms of a relatively recent unifying concept, the social capital. In recent years, this concept has increasingly come to the fore. Initially formulated by Bourdieu, Coleman and Putnam to explain such phenomena as social stratification and economic and political development, it has since been utilized to interpret various aspects of life in society. From the developmental standpoint, several empirical studies have demonstrated that both familial and extra-familial social capital have an effect, even in the long term, on the adaptation of children, on academic results and socio-economic success, and on health and well-being. In general, the social capital perspective has proved useful in helping to understand aggressive behavior and violence, though much more research is needed. Not all forms of social capital act in the same way, and several studies have found that social capital seems to exert a preventive effect on aggressive behavior only in certain circumstances and only with regard to some types of persons. The various types of social capital have a differential impact according to the age of the individual. Family social capital and the relationship resources offered by the child welfare system chiefly act during early childhood and childhood, when learning to regulate physical aggression appears to be at its peak. The influence of peers has been shown mainly during late childhood and adolescence: however, it is very likely that it is present very early at home through siblings, and in day care. Violent subcultures and organized crime are more likely to exert a direct effect on adolescents and adults. Broadly speaking, it seems that social capital at the micro level plays a stronger role during childhood,while the macro level acts especially during adolescence and adult life. ; Il concetto di capitale sociale, elaborato inizialmente da Bourdieu, Coleman e Putnam per comprendere fenomeni quali la stratificazione sociale, lo sviluppo economico e l'efficienza dei governi, sta godendo di un crescente successo in sociologia. Questo concetto è stato anche utilizzato per comprendere i rapporti tra caratteristiche dell'ambiente e aggressività fisica, ed in questo articolo riportiamo una rassegna delle principali ricerche in questo campo. Non tutte le forme di capitale sociale agiscono allo stesso modo, ed in molte ricerche il capitale sociale sembra avere un impatto preventivo sul comportamento aggressivo soltanto in certe circostanze e soltanto con alcuni tipi di persone. I diversi tipi di capitale sociale hanno un impatto differenziato a seconda delle diverse età della vita: il capitale sociale famigliare e le risorse di relazioni presenti nel sistema di welfare agiscono soprattutto nell'infanzia, anche in età molto precoci, i coetanei agiscono soprattutto nell'adolescenza, mentre le sottoculture violente ed il crimine organizzato hanno un impatto sui giovani e sugli adulti. Alla luce di molte ricerche,possiamo ritenere che il processo di progressiva diminuzione dei comportamenti aggressivi, dalla prima infanzia all'età adulta possa essere facilitato dalla maggior parte delle relazioni sociali che abbiamo definito come capitale sociale,anche se ci si è resi conto di come alcune forme di capitale sociale (gang, crimine organizzato) possono rappresentare una risorsa per sopravvivere in ambienti difficili, ma finiscono per incrementare la violenza.

Il campo d'interesse della ricerca è stato l'attuale processo di ricentralizzazione del Social Housing nelle periferie urbane in una parte del contesto internazionale, che sembra stia portando le città a ricrearsi e ripensarsi grazie alla presa di coscienza delle differenze esistenti, rispetto al passato, nei nuovi processi di trasformazione nei quali la città è intesa sia come spazio costruito ma anche sociale. In virtù di quest'ultimi due aspetti complementari della città, oggi, il ruolo della periferia contemporanea sembra essere diversamente interpretato, così come gli interventi di riqualificazione di tipo assistenziale - migliorativo tenderebbero a trasformarne i suoi caratteri alla ricerca del "modello di città". L'interesse alla tematica è inoltre scaturito dalla constatazione che alla base della crisi dei modelli d'intervento pubblico starebbero sia l'insostenibilità economica ma soprattutto l'errata lettura dei bisogni delle famiglie nella loro specificità e diversità e che in tal senso l'eventuale partecipazione della cittadinanza costituirebbe effettivamente una proposta valida, anche per risolvere la crescente domanda abitativa che si pone a livello mondiale. L'obiettivo della ricerca è stato quello d'analizzare, nel contesto internazionale del Social Housing, le caratteristiche di partecipazione e sussidiarietà che connotano particolarmente gli interventi di riqualificazione destinati a famiglie economicamente carenti, nello specifico analizzando i metodi e gli strumenti atti alla comunicazione partecipativa del progetto in aree urbane periferiche italiane e brasiliane. Nella prima e seconda fase della ricerca è stato svolto, rispettivamente, un lavoro di analisi bibliografica sul tema dell'emergenza casa e sulle nuove politiche abitative di sviluppo urbano ed uno specifico sulla tematica della riqualificazione partecipata del Social Housing in aree della periferia urbana, infine nella terza fase sono stati analizzati i casi di studio prescelti dando rilievo all'analisi delle caratteristiche e requisiti prestazionali delle tecniche partecipative di rappresentazione - comunicazione, più idonee ad influenzare positivamente il suddetto processo. ; The research covers the current process of re-centralization of Social Housing in the suburbs in a part of the international context, which seems to be leading the cities to rethink and reshape themselves thanks to the awareness of the existing differences, as compared to the past, in the new processes of transformation in which the city is considered both as made up buildings and as a social space. As a conseguence of these two complementary aspects of the city, today, the role of contemporary suburbs seems to be interpreted differently, likewise the welfare rehabilitation tend to transform their characters in search of the "model city". Moreover the interest in this topic is the result of the realization that at the basis of the crisis of public models of intervention lies economic unsustainability and above all the misunderstanding of the needs of families in their specificity and diversity. In this sense the participation of citizens would actually be a valid proposal, even to solve the growing housing demand that is arising in the world. The aim of the research is to analyze, on the international level of Social Housing, the characteristics of participation and subsidiarity that characterize the redevelopment works aimed at less well-off families, in particular by analyzing the methods and means suitable to participatory communication in the project in Italian and Brazilian suburb areas. The first and second steps of the research were, respectively, a work of literature review on home emergency and new housing policies of urban development and a specific on the issue of participatory rehabilitation of Social Housing in suburb areas. Then the third step analyzes case studies selected by highlighting the analysis of the characteristics and performance requirements of participatory techniques of representation - communication, best suited to positively influence this process.

Download the free epub version Listen to the interview on Radio Treccia Ischia TV Is it possible to disseminate science through social networks? Facebook was created to share thoughts, ideas, sensations and anything mild and fleeting; certainly not for the dissemination of scientific and academic knowledge. On the contrary... by combining the obligatory conciseness of a post, the taste for fantasy at the service of the dissemination of scientific knowledge, and the socialization of such a widespread means of communication, there is a metamorphosis turning the irreversible, ineffable volatility of a social network into the lapidary and realistic fixity of this book of digital cameos, dedicated to many aspects of chemistry, a science which is so inextricably enveloped in our daily life. A "chemical" Rector disguises himself as Alice and ventures into a land, the Facebook land, where the wonders coming from imaginative journeys in matter, in its laws and in its imponderable enigmatic nature, take shape.

From the beginning, Dahrendorf was committed to giving an anthropological foundation to his political philosophy through the definition of three fundamental aspects. Firstly, human societies are considered historically determined entities; secondly, the primacy of the principle of coercion; and finally, the problem of inequality. Dahrendorf's "new liberalism" must be interpreted essentially as a philosophy of transformation: it cannot be satisfied with the existing conditions, and therefore with the negative concept of freedom. Dahrendorf indeed became one of the interpreters of a radical criticism of conservative liberalism. The concept of active freedom is the solution to the most obvious deficit that this type of liberalism has shown. Furthermore, he is against systematic inequality and is therefore hostile to neoliberal policies. With their slogan "less State", such policies have impersonated a restrictive trend against the extension of social rights. Meanwhile, the implementation of neoliberal policies causes renewed social divisions, as well as the start of a radicalisation process of those divisions.

The experience of Porto Alegre has and continues to represent for the entire world a benchmark standard in terms of the participation of citizens in territorial government. Dwelling principally on the technical-instrumental aspects of its extraordinary parable, this book attempts to reconstruct, over and above any evaluation, a biography of the territory and the communities in play, telling the story of how a site on the planet can become a planetary site of participatory democracy.

The theme of urban welfare, complex and characterized by a multiple reading of the concept, can be declined in various forms and aspects, however revolving around a specific instance: the request for a democratic diffusion of services, open and accessible to all, counting social mixing and the sharing of public resources. Two international examples, Medellín and Paris, testify today this willingness to spread services, increasingly open to fragile social classes or who have difficulty in accessing resources. Medellín reinterprets urban welfare considering the access to culture, through an integral territorial planning tool aimed at both urban regeneration and social regeneration, accomplishing it through policies of approach to culture and spread of services where parts of informal, spontaneously growing city, do not have it. Paris reads urban welfare according to social mixing and functional aspect in social housing: the new éco-quartiers regenerate large abandoned areas of Paris and turn them into new areas of social and economic attractiveness. The Parisian experience underlines the importance that government urban policies have in supporting social housing and sustainability issues for the construction of a regenerated city. It is through the provision of funds for the construction of functionally diversified social housing that it has been possible to equip an entire community with a new urban welfare, in an evolving perspective of sharing. In order to achieve urban welfare, therefore, there is the need of a capacity of an informal intervention for the realization of a widespread public services and a decisive and politically oriented public financial involvement for an action on the urban space able to transforming it into a common good.

Dottorato di ricerca in Ecosistemi e sistemi produttivi ; Il lavoro si è prefisso lo scopo di approfondire le conoscenze riguardo la sicurezza sul lavoro degli arboricoltori operanti su fune, comunemente detti treeclimbers. Inizialmente si è indagato sullo stato delle conoscenze riguardo la tecnica, la normativa e gli infortuni relativi a questo settore. Essendo risultati pochi dati a livello nazionale si è provveduto ad indagare direttamente con dei questionari distribuiti via social network attraverso gruppi di lavoratori su fune e di manutentori del verde. Dopo una analisi dei dati, si è provveduto a valutare il rischio ergonomico dei treeclimbers e le altre criticità emerse dai questionari, come il frequente uso di discensori non normati e macchine pericolose come motoseghe e cippatrici. ; The purpose of the work was to deepen the knowledge about the safety at work of arborists working on ropes, commonly called treeclimbers. Initially the state of knowledge about the technique, the legislation and accidents related to this sector was investigated. Since few data were found at the national level, we proceeded to investigate directly with questionnaires distributed via social networks through groups of workers on ropes and green maintenance workers. After an analysis of the data, the ergonomic risk of the treeclimbers and other critical issues emerged from the questionnaires, such as the frequent use of non-standard descenders and dangerous machines such as chainsaws and chippers, were evaluated.

The 43rd UID conference, held in Genova, takes up the theme of 'Dialogues' as practice and debate on many fundamental topics in our social life, especially in these complex and not yet resolved times. The city of Genova offers the opportunity to ponder on the value of comparison and on the possibilities for the community, naturally focused on the aspects that concern us, as professors, researchers, disseminators of knowledge, or on all the possibile meanings of the discipline of representation and its dialogue with 'others', which we have broadly catalogued in three macro areas: History, Semiotics, Science / Technology. Therefore, "dialogue" as a profitable exchange based on a common language, without which it is impossible to comprehend and understand one another; and the graphic sign that connotes the conference is the precise transcription of this concept: the title 'translated' into signs, derived from the visual alphabet designed for the visual identity of the UID since 2017. There are many topics which refer to three macro sessions: - Witnessing (signs and history) - Communicating (signs and semiotics) - Experimenting (signs and sciences) Thanks to the different points of view, an exceptional resource of our disciplinary area, we want to try to outline the prevailing theoretical-operational synergies, the collaborative lines of an instrumental nature, the recent updates of the repertoires of images that attest and nourish the relations among representation, history, semiotics, sciences.

TIl saggio analizza la gestione del patrimonio fondiario e del network relazionale del monastero di S. Prospero di Reggio Emilia, nel corso del Trecento. Attraverso l'analisi di una fonte inedita si è visto come diversi fattori (economici, politicosociali, demografici) influirono sul cenobio reggiano, mettendo in luce aspetti di continuità e di discontinuità. Continuità che si può riscontrare nel network di relazioni imperniato sul monastero, composto principalmente da comitatini e da esponenti dei ceti cittadini. Tra essi spiccano anche membri di estrazione aristocratica, i quali, al fine di radicarsi nel monastero, prendeva in conduzione terre monastiche in affitto oppure in feudo. Discontinuità che invece emerge in maniera evidente a livello della contrattualistica agraria. Sotto la spinta di esigenze economiche (aumentare la resa dei coltivi, razionalizzare e compattare i fondi) e politiche (ricostituire un solido network dopo le epidemie di peste e il governo di Feltrino Gonzaga) i contratti agrari ridussero la loro durata, da lunghi a mediobrevi, e in alcuni casi aggiunsero clausole volte a caricare il rapporto di dipendenza tra il massaro e l'abate. DOI 10.17464/9788867743322 ; The aim of this paper is to illustrate the management of the properties and the relational network of the monastery of S. Prospero in Reggio Emilia during the 14th century. The analysis of an unpublished source allow us to see how different causes of the Crisis of the 14th century (economic, social, demographic and political) affected the monastery, showing aspects of continuity and discontinuity. On one hand continuity can be spotted in the relational network gravitating around the abbey, consisting of both rural and urban population. The members of the urban oligarchy in order to establish deep roots in the monastery of S. Prospero used to receive monastic lands in feud or in leasing. On the other hand, discontinuity can be obviously spotted in the agrarian contracts. Under the pressure of economical (increasing the land's yield and compacting the farms) and political needs (restoring the relational network after the Black Plague and the Feltrino Gonzaga's government) the agrarian contracts reduced their duration, from long time ones to short ones, and sometimes they added new clauses, whose aim was to increase the dependency between the abbot and the peasants. DOI 10.17464/9788867743322

This sixth volume of the network Impact of Empire offers a comprehensive reading on the economic, political, religious and cultural impact of Roman military forces on the regions that were dominated by the Roman Empire. Readership: All those interested in the history of the Roman Empire and the impact of its military forces, and military history in general, particularly classicists, ancient historians, archaeologists, and specialists in Roman law

The Philippines is one of the most rapidly urbanizing countries in Asia. This trend reflects the effects of years of high rates of natural population growth and consistent rural-to-urban migration. Urbanization in the Philippines has been led by Metro Manila, also known as the National Capital Region (NCR), since the 1950s. Metro Manila and the other five metropolitan areas of the country produce 80% of the Philippines' Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and no development strategies for the rural areas are to be implemented in the foreseeable future. The spread of informal settlements in the Philippines has become a phenomenon associated with big cities and unplanned expanding urban centres. From the early 1970s to more recent years, estimates of the number of informal settlers in the country have varied, ranging from 470,000 to 2.5 million families. Current estimates2, place the number of informal settlement families (ISFs) at about 1.5 million, 15% of the Philippines' total urban population. Many ISFs live in chronic urban poverty and are confronted by physical, economic, social, legal and environmental risks on a day-to-day basis. They have limited or no access to security of tenure, capital, social networks, environmental safety and legal security. Clearly, as in other developing countries, the pervasiveness of informal settlements in the Philippines can be traced back to low income, inadequate urban planning, lack of serviced land, lack of affordable social housing, and many other factors.3 In Metro Manila and other growing urban centres, informal settlers live in sprawling slums that do not meet the most basic hygienic needs (or, worse, are used as dumping grounds for hazardous wastes) where they are constantly exposed to serious health risks. This issue has been too often addressed in ineffective ways: demolitions, relocations to extra urban areas, overcrowded tenement buildings. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that the informality that shapes this settlements and the social housing provided by the government so far can't be repressed, and should be incorporated in what is commonly considered "proper" architecture. These two aspects can successfully work together to generate an environment that responds to the needs of the people. Formality can lay the basis for informality to happen and evolve in a solid, safe and hygienic environment. This is the principle that defines the whole strategy here proposed for the chosen case study, the Smokey Mountain and Paradise Heights area in Tondo, Manila. The project is focused on the creation of public spaces at the street level using abandoned areas and existent and new buildings, in order to continuously connect parts of the city that share the same margins, but are not linked to one another. The proposal presents a series of covered public spaces realized using parts of some existing buildings and the alleviation of the overcrowding issue that affects this neighbourhood; a new and incremental social hosing building prototype, that would provide families highly flexible spaces; a diffused system of public toilets and wash-houses in the slum area, to provide ISFs with the sanitary and hygienic facilities they don't have access to; a family planning centre, with day-clinics for medical visits and classrooms for educational meetings and initiatives; and a junk shop, that could be the first step for a cooperative recycling business in the area. Another aspect that is pointed out is that in contexts characterized by scarcity of resources in terms of funds and materials, vernacular traditional buildings are the greatest resources for architects and engineers, as people managed to protect themselves from the weather elements with simple and effective precautions and no need of high-tech solutions. Of course, these precautions and architectural forms are to be actualized and adapted to the needs of a family living in a city of the 21st century, and this is were architects, engineers and planners should contribute with their expertise. Numerous NGOs have been and are working in the Smokey Mountain area, mainly carrying on important and indispensable feeding and schooling programs; I hope that this project, although probably utopian, will be able to raise awareness towards the living conditions of so many people also from an urban and architectural point of view.

During the last decade, a growing number of disciplines dealing with innovation processes focused started to investigate the phenomenon of wireless community networks (WCN). These networks, now consolidated on a global level, represent an infrastructure that is entirely built and self-managed by citizens voluntarily cooperating to create a new model of digital communication other than the Internet and commercial services offered on the market by Internet Service Providers (ISP). WCN, therefore, represent an emblematic case to explore not only the technical aspects of more and more pervasive technologies within contemporary society, but also to focus on relations between social, political and techno-scientific dimensions supporting innovation practices. In fact, most recent experiences of WCN acquired a central role in redefining participation practices and political activism linked to digital media, and its forms of innovation. This paper, on the basis of data collected through a qualitative research on the origin and development of the main RWC in Italy, throws light upon the way in which community networks represent a peculiar form of social innovation, where a system of individuals – beyond traditional innovation and development institutions and on the basis of political values and beliefs – cooperate to originate a new infrastructure managing to endorse participation and social inclusion in the digital society. In doing this, the paper emphasizes the procedural dimension of social innovation as an emerging practice in the active cooperation among human beings and technologies, during which political visions, technical tools and social participation have an impact on each other and transform themselves.

Il saggio di Godfrey Baldacchino, che nella sua versione originaria apriva il volume Our World of Islands, importante opera per lo sviluppo degli Island Studies come campo di ricerca, situa le isole nella storia e nel mondo contemporaneo, ne rivendica l'importanza e ne valorizza il ruolo sensibile e creativo. Questa apologia delle isole parte da una doppia constatazione critica: chi ha parlato delle isole è spesso un non-isolano e questo ha portato all'affermazione, anche fra gli isolani, di un paradigma della vulnerabilità e dell'isolamento che non dà ragione della complessità della condizione delle isole e degli isolani. Anche da qui l'esigenza di parlare di isolanità piuttosto che di insularità, di andare oltre la definizione dell'isola come terra circondata dal mare, per aprirsi ai molti modi in cui le isole vengono vissute dall'interno e ai molti apporti creativi, a volte imprevisti altre volte programmati, che esse hanno dato al pianeta in molti campi del sapere scientifico e sociale. Da qui l'esigenza di addentrarsi nella tradizione degli studi sulle isole, per coglierne la ricchezza e definire una nissologia che consenta, a isolani e non, di passare da un paradigma che stancamente cataloga "le isole del mondo" a uno che coglie "un mondo di isole", che fanno arcipelago e si offrono al pianeta come portatrici di idee, esperienze e voci nuove. ; peer-reviewed