Suchergebnisse

The article examines the epistemological parameters of the phenomenon of expert examination as well as the social and cognitive features of using scientific knowledge to substantiate the objectivity of expert evaluations. Today, the scope of expert activities has significantly expanded. Accordingly, the number of studies, including philosophical ones, considering this phenomenon, in particular, has increased primarily in connection with the growth of its role in assessing the social-humanitarian risks associated with the introduction of scientific-technical advances. At the same time, attention is directed to the fact that it is precisely due to the significant expansion of the scope of expert activity that the nature of the expert examination itself is distorted — its dependence on social contexts is increasing, but its objectivity is lost. The article aims to clarify the reasons for the growth of this dependence in connection with the specificity of the epistemological parameters of knowledge, which is used as a scientific basis for expert evaluations. This aspect of expert examination, as a rule, falls out of sight of both its researchers and the experts themselves. Modern philosophers and methodologists of science state the direct dependence of expert examination on applied (i. e., limited to practical requests) developments, while, in the author's opinion, the condition for the objectivity of expert opinions is the obligatory appeal of experts to fundamental science, motivated by the commitment to expand the sphere of holistic knowledge concerning the world. This condition is highlighted due to the epistemological perspective of comprehending expert evaluations, which makes it possible to include additional criteria for their objectivity in the sphere of the expert's self-awareness. The actualization of such criteria, according to the author, is now becoming a prerequisite for an effective expert examination that maintains a high social status.

The technique and methods of manipulating with the mass consciousness started to attract the attention of researches at the latter half of the XXth century, although the practice of such forms of influence on the mass audience existed almost at the earliest stages of human development. Paralogisms as a way of rhetorical influence on the listener were specified by Aristotle, who dedicated his students into the sacraments of exposing false arguments and other manipulative techniques with which the speaker is working with the audience. The modern manipulators are actively using both ancient and modern methods of influencing the mass consciousness. Researches of various specialties were describing and exposing them: among them sociologists, psychologists, political scientists, and journalists. In the present work the author demonstrates how through the usage of the ancient archetypes of the collective unconscious, as well as new manipulative practices (that were invented for the unhindered sale of goods and services that can guarantee getting of surplus profits) large capital holders are seeking for changing the value orientations of society, that leads to the reformation of the various social institutions. These reforms are causing the irreparable damage to the majority of the country's population, are infringing rights and social privileges, but allow to the financial and industrial syndicates to establish the full control not only over wallets, but also over people's minds. Manipulations of consciousness, conducted through the media, are making large social groups of people to vote against their own interests. The result of the reforms is not only the impoverishment of the citizens, but also the huge change in the appearance of the cultural elite. A significant help to manipulators in achieving their goals becomes the digitalization of all aspects of social and cultural life.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review the current status of research works on corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) in both non-Asian and Asian countries. It seeks to provide an overview of existing literatures to facilitate future research.


Design/methodology/approach
The present study used the content analysis of 64 empirical research papers from 41 countries from 1990 to 2020 to show the rapid development of and global focus on CSRD. Various CSRD measures had been used in previous researches on the extent and quality of disclosure.


Findings
Company characteristics, namely, company size, age, profitability, industry, share price performance and corporate governance mechanisms and their impact on CSRD, were investigated. Crucial variances between the determinants of CSRD in non-Asian and Asian countries were also reviewed. In non-Asian countries, especially the advanced ones, specific stakeholders such as regulators, the environment, shareholders, ownership and media are considered very significant in the disclosure of CSR information. Meanwhile, in Asian countries, CSRD is more affected by external strength and stakeholders, which include international capital markets, creditors, the environment, international media and ownership.


Research limitations/implications
The determinants of CSRD, namely, community, workplace, environment and marketplace issues received very little pressure from the public. This paper suggests that there is a need for more studies examining CSRD in non-Asian and Asian (emerging) countries.


Social implications
Business organisations in non-Asian and Asian countries should take social practices into consideration in their CSRD decision-making. This review highlights the significance of merging organisational and social activities.


Originality/value
This study adds value by examining CSRD aspects that were not reviewed in previous studies on CSRD in non-Asian and Asian countries. This study provides a comprehensive review of the determinants of CSRD in both non-Asian and Asian countries.

The article discusses the 'working poor' phenomenon among young people. This phenomenon is associated with the labor market on the one hand and poverty on the other. It is an interesting object of study, because currently more and more people are threatened by poverty in the European Union, even though they are included in the basic social institution, which is the labor market. The aim of this study was to show the relationship between the work and the problem of poverty in the context of the working poor phenomenon, and the analysis and evaluation focused on determining the level and structure of the working poor among young people in the European Union. The situation of working poor can be presented thanks to the results of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. This study aims to collect current and comparable data on the distribution of income and social integration at the transnational level in the EU, including: income and living conditions, poverty and social exclusion, education, professional activity and health, as well as childcare and housing conditions. Unfortunately, the EU‑SILC study (although regularly implemented) is not always a complete source of data, because every year other aspects of socio‑economic life are explored. Nevertheless, the information obtained from the Eurostat database and EU‑SILC studies, makes it possible to carry out comparable statistical analyzes, in this case for the working poor group. Based on the statistical analysis and assessment of the situation of young people included in the working poor group in the EU, based on Eurostat database and EU‑SILC studies, it can be stated that the problem of poor and poverty exist among them. It undermines the view that employment is a factor that counteracts poverty and that full employment is the best remedy for poverty and social exclusion.

Tesis Doctoral le?da en la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid en 2020. Directores de la Tesis: Javier Dufour And?a y Diego Iribarren Lorenzo ; The transition towards a sustainable energy sector, still dominated by fossil fuels, requires the integration of alternative solutions to fulfil the increasing global energy needs. Hydrogen is seen as a strategic energy carrier characterised by decisive strengths with respect to conventional fuels. For instance, it can be ?extracted? from a wide range of feedstocks through several technologies by using energy in different forms (heat, light, electricity). However, techno-economic barriers need to be overcome for the deployment of hydrogen as a new energy actor. In this respect, economic, environmental and social implications shall be taken into account, and following a life-cycle perspective is a fundamental requirement to comprehensively check the overall performance. When evaluating options, sustainability criteria (that involve the pressure on the environment, economic feasibility, and social implications as a set of interrelated aspects) should be an important part of the strategies of governments and companies. However, general solutions to the complex problem of assessing sustainability do not exist, and the singularities of a given system usually require a tailor-made methodological framework. In light of this, this thesis focuses on developing a methodological framework for the sustainability assessment of hydrogen energy systems following a life-cycle perspective. The advances refer to straightening methodological consistency at the level of both sustainability dimensions (when jointly evaluating the environmental, economic and social life-cycle performance of a single case study) and case study (when comparing different case studies). The procedure to define a common Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) framework for hydrogen energy systems started with an extensive literature review on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and Social ...

The article considers the problems of discrimination of persons on the basis of age criteria. Particular attention is paid to the problem of discrimination against the elderly. It is stated, that aging is a global problem due to its dual nature. On the one hand, we can say about the trend of increasing life expectancy, which is a consequence of the development of science, medicine and biotechnology, on the other hand, the cause of aging is the low birth rate, which falls annually. One of the legal manifestations of the population aging is increasing discrimination. Health status, type and level of activity, labor productivity and other socio-economic characteristics of the elderly change significantly. New measures and concepts of population aging have significant consequences for assessing the standard of living and living conditions of this category of people, their productive rate and other contribution to society and their needs for social protection and health care. Age discrimination is positioned as one of the manifestations of prejudice, associated with the so-called ageism, the spread of presumed group features, related to age, to persons belonging to the appropriate age group, regardless of their individual characteristics. It has been proven, that despite the significant positive axiological aspects of public health care, the interplanetary trend of an aging nation carries global challenges, including social and economic challenges, tax, communication, psychological and legal. Age equality ensures equal participation in society for people of all ages and is an important factor in the legal policy of democracy states. The problem of age discrimination is complex, discrimination in old age is rare for reasons only of old age, more often it is based on multiple factors of social, economic, gender, labor criteria. The authors single out the types of age discrimination in the following areas: in the socio-economic sphere; labor discrimination; in the field of social activity and communication, gender and ...

Engraved Gems and Propaganda in the Roman Republic and under Augustus deals with small, but highly captivating and stimulating artwork – engraved gemstones. Although in antiquity intaglios and cameos had multiple applications (seals, jewellery or amulets), the images engraved upon them are snapshots of people's beliefs, ideologies, and everyday occupations. They cast light on the self-advertising and propaganda actions performed by Roman political leaders, especially Octavian/Augustus, their factions and other people engaged in the politics and social life of the past. Gems can show both general trends (the specific showpieces like State Cameos) as well as the individual and private acts of being involved in politics and social affairs, mainly through a subtle display of political allegiances, since they were objects of strictly personal use. They enable us to analyse and learn about Roman propaganda and various social behaviours from a completely different angle than coins, sculpture or literature. The miniaturism of ancient gems is in inverse proportion to their cultural significance. This book presents an evolutionary model of the use of engraved gems from self-presentation (3rd-2nd century BC) to personal branding and propaganda purposes in the Roman Republic and under Augustus (until 14 AD). The specific characteristics of engraved gems, their strictly private character and the whole array of devices appearing on them are examined in respect to their potential propagandistic value and usefulness in social life. The wide scope of this analysis provides a comprehensive picture covering many aspects of Roman propaganda and a critical survey of the overinterpretations of this term in regard to the glyptic art. The aim is the incorporation of this class of archaeological artefacts into the well-established studies of Roman propaganda, as well as the Roman society in general, brought about by discussion of the interconnections with ancient literary sources as well as other categories of Roman art and craftsmanship, notably coins but also sculpture and relief.

Este artículo pretende analizar los modos de composición de la llamada fenomenología dialéctica propuesta por Herbert Marcuse en 1928. Es uno de sus primeros escritos, en el que el autor busca pensar en una teoría de la acción cuyo punto de partida son los análisis históricos derivados del materialismo histórico de Marx y Engels, orquestados con el análisis existencial proporcionado por Ser y tiempo de Heidegger. Para interpretar esta arquitectura filosófica pionera, (1) primero mostraremos cómo el método de Marcuse establece la comprensión de una situación histórica. (2) En la segunda sección, analizamos cómo Marcuse interpreta, de manera original, los aspectos ontológicos del Dasein. (3) En la última parte, se trata de mostrar cómo opera Marcuse una unión de ambos análisis para argumentar la necesidad de una acción transformadora sobre la alienación social revelada. Juntos, estos tres movimientos buscan enfatizar la preocupación social que siempre ha ocupado las reflexiones filosóficas de Herbert Marcuse. ; This article seeks to analyze the modes of composition of the so-called dialectical phenomenology, proposed by Herbert Marcuse in 1928. It is one of his first writings, in which the author seeks to think of a theory of action whose starting point are the historical analyses derived from the historical materialism of Marx and Engels, orchestrated with the existential analytic provided by Being and time, by Heidegger. In order to interpret this pioneering philosophical architecture, (1) we will first show how Marcusean method establishes the understanding of a historical situation. (2) In the second section, we analyze how Marcuse interprets, in a very original way, the ontological aspects of Dasein. (3) In the last part, it is about showing how Marcuse operates a junction of both analyses in order to argue the need for a transforming action on the unveiled social alienation. Together, these three movements seek to emphasize the social concern that has always occupied Herbert Marcuse's philosophical reflections.

The aim of this paper is to describe British Geoff Eley (born in 1949) intellectual development as an account to understand current debates about his discipline. Focusing on his experience and practice in the historiographic field as a German historian. To achieve the previous idea, this paper considers his early productions, from his doctoral thesis first introduced in 1974- still a rare piece of writing- going through a series of critical analysis mentioned on specialized magazines during the second half of that decade to his masterpiece published in 1980 and later on expanded in the British edition of 1984. This case study allows recognizing in first person the way how a training historian dealt with problems inside social history, in the methodological aspect as well as the conceptual one, particularly at a moment in which social history gain status in western countries as the new historiographic paradigm. Our hypothesis claims due to a double front of his «history battles», on the one hand with the new post Fischer orthodoxy in Western Germany, on the other hand inside of the wide ranging Marxist tradition (especially in the British tradition), and its consolidation in the academic media in the late 1970 was not because of him as a «social historian» but rather as an earlier intermediary between a social history in crisis and an emerging cultural history. ; Este trabajo aborda la trayectoria intelectual del historiador británico Geoff Eley para dar cuenta de los debates contemporáneos de los historiadores sobre su disciplina. Hace hincapié en la etapa en que éste ingresó al campo historiográfico analizando su práctica y experiencia como historiador del pasado alemán. Para ello toma en consideración sus producciones iniciales, desde la tesis doctoral presentada en 1974 –todavía hoy inédita-, pasando por la serie de artículos críticos aparecidos en revistas especializadas durante la segunda mitad de esa década, hasta su opera prima publicada en 1980 y ampliada en la edición inglesa de 1984. Este estudio de ...

La hermenéutica de Vattimo se ha caracterizado por su crítica a la metafísica. Así se ha definido desde su postura como pensamiento débil, aunque también desde su compromiso con la posmodernidad, llegando a afirmarse como hermenéutica nihilista. La intención del presente texto es mostrar cómo los conceptos de emancipación y democracia en la filosofía de Vattimo toman un cariz nihilista desde una propuesta hermenéutica determinada, siendo estos vistos a la luz de tal crítica a la metafísica. Al tratarse de términos de la filosofía práctica, harían de tal hermenéutica una hermenéutica política. Sin embargo, la crítica de Vattimo se mostraría incompleta, pues ve la autonomía y la emancipación solo por el lado de la libertad negativa (presuponiendo someramente la reflexiva), dejando de lado la libertad social. Revisando la propuesta vattiamiana, y con ello su misma hermenéutica, propondremos una mirada postmetafísica que apunte a una libertad social que no tenga que comprometerse con el nihilismo. --- Vattimo's hermeneutics has been characterized by his criticism of metaphysics. Thus it has been defined from its position as Weak Thought, but also from its commitment to postmodernity, reaching the point of affirming itself as a nihilistic hermeneutic. The intention of the present text is to show how the concepts of emancipation and democracy in Vattimo's philosophy take a nihilistic aspect from a certain hermeneutical proposal, being seen in the light of such criticism of metaphysics. As they are terms of practical philosophy, they would make such a hermeneutic a political hermeneutic. However, Vattimo's criticism would be incomplete, since he sees autonomy and emancipation only on the side of negative freedom (superficially presupposing reflexive freedom), leaving social freedom aside. Reviewing the Vattimo's proposal, and with it its hermeneutics, we will propose a post-metaphysical view that points to a social freedom that does not have to commit to nihilism.

This article analyses to what extent the forms of hire in the elderly care sector, as defined by recent Spanish law, enable this work to be professionalised. Using a qualitative piece of research based on semi-structured interviews with a variety of social actors involved in the social organisation of care, we embark on the comparative study of those types of hire that have been particularly affected by the legal changes: private hire by families and the Home Help Service. Our conclusion is that in domestic environments, the physical, emotional and moral aspects that characterise care pose specific barriers to professionalisation and these impact most notably on the special vulnerabilities of migrants employed in domestic care. The high expectations raised by the new legislation about the sector's professionalisation have failed to be realised. ; Este artículo analiza en qué medida las formas de contratación previstas por la legislación española reciente, en el sector del cuidado de las personas mayores, permiten la profesionalización de este trabajo. A partir de una investigación cualitativa, basada en entrevistas semiestructuradas con una variedad de actores sociales involucrados en la organización social del cuidado, se aborda un estudio comparativo de los tipos de contratación que se han visto particularmente afectados por los cambios legales: la contratación privada por las familias y el Servicio de Ayuda a Domicilio. La principal conclusión es que en los entornos domésticos, los aspectos materiales, emocionales y morales que caracterizan el cuidado plantean barreras específicas para la profesionalización y que estas impactan de manera muy destacada en las vulnerabilidades particulares de las personas migrantes empleadas en el cuidado doméstico. Así que las grandes expectativas suscitadas por la nueva legislación respect a la profesionalización del sector no se han cumplido.

El propósito de la presente investigación es sistematizar los trabajos de investigacióndel departamento de Psicología Educativa de la Escuela de Psicología de laUniversidad Central de Venezuela, en el área de "Proyecto de Vida". Asumiendoel paradigma cualitativo, se analiza el contenido teórico y metodológico de dosTrabajos Especiales de Grado y un Trabajo de Ascenso. En los resultados secontrastan los aspectos teóricos y metodológicos, se analizó la conceptualizacióndel Proyecto de Vida, su estrecha relación con el Desarrollo Humano y se conocióla pertinencia de la línea de investigación en el contexto académico actual. Sepropone profundizar en la línea de investigación con estudios que relacionen elproyecto de vida con categorías como familia, docentes, transiciones académicas,ciclo vital, migración, privados de libertad. Se concluye que las diferencias deestratos sociales, género, los valores, la familia, la situación social y política marcansignificativamente el Proyecto de Vida.Life Project: Systematization Of Research InThe Department Of Educational PsychologyMaría Faviola Gutiérrez & Luzmar C. MenaEscuela de Psicología, Universidad Central de Venezuelagutierrezfpsic@yahoo.com; lcarolinam.mena5@gmail.comAbstractThe purpose of the following study was to systematize the research findings ofpapers from the Educational Psychology Department of the Universidad Central deVenezuela (Central University of Venezuela) dealing with "Life Project" as a topic.In total, two bachelor's degree dissertations and one internal promotion researchproject were analyzed through qualitative parameters. In the results, theoreticaland methodological aspects were contrasted, an analysis of the conceptualization ofLife Project and its close relationship with Human Development was undertaken,and the pertinence of the field of research in the current academic context wasdiscussed. Further research in the field through studies linking Life Project withcategories such as family, teachers, academic transitions, life cycle, migration, andpeople deprived of liberty, is suggested. As a conclusion, the significant impact thathave social strata differences, gender, values, family, and the social and politicalcontext over Life Project is highlighted.

The fighters of the People's Liberation War (PLW) enjoyed the social prestige and the monuments of the killed fighters served the role of the ideological interests of the ruling class at the time. The aim of this paper is to show the link between the alive social actors and the chosen dead ones (fighters of the PLW, partisans) through the use of the anthropological anxiety of the cessation of life through metaphorical immortality and eternal memory. Essentially, this was the illusion for ideological foundation, special thematic and ideological orientation of sculptures within the public space. Via symbolic contents, such as monuments in this case, death is shown as the transition, that is, new beginning of life and not its end. Active involvement of a number of artists from all parts of former Yugoslavia within the units of the Partisan army in the PLW is the phenomenon which unequivocally testifies about the link of their political commitment and artistic creation, which also got particularly strong momentum immediately after the Liberation. The most important social task in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was nurturing of the revolutionary tradition, especially seen in the erection of memorials, then in (re)naming of the towns with Tito's name or the names of the local heroes, as well as streets, schools, factories, but also in organizing marches to places where the famous battles and Partisan sessions during the PLW occurred, etc. This paper, among other things, deals with extremely fruitful production of the sculptors in the liberated country, especially from the aspect of extensive social orders, which at the same time encouraged and enabled fast and diverse development of the public monuments within urban areas on the ground of the whole former Yugoslavia, whose modus operandi was reshaping of the political and ideological map of The New Yugoslavia and ideological and political battle with "relapses of the past".

The subject matter of the paper lies on the borderline of two important social problems i.e. Internet addiction and suicide. The problem of suicide is still treated as a social taboo in contemporary world. Those who have attempted to kill themselves as well as their families are discriminated and ill-treated by their immediate environment and driven into inferiority complex. Every so often the only option left to such people is the Internet that offers an attentive ear and consolation because the access to professional help in the real world may be limited in a given place and in a given moment. On the Internet one may talk and exchange information on any topic at any time of night and day. The Internet is a cheap and widely available platform offering websites, chat rooms, forums and support groups for people experiencing the same problems. It should be emphasized however, that there are dark corners on the Internet which should not be visited by wide audiences. Some online contents are just not well-adjusted to the development age of young Internet users. This paper is a discussion of a metaphoric and literal aspect of suicide on the Internet and a call for more scientific research, educational campaigns and psychoprophylaxis related to the subject matter of suicide and self-destruction. The author emphasizes the necessity to raise awareness to the issue of suicide which is still a social taboo and subject to social myths. Although many specialist facilities, associations and institutions are already involved in addressing the problem, the number of suicide attempts has not been reduced mainly because the activities undertaken are scattered and badly coordinated. The effects of these efforts are not satisfactory neither for theoreticians nor for practitioners.

Urbanization in Myanmar is still in an early phase with slightly less than one-third of the population living in cities. This presents an enormous opportunity for the country. Cities are engines of growth and prosperity, which facilitate industries to grow jobs, services and innovations. Cities are also fundamental to lifting people out of poverty through increased employment opportunities and incomes to citizens. No country has reached middle income status without urbanizing. That being said, the way that cities urbanize is important to growth, poverty and livability. If adequate investments are not made in basic infrastructure and services, urban planning, and in ensuring a governance and financing structure that can deliver for residents, cities instead can end up with major problems of congestion, pollution, sprawl, and inequality which can create or worsen social divisions, and potentially contribute to crime and violence. The report, Myanmar's Urbanization: Creating Opportunities for All aims to understand urbanization in Myanmar drawing on the growing literature on the topic in Myanmar, especially for Yangon. It uses an inclusive urbanization lens and proposes a set of priority policy areas for urgent attention that will help to ensure the benefits of urbanization are widely realized given the projected growth of cities. An inclusion lens is particularly important in Myanmar as the country transitions from a complex history that has been characterized by decades of economic and political isolation, conflict, and underdevelopment. Inclusive urbanization is reliant on three keydimensions; economic, social and spatial. Economic inclusion refers to equitable access to employment and income-generating activities in a city, and resilience to shocks. Spatial inclusion refers to equitable and affordable access to land, housing, infrastructure and basic public services. Social inclusion relates to individual and group rights, equity, security and dignity. Such aspects of social inclusion and exclusion are relevant to groups who are often marginalized inday-to-day urban life.