Suchergebnisse

The Digital Agricultural Innovations and Services Initiative (DAISI) is jointly managed by CEGA and J-PAL, and is generously supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. This post was authored by Sarah Coughlin (J-PAL) and was originally posted on the J-PAL website.West African Farmer Manually Watering His Cabbage Field During An Arid Rainy Season | Credit: Riccardo Niels MayerWorsening droughts, more frequent and severe floods, erratic temperatures, and unpredictable seasons: these are just some of the disastrous consequences of climate change that wreak havoc on agriculture. Small-scale farmers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) typically have limited social safety nets to protect them against the growing threat of weather-based shocks. An urgent policy priority, both to increase farmers' own productivity and profits and to contribute to stabilizing food security throughout these regions, is to provide accessible forms of risk protection. J-PAL's updated Policy Insight reviews 23 randomized evaluations on common interventions intended to boost farmers' risk protection and help them make optimal farming decisions.Agricultural decisions in the face of weather-based riskFarmers are faced with many decisions at the beginning of the agricultural season, including which crops or seed varieties to plant, how much to spend on inputs like fertilizer, and how much land to plant. Higher upfront investments in productive agricultural technologies like fertilizer, seeds, and pesticide can increase yields and profits at the end of the season. However, choosing to make these investments may seem unwise if there's a chance they will not pay off due to an unexpected extreme weather episode. This uncertainty leads to a cycle of underinvestment and low productivity that can trap small-scale farmers in poverty.One common tool to protect against risk is agricultural insurance, which typically pays farmers back for their recorded crop losses due to an adverse weather event. Weather index insurance is an innovation developed to reach small-scale farmers in LMICs by basing payouts on an easily observable variable, like rainfall at a local weather station, which is compared against historical norms and used as a sliding-scale index of farmers' anticipated crop loss.Insurance can protect farmers against shocks — but most are not willing to buy itOverall, studies showed that farmers purchase index insurance at such low rates that insurance is often not profitable for lenders, inhibiting the growth of self-sustaining markets. However, overcoming learning, trust, or credit constraints can help boost take-up in some cases.When insured farmers receive a payout or see their peers benefit from insurance, they are more willing to buy it the following season — but these effects dissipate if farmers pay for insurance and do not later receive a payout. Social learning and financial literacy trainings can boost insurance take-up, but their effects similarly do not always persist over time. Tailoring insurance to farmers' unique seasonal incomes is also key, since farmers have limited cash on hand at the beginning of the season when they have to pay for insurance. While pairing insurance and credit products has not been shown to increase take-up in most cases, offering farmers flexibility to repay insurance after harvest time is a promising alternative, particularly for the least wealthy farmers.When insurance is both appropriately tailored to farmers' local contexts and is heavily subsidized, farmers do purchase it. In these cases, insurance is effective in helping farmers cope after a shock, and this protection also incentivizes farmers to shift their production decisions to higher risk and higher reward choices, like weather-sensitive cash crops. With this added benefit of boosting investments in both good and bad weather years, when insurance is designed in accordance with farmers' local contexts, it may be an effective form of social protection targeted at small-scale farmers.Insurance is just one tool to protect against risk: The role of risk-mitigating technologiesNew agricultural technologies like drought- and flood-tolerant seeds and climate-smart practices such as rainwater harvesting can help make production itself more resilient to risk, rather than allowing damages to occur and compensating for them with insurance payouts. Pairing insurance and climate-smart technologies may also provide additional benefits than offering them on their own. While improved seed varieties help lower crop losses during moderate weather events, farmers are more willing to make risky production decisions with the addition of insurance.Looking forward: Crowding in research on innovative technologiesWhile risk-mitigating technologies are promising complements to insurance to provide comprehensive protection that both lowers farmers' risk exposure and helps them bounce back after a shock, more research is needed on how to bundle these strategies effectively. The Digital Agricultural Innovations and Services Initiative (DAISI), jointly managed by J-PAL and the Center for Effective Global Action and generously supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, was launched in 2021 to shed light on digitally-enabled, bundled agricultural services for small-scale farmers. A core component of DAISI's research agenda is to disentangle which elements of a bundled service are key to its success — and how to design bundled services to effectively alleviate small-scale farmers' productivity constraints.Small-scale farmers are at the forefront of global food security, and their livelihoods are also uniquely vulnerable to the effects of climate change as the intensity of weather shocks accelerates globally. As world leaders emerge from COP28, policymakers should continue to prioritize identifying and scaling evidence-based solutions tailored to farmers' local contexts to boost global food security and protect farmers' livelihoods.Using Insurance and Climate-Smart Technologies to Help Farmers Cope with Weather-based Risk was originally published in CEGA on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

At the risk of becoming exaggeratedly epochal, this first issue of the third stage of Astrágalo cannot avoid focusing on the impact that the still ongoing Covid pandemic has inflicted on many of our cities and even on the very concept of the city as a cauldron or melting-pot of many people together who managed to confer on these devices their modern values of social culture. Since the beginning of the 2020s, cities, to a greater or lesser extent, have become diseased and unhealthy organisms for their inhabitants by the mere circumstance of living in common with a relatively high density of habitability. The metro and public transport in general, the elevators of the great towers or the small signature cafés that delighted metropolitan inhabitants as much as the modern practices of the urban flanerie, have turned from being evidence of the irresistible process of metropolisation of the world, into quasi traps where the novel virus lurks, which also manages to transmute its DNA into different variants and perhaps to indicate that it is one more in a possibly long series of zoonotic mutations that will occur in the future.The virosic crowning of the 2020-21 world holds philosophical, political and vital concerns and summons or demands rethinking the already devalued theoretical-disciplinary arsenal of architecture as much as the battered field of urban planning knowledge. The incipient responses of new panoptic forms, of bordered and introspective micro-cities in their limits, of geometric arrangements of distances between people are, on the whole, pathetic ways of presenting the design imaginary in the face of new challenges. If architecture already practised a notorious conceptual dumbness in the face of the commercial-technical subjugation of urban life, the current circumstances of the near future aggravate such stupor and uncertainty. ; A riesgo de tornarse exageradamente de época, este primer número de la tercera etapa de Astrágalo, no puede soslayar enfocar el impacto que la todavía en curso pandemia Covid ha infrigido a muchas de nuestras ciudades e incluso al concepto mismo de ciudad en tanto caldero o melting-pot de muchas personas juntas que lograron conferirle a estos dispositivos sus valores modernos de cultura social. Desde inicios del 2020 las ciudades, en mayor o menor medida, devinieron organismos enfermos e insalubres para sus habitantes por la mera circunstancia del vivir en común con una relativa densidad alta de habitabilidad. El metro y los transportes públicos en general, los elevadores de las grandes torres o los pequeños cafés de autor que hacían las delicias de habitantes metropolitanos tanto como la prácticas modernas de la flanerie urbana, tornaron de ser evidencias del irresistible proceso de metropolinización del mundo, en cuasi trampas donde acecha el novedoso virus, que además se las ingenia para transmutar su ADN en diversas variantes y quizá para indicar que es uno más de una posiblemente larga serie de mutaciones zoonóticas que sobrevendrán en el futuro. La coronación virósica del mundo 2020-21 depara inquietudes filosóficas, políticas y vitales y convoca o exige pensar de nuevo el ya de por sí devaluado arsenal teórico-disciplinar de la arquitectura tanto como el vapuleado campo del saber del urbanismo. Las incipientes respuestas de nuevas formas panópticas, de micro-ciudades fronterizadas e introspectivas en sus límites, de disposiciones geométricas de distanciamientos entre personas resultan en conjunto, patéticas maneras de presentar el imaginario proyectual frente a los nuevos desafíos. Si la arquitectura ya practicaba un notorio enmudecimiento conceptual frente al avasallamiento mercadotécnico de la vida urbana, las circunstancias actuales del futuro próximo, agravan tal estupor e incertidumbre. ; Correndo o risco de se tornar exageradamente epocal, esta primeira edição da terceira etapa de Astrágalo não pode evitar o foco no impacto que a pandemia Covid ainda em curso infligiu em muitas de nossas cidades e até mesmo no próprio conceito de cidade como caldeirão ou caldeirão comum de muitas pessoas que conseguiram conferir a esses dispositivos seus valores modernos de cultura social. Desde o início da década de 2020, as cidades, em maior ou menor grau, tornaram-se organismos doentes e insalubres para seus habitantes devido à mera circunstância de viverem em comum com uma densidade relativamente alta de habitabilidade. O metrô e o transporte público em geral, os elevadores das grandes torres ou os pequenos cafés de assinatura que encantaram tanto os habitantes metropolitanos quanto as práticas modernas do flanerie urbano, transformaram-se de provas do processo irresistível de metropolização do mundo em quase armadilhas onde se esconde o novo vírus, que também consegue transmutar seu DNA em diferentes variantes e talvez indicar que é mais uma em uma possivelmente longa série de mutações zoonóticas que ocorrerão no futuro.A coroação virosica do mundo de 2020-21 contém preocupações filosóficas, políticas e vitais e convoca ou exige repensar o já desvalorizado arsenal teórico-disciplinar da arquitetura, tanto quanto o campo batido do conhecimento do planejamento urbano. As respostas incipientes de novas formas panópticas, de microcidades bordadas e introspectivas em seus limites, de arranjos geométricos de distâncias entre as pessoas são, em geral, formas patéticas de apresentar o imaginário do projeto diante de novos desafios. Se a arquitetura já praticava uma burrice conceitual notória diante da subjugação comercial-técnica da vida urbana, as circunstâncias atuais do futuro próximo agravam tal estupor e incerteza.

Introduction. According to the concept of lifelong learning, vocational education system should cover all age categories of working population, including people of the so-called "silver age" (people of the third age). However, in reality, the proportion of citizens over 45 years involved in continuing vocational training is very small, as the current system does not meet their specific needs. Meanwhile, for many representatives of this social community, the continuation of education, the renewal of knowledge, the acquisition of new qualifications or specialties are now becoming a chance to promote an individual's employability over a lifetime in a rapidly changing labour market and an unstable "life market". The aim of the article is to identify the opportunities and barriers to the inclusion of "silver age" people in the practice of vocational education, taking into account the positions of all key actors – the senior generation of Russians, the state, employers and educational organisations.Methodology and research methods. The work was based on the methodological framework of three theories: continuous education, third age, social community. The empirical material was collected through the following methods: the analysis of educational and demographic statistics (2015–2018); the analysis of the content of recruitment agencies' websites and media publications devoted to the problems of the "silver" labour market; the secondary analysis of sociological data; the survey ofSverdlovsk region residents aged over 45 years old in February – March 2019.Results and scientific novelty. The structure and a number of qualitative characteristics of Russians of the elder generation are clarified. The authors give the definition of the concept of social community of "silver age" people ("third age" people), including the group of pre-pensioners. A new interpretation of this category of citizens allowed the authors to reevaluate the old options and to identify the new options for vocational training for "silver age" people. The problems and trends revealed in the course of the survey in this professional training niche of a particular Russian region were focused on the all-Russian situation. Critical differences between the requests for "silver" vocational education from older people, state, educational organisations and employers are identified. The contradictions and necessity of purposeful formation of educational needs and strategies of people of the "third age" are demonstrated. The state and prospects of development of various types and forms of "silver" professional education are described; the conditions of its transformation into a resource of active ageing are formulated.Practical significance. The urgency and relevance of adjusting the content and specific tasks of educational policy of the state aimed at the older generation of citizens have been scientifically proved. It is planned to create and improve training programmes for older people, implemented by various educational structures. Such programmes and research findings can serve as a basis for developing human resources strategies for older people both in government and commercial organisations. ; Введение. Согласно концепции обучения, через всю жизнь система профессионального образования должна охватывать все возрастные категории трудоспособного населения, в том числе людей так называемого «серебряного возраста». Однако на деле доля граждан старше 45 лет, вовлеченных в непрерывную профессиональную подготовку, весьма невелика, поскольку существующая система не соответствует их специфическим запросам. Между тем для многих представителей данной социальной общности продолжение обучения, обновление знаний, обретение новой квалификации или специальности сегодня становятся шансами сохранения себя на быстро меняющемся рынке труда и нестабильном «рынке жизни». Цель предпринятого авторами статьи исследования заключается в выявлении возможностей и барьеров получения людьми «серебряного возраста» профессионального образования с учетом позиций всех его ключевых акторов – старшего поколения россиян, государства, работодателей и образовательных организаций. Методология и методика. Работа базировалось на методологической рамке трех теорий: непрерывного образования, «третьего возраста» и социальной общности. Сбор эмпирического материала происходил путем анализа образовательной и демографической статистики (за 2015–2018 гг.), контента веб-сайтов рекрутинговых агентств и публикаций СМИ, посвященных проблемам «серебряного» рынка труда; вторичного анализа социологических данных, а также с помощью проведенного в феврале – марте2019 г. опроса жителей Свердловской области в возрасте 45+.Результаты и научная новизна. Уточнены структура и ряд качественных характеристик россиян старшего поколения. Дана авторская трактовка понятия «общность людей "серебряного возраста"» (иначе – «третьего возраста»), которая расширяет его границы, не замыкаясь только на предпенсионном и пенсионном периодах жизни. Новая интерпретация рассматриваемой категории граждан позволила переосмыслить старые и обозначить новые варианты их профобучения. Вскрытые в ходе опроса проблемы и тенденции в этой нише профессиональной подготовки конкретного российского региона спроецированы на общероссийскую ситуацию. Обнаружены критические расхождения между интересами и потребностями в «серебряном» образовании государства, учебных учреждений, работодателей и самих представителей старшего поколения. Показаны противоречивость и необходимость целенаправленного формирования образовательных потребностей и стратегий людей «третьего возраста». Описаны состояние и перспективы развития различных видов и форм «серебряного» профобразования; сформулированы условия его превращения в ресурс активного долголетия. Практическая значимость. Научно доказаны насущность и актуальность корректировки содержания и конкретных задач образовательной политики государства, ориентированных на старшее поколение граждан. Намечены направления создания и совершенствования предназначенных для них программ профессиональной подготовки, реализуемых различными образовательными структурами. Подобные программы и сделанные авторами исследования выводы могут служить основой для разработки кадровых стратегий в отношении возрастных сотрудников как в государственных, так и в коммерческих организациях. ; The article was prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project № 19–011–00096 "Education as a Resource for the Preservation and Development of People of the Third Age". ; Статья подготовлена при поддержке РФФИ, проект № 19–011–00096 «Образование как ресурс сохранения и развития социальной общности людей "третьего возраста"».

The role played by the media in conflicts has always been a challenge worldwide. It has always drawn the attention of international organizations, NGOs, experts in peace, conflicts, and promoters of peace media reporting, peace journalism, etc. The impact of media has increased considerably, and researchers have largely confined themselves to exposing the degree and extent of media involvement and influence in conflicts and conflicts resolution. Numerous criticisms have been addressed all over the world on the role played by media in conflicts. The literature on conflicts resolution discloses a dreadful focus on the role of media in the peace process. Most of the existing theories portrays the role of the media as being essential in reporting and generating discourses on conflict. Scholars of the post-election incident quickly conclude that the crisis was greatly rooted in political and ethnic crises. The role of the media in the conflict, as well as its capacity to maintain order, is not satisfactorily tackled. Ivorian media like in Rwanda have been scrutinized at the level of international law as a perpetrator of political violence. However, if media can be a fearful weapon of brutality when it propagates messages of intolerance or misinformation that manipulates behavior, it can also be an instrument of conflicts resolution, when the information it publishes is faithful, unfailing, respects human rights, and represents varying opinions. The main purpose of the study was to analyze the role of media in conflict resolution in Ivory Coast. It has evaluated the role of media in the political subversions of 2002 and 2011 and by these case studies it briefly examined the role of current media practices in West African societies after the turn of the Millennium. The two Ivorian subversions formed an ideal comparative case to identifying recent changes in the role of media for conflict resolution. The study has established the responsibility of the media through the various type of its coverage within the subversions Ivory Coast crises of 2002 and 2011. And it has mostly focused on the specific positive effects of Ivorian media approach in conflicts resolution and has explored both the influence of traditional and social media. This study applies the social responsibility theory of media reporting to explain and develop the conceptual framework. The 2002 and 2011 crises serve as a typical case study of the process from crises to conflict resolution. Therefore, they provide additional elements in order to understand the biggest challenges of media freedom inside of shattered democracies, in which politics, poverty, and ethnic differences can sway the media agenda. Following a participatory research approach, the interviews, observations, and literature review provided a comprehensive range of opinions to interpret such data and the overall social discussion. And according to the findings of the study, there is a broad feeling from interviewees that Ivorian media has failed to condemn violence, xenophobic rhetoric during the 2011 post-election conflict and 2002 civil war. They published a lot of unverified sources of information. Still, the findings did not reveal only negative connotations from media. Positive impacts were also highlighted, stated during the period of conflicts. The findings of the study showed that there were positive aspects from Ivorian media such as fair coverage of political campaigns, preaching tolerance, giving voice to the voiceless, etc. They were blameless and remained neutral. The quality of their articles reflected the reality on the field. The effects of media on these specific political subversions were viewed both in terms of negative repercussions and positive impacts that a reliable, on contributing to conflict resolution by counteracting misperceptions and broadening understanding of grievances and causes of conflict. ; Die Rolle der Medien in Konflikten war schon immer eine Herausforderung für die ganze Welt und hat die Aufmerksamkeit internationaler Organisationen, NROs, Friedens- und Konfliktexperten sowie der Befürworter von Friedensberichterstattung, Friedensjournalismus usw. auf sich gezogen. Der Einfluss der Medien hat beträchtlich zugenommen, und die Forscher haben sich weitgehend darauf beschränkt, den Grad und das Ausmaß der Beteiligung und des Einflusses der Medien an Konflikten und Konfliktlösungen aufzuzeigen. Die Rolle der Medien in Konflikten wurde weltweit vielfach kritisiert. In der Literatur zur Konfliktlösung wird die Rolle der Medien im Friedensprozess erschreckend wenig beachtet. Die meisten der vorhandenen Theorien stellen die Rolle der Medien als wesentlich für die Berichterstattung und die Erzeugung von Diskursen über Konflikte dar. Wissenschaftler, die sich mit den Ereignissen nach den Wahlen befassen, kommen schnell zu dem Schluss, dass die Krise in hohem Maße auf politische und ethnische Krisen zurückzuführen ist. Die Rolle der Medien in dem Konflikt und ihre Fähigkeit, die Ordnung aufrechtzuerhalten, werden nicht zufriedenstellend untersucht. Wie in Ruanda wurden die ivorischen Medien auf der Ebene des internationalen Rechts als Verursacher politischer Gewalt untersucht. Die Medien können eine mächtige Waffe sein, wenn es darum geht, Nachrichten über Intoleranz oder Desinformation zu verbreiten, aber sie können auch ein Instrument zur Konfliktlösung sein, wenn die von ihnen veröffentlichten Informationen zuverlässig sind und unterschiedliche Meinungen wiedergeben. Das Hauptziel der Studie war es, die Rolle der Medien bei der Konfliktlösung in der Elfenbeinküste zu analysieren. Bewertet wurde die Rolle der Medien bei den politischen Umstürzen von 2002. Die beiden ivorischen Umstürze bildeten einen idealen Vergleichsfall, um die jüngsten Veränderungen zu ermitteln. In der Studie wurde die Verantwortung der Medien anhand der verschiedenen Arten ihrer Berichterstattung über die Umstürze in der Elfenbeinküste in den Jahren 2002 und 2011 untersucht. Sie konzentrierte sich vor allem auf die spezifischen positiven Auswirkungen des ivorischen Medienansatzes bei der Konfliktlösung und untersuchte sowohl den Einfluss der traditionellen als auch der sozialen Medien. Diese Studie wendet die Theorie der sozialen Verantwortung der Medienberichterstattung an, um den konzeptionellen Rahmen zu erklären und zu entwickeln. Die Krisen von 2002 und 2011 dienen als typische Fallstudien für den Prozess von der Krise zur Konfliktlösung. Daher liefern sie zusätzliche Elemente, um die größten Herausforderungen der Medienfreiheit in zerrütteten Demokratien zu verstehen, in denen Politik, Armut und ethnische Unterschiede die Medienagenda beeinflussen können. Im Rahmen eines partizipativen Forschungsansatzes lieferten die Interviews, Beobachtungen und die Literaturauswertung ein umfassendes Meinungsspektrum zur Interpretation dieser Daten und der gesamtgesellschaftlichen Diskussion. Den Ergebnissen der Studie zufolge sind die Befragten weitgehend der Meinung, dass die ivorischen Medien es versäumt haben, Gewalt und fremdenfeindliche Rhetorik während des Konflikts nach den Wahlen 2011 und des Bürgerkriegs 2002 zu verurteilen. Sie veröffentlichten viele ungeprüfte Informationsquellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten jedoch nicht nur die negativen Auswirkungen der Medien auf. Es wurden auch positive Auswirkungen hervorgehoben, die während der Zeit der Konflikte festgestellt wurden. Zum Beispiel eine faire Berichterstattung über politische Kampagnen, das Predigen von Toleranz, das Verleihen einer Stimme an die Stimmlosen usw. Sie waren tadellos und blieben neutral. Die Qualität ihrer Artikel spiegelte die Realität vor Ort wider. Die Auswirkungen der Medien auf diese spezifischen politischen Umstürze wurden sowohl im Hinblick auf die negativen Folgen als auch auf die positiven Auswirkungen gesehen, die zuverlässig zur Konfliktlösung beitragen, indem sie falschen Vorstellungen entgegenwirken und das Verständnis für Missstände und Konfliktursachen erweitern.

Nowadays, family businesses, the predominant form of business worldwide, face an increasingly changing environment boosted by megatrends such as globalization, digitalization, artificial intelligence, climate change and sustainability. Along with this, are factors that play at a firm level such as stricter rules concerning transparency and compliance or the increasing importance of Corporate Social Responsibil- ity (CSR). Therefore, new strategies and organizational changes are necessary to allow for greater adaptation to the new context. This special issue provides insights on these questions from a variety of perspectives.
The work of Hernández-Linares and López-Fernán- dez expands the current thinking on this process of adaptation by exploring the combined effects of three strategic orientations (entrepreneurial, learning, and market orientations) on the family firm ́s performance. The authors provide interesting contributions in terms of highlighting the importance of strategic orientations for value creation in enterprise organizations. They also provide empirical evidence that the family char- acter of the firm determines the relationship between strategic orientations and business performance, and offer some results on the effect of market orientation on firm performance in family firms versus non-family firms.
Those differences in strategies are further ana- lysed within the setting of the business dimension in which financial and economic decisions are made. The contribution by Terrón-Ibáñez, Gómez-Miranda and Rodríguez-Ariza, discusses the influence of that di- mension in their performance, comparing family and non-family firms. This interesting analysis of financial performance provides useful results. The study showsthat, unlike non-family firms, there is an inverted U- shaped relationship between the size of family SMEs and the value of certain economic–financial indicators, such as the return on assets, operating margin and employee productivity. This means that although the increase in the dimension of the family organizations is positively related to its performance, there are lim- its from which the value of certain economic–financial indicators can be negatively affected.
The next paper contributes to the discussion of the family business's role in the private health sector. Reyes-Santías, Rivo-López and Villanueva-Villar, set out to identify the historical evolution of the family business in this sector, attempting to determine the variation and its contribution to the private health sector during the 1995-2010 period. The findings of this discussion provide family firms with an almost 60% survival level in this sector. Along with this, the au- thors provide some guidelines for future research con- cerning this higher degree of survival, why family firms are leading the concentration process taking place in the sector, as well as their strategies for super-spe- cialization in the services offered especially by family businesses in healthcare. The effect of family ownership and the character- istics of the board of directors on the implementation level of Enterprise Risk Management is an important topic. The article by Otero-González, Rodríguez-Gil, Durán-Santomil and Tamayo-Herrera certainly adds to the discussion. In particular, their research shows that family businesses are less interested in implementing ERM, except when shareholders have greater control of the company and when professional investors are present in the company. Besides, the importance of a board of directors' characteristics of in terms of risk taking is confirmed by observing that larger boards en- courage risk managers to be hired.
The paper by Lorenzo-Gómez looks at the barriers to change that are specific to the characteristics of family business, considering both the barriers that af- fect the perception of the need to undertake changes and the availability of resources to face those chang- es, and the barriers to implementing these changes within already consolidated organizations, where new routines are created to replace the existing ones. Thefindings suggest that the factors affecting these barri- ers include the generation at the head of the family business; the influence of interest groups, particularly in terms of the duality between the company and the family; and the participation level of professionals from outside the family.
The final contribution by Aragon-Amonarriz and Iturrioz-Landart offers an interesting discussion on how family-responsible ownership practices enhance social responsibility in small and medium family firms. Their results reveal the positive relationships between the elements of family-responsible ownership in terms of succession management, financial resource allocation, professionalism and social responsibility, and ultimate- ly with the socially responsible behaviour of family SMEs.
The challenges surrounding family business owners and the nuances around strategic and organizational decision making are together an area ripe for future research. The editors look forward to seeing future de- velopments on these topics that pay special attention to the influence of family characteristics and dynamics on the strategic and organizational change of family firms, and that draw on both quantitative and quali- tative research methodologies for the wider develop- ment of the field.


Acknowledgements.
The papers published in this
issue were presented at the "II Workshop of Family
Business: Strategic and Organizational Change" at Ourense, Galicia, Spain, June, 13-14, 2019. The conference was organized by GEN group research (http://
infogen.webs.uvigo.es/) and the Chair of Family Business of the University of Vigo, and was sponsored by
the AGEF (Galician Family Business Association), Inditex Group, IEF (Spanish Family Firm Institute), and
with ECOBAS group as collaborator. Thanks for their invaluable support. We are also very thankful of all other participants at the conference.

Katiuska Cabrera Suárez, University of Las Palmas
Elena Rivo-López, co-director of the Chair of Family Business, University of Vigo
Santiago Lago-Peñas, co-director of the Chair of Family Business, University of Vigo

Problem setting. The demographic situation in Ukraine and the nature of social and economic processes, which inextricably are connected with increasing human potential, show that the reproductive health of population is a factor of state importance, national security and development of our state, as well as the success factor of Ukrainian society. The conceptual positions of the authorities on the basic provisions of reproductive health regulation are an important part of the management processes and implementation of state policies in the field of public health and provision of medical services. Recent research and publications analysis. Scientific works of modern foreign and domestic authors, such as: V. Averianov, S. Brauns, D. Puhach, B. Khartman, M. Shchyrban and other authors, who are engaged in scientific substantiation of issues of state regulation in the field of health care, were dedicated to the development of reproductive health issues; as well as practicing lawyers, such as: S. Antonov, O. Babych, V. Zukin and others, who focused their research on the protection of rights of the subjects during application of the assisted reproductive techniques. At the same time, it should be noted that the vast majority of modern research focuses on the legal aspect of administrative and legal regulation of the provision of medical services in the field of assisted reproductive techniques. The scholars have considered only certain legal aspects. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem: detection and identification of weaknesses and strengths in legal regulation of relations in the process of providing medical services in the field of assisted reproductive techniques, and possible directions for the development of legislation in this area. The purpose of the study is to determine the legal framework for regulating the provision of medical services in the field of assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine. Paper main body. The purpose of the article is to determine the legal basis for management of processes of provision of medical services in the field of the assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine. The article analyzes the current regulations of different legal force that constitute the legal basis for management of provision of medical services in the field of the assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine. The international, national and departmental levels of regulation of medical services in this area have been identified and studied. It has been determined that the state policy in the field of reproductive health protection goes beyond the competence of the health care sector and becomes a priority of the national security policy. On the other hand, the existing legislative and regulatory sphere of Ukraine is favorable for solving the problems of reproductive health and family planning. However, state monitoring of reproductive health and family planning legislation are unfortunately ineffective: insufficient and volatile funding for measures hampers the desired results. It is necessary constantly to supplement and update existing regulations, taking into account international legal instruments and economic, social and sectoral reforms in Ukraine. The article analyzes five legislative drafts that are currently being considered by the Parliament. Based on this, were identified the trends in development of regulations governing the management of provision of medical services in the field of assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine in the coming years, the main of which is gradual liberalization of the legislation. The main problems are the following: the legal status of surrogate mothers (birth mothers), genetic parents, donors of the reproductive cells. All these shall be regulated by the legislation. Now this issue actually remains in the field of contractual relations. The genetic parents are also at the particular risk. All parties involved in such relationship need the protection. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The trend of recent years in legal regulation of the provision of medical services in the field of the assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine is liberalization of the legislation. Based on the law, the conclusions of experts, it can be noted that the regulation of medical services to ensure the application of ART still has a number of problems, namely: improper implementation of powers and authority regarding regulatory and legal regulation of the state sectoral bodies in the field of health care; insufficient efficiency of functioning of the ART financing mechanism used by the State; shortage and low level of qualification of medical staff; low and inefficient implementation of oversight functions by the authorized public administration bodies in the field of ART, etc. The promising areas of scientific research include such proposals for solving the abovementioned problems as: a continuous analysis of the practice of implementation of legal provisions in the field of health care, in particular the ART; identification and elimination of gaps in legal regulation of medical services in the field of the ART; development of mechanisms of professional liability for medical staff; establishment of guarantees and measures of social support for medical staff; development and implementation of mechanisms for monitoring the activities of all stakeholders during the application of the ART. ; Проаналізовано чинні нормативно-правові акти, які становлять законодавче підґрунтя надання медичних послуг із допоміжних репродуктивних технологій в Україні різної юридичної сили, виявлено прогалини регламентації, перспективні напрями для розвитку галузі. Визначено та досліджено міжнародний, національний і відомчий рівні регулювання надання медичних послуг у цій сфері. Встановлено, що державна політика у сфері охорони репродуктивного здоров'я населення виходить за межі компетенції винятково сфери охорони здоров'я і набуває ознак першочергових завдань національної політики. Завдяки аналізу п'яти законопроектів, які мають регулювати надання медичних послуг у цій сфері, визначено основні тенденції розвитку державної політики, такі як лібералізація законодавства, розширення спектру послуг, розширення джерел фінансування тощо.

This article substantiates the need for unification of the state financial control system, where unification according to the author is the standardization of the principles and mechanisms of state financial control, which is applicable for any state, regardless of its historical and cultural development. The basic structural elements of the state financial control system were determined to achieve the aim of the research. It was determined that internal audit is important not only for the public sector, as an instrument of control over the use, formation and saving of public finances, but also for the private sector of the economy. In foreign practice, the information base of internal audit is used in risk management to reduce company risks and increase financial stability. The results of the study is the author's suggestion of the unification of the system of subjects of the state financial control based on the type of control they perform. The proposed system is based on the classification of foreign systems of the state financial control, which has developed historically, and international ISSAI standards. The proposed system considers not only the economic aspect of the institution of the state financial control, but also social and global. Based on the social aspect, the importance of public financial control was proved, because in democratic countries, formed social institutions have an important role in the socio-economic processes of the state. In the system formulated by the author, the significance of creating an appropriate supreme body of the financial control, its impact on the lives of citizens, and the importance of cooperation of subjects of the state financial control with public financial control was substantiated. Thus only with this cooperation is it possible to form an effective unified system of the state financial control, which will provide the socio-economic development of the country. According to a global point of view, the need to improve the importance of the international financial control institution INTOSAI, and the formation of a supranational type of control, which should be included in the state financial control system of each country was substantiated. ; В рамках данной статьи обоснована необходимость унификации системы государствен­ного финансового контроля, где унификация, по авторскому видению, ‒ это стандартизация принципов и механизмов государственного финансового контроля, что является приемле­мым для любого государства независимо от его историко-культурного развития. Для дости­жения поставленных целей и задач исследования были установлены основные структурные элементы системы государственного финансового контроля, их виды и взаимосвязи. Было установлено, что внутренний аудит является важным не только для государственного секто­ра, в качестве инструмента контроля над использованием, формированием и сбережением публичных финансов, но и для частного сектора экономики. В зарубежной практике инфор­мационная база внутреннего аудита используется в риск-менеджменте для снижения рисков предприятия и повышение финансовой стабильности. Результатом исследования является сформированое авторское видение унификации системы субъектов государственного фи­нансового контроля на основе осуществляемого ими вида контроля. Предложенная система основывается на проведенной классификации зарубежных систем государственного финан­сового контроля, что сложились исторически, и международных стандартах ISSAI. Предло­женная система учитывает не только экономический аспект института государственного финансового контроля, но также социальный и глобальный аспекты. Основываясь на соци­альном аспекте, была доказана важность общественного финансового контроля, потому что в демократических странах важную роль в социально-экономических процессах государства имеют сформированные социальные институты. В сформулированной автором системе обос­нована значимость создания надлежащего высшего органа финансового контроля, его влия­ние на жизнь граждан, и значимость сотрудничества субъектов государственного финансо­вого контроля с общественным финансовым контролем. Только благодаря этому сотрудниче­ству возможно сформировать эффективную унифицированную систему государственного фінансового контроля, что будет обеспечивать социально-экономическое развитие страны. Была обоснована необходимость повышения значения международного института финансо­вого контроля INTOSAI, исходя из глобальной точки зрения, и формирование им наднацио­нального вида контроля, который должен быть включен в систему государственного финан­сового контроля каждой страны. ; В межах цієї статті обґрунтовано необхідність уніфікації системи державного фінансово­го контролю, де уніфікація, за авторським баченням, – це стандартизація принципів та ме­ханізмів державного фінансового контролю, що є прийнятними до будь-якої держави неза­лежно від її історико-культурного розвитку. Для досягнення поставленої мети і завдань дослі­дження було встановлено основні структурні елементі системи державного фінансового кон­тролю, їх види та взаємозв'язки. Було встановлено, що внутрішній аудит є важливим не лише для державного сектору, у якості інструменту контролю над використанням, формуванням та заощадженням публічних фінансів, а й для приватного сектору економіки. У закордонній практиці інформаційна база внутрішнього аудиту використовується у ризик-менеджменту для зниження ризиків підприємства та підвищення фінансової стабільності. Результатом дос­лідження є сформоване авторське бачення уніфікації системи суб'єктів державного фінансо­вого контролю на основі здійснюваного ними виду контролю. Запропонована система ґрун­тується на проведеній класифікації зарубіжних систем державного фінансового контролю, що склалися історично, та міжнародних стандартів ISSAI. Запропонована система враховує не лише економічний аспект інституту державного фінансового контролю, а й також соці­альний та глобальний аспекти. Базуючись на соціальному аспекті було доведено важливість громадського фінансового контролю, тому що у демократичних країнах важливу роль у соці­ально-економічних процесах держави мають утворені соціальні інститути. У сформульованій автором системі обґрунтована значимість створення належного вищого органа фінансового контролю, його вплив на життя громадян та значимість співробітництва суб'єктів державно­го фінансового контролю з громадським фінансовим контролем. Лише завдяки цьому співро­бітництву можливо сформувати ефективну уніфіковану систему державного фінансового контролю, що буде забезпечувати соціально-економічний розвиток країни. Було обґрунтовано необхідність підвищення значення міжнародного інституту фінансового контролю INTOSAI, виходячи з глобальної точки зору, та формування ним наднаціонального виду контролю, що має бути включений у систему державного фінансового контролю кожної країни.

The article constructs a descriptive and analytical description of the restriction of sovereignty as a result of external influence of some societies on others and implements the task of determining scenarios of forced restriction of sovereignty in two cases of conflict (Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and Afghan war).As a result of the analysis, the author concludes that the conflicts associated with the forced restriction of state sovereignty discussed in this article are due to geopolitical mediation of external centers of power in the face of political elites of superpowers or macroregional leaders. These actors have various interventions with regard to stable states, the subject of which is to impose on unstable states a course of development incompatible with the principles of their cultural and social identity.It is emphasized that the superpowers-empires and macro-regional leaders are guided by the usual scenarios of cultural and political unification without taking into account the key factor of conflict, which is the religious factor. In the confrontations between Orthodox and Muslim societies, the radicalism of the latter is expressed, their ideological ferocity in the fight against the "infidels" become key factors in forming interstate alliances and solving the problem of sovereignty mainly by military means while minimizing the negotiation process, mutual concessions and mutual understanding.It is noted that the preference for confrontation and military violence is caused by the long-term colonial exploitation of these societies and the use of veiled forms of ethnic aggression with the whole arsenal of political Machiavellianism. It was political Machiavellianism from the Turkish bloc that led to the ethnic cleansing of Armenians and the formation of total distrust in resolving the territorial conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh.It was stated that in Afghanistan the manifestation of such Machiavellianism was the practice of deciding the fate of small ethnic communities in a narrow circle of cabinet meetings. The political elites of Turkey and the USSR, while limiting the sovereignty of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Afghanistan, were guided by the cultural and social cartography of the great empires of the past. At the same time, the Islamic cultural and social system and the corresponding mechanisms of community mobilization in Arab-Islamic societies were almost completely ignored. ; В статье построено описательно-аналитическую характеристику ограничения суверенитета как результата внешнего воздействия одних обществ на другие и реализована задача по определению сценариев принудительного ограничения суверенитета в рамках двух кейсов конфликтов (конфликта в Нагорном Карабахе и Афганской войне).В результате проведенного анализа автором сделаны выводы о том, что конфликты, которые являются связанными с принудительным ограничением суверенитета государств, рассмотрены в данной статье, являются обусловленными геополитическим медиаторством внешних центров власти в лице политических элит сверхдержав-империй или макрорегиональных лидеров. Со стороны этих актеров касательно нестабильных государств имеют место различные вмешательства, предметом которых становится навязывание нестабильным государствам курса развития, несовместимого с принципами их культурной и социальной идентичности.Отмечено, что сверхдержавы-империи и макрорегиональные лидеры руководствуются при этом привычными для них сценариям культурной и политической унификации без учета ключевого фактора конфликтов, которым является религиозный фактор. В противоборствах между православными и мусульманскими обществами выраженный радикализм последних, их идеологическая ожесточенность в борьбе с «неверными» становятся ключевыми факторами формирования межгосударственных альянсов и решения проблемы суверенитета преимущественно военным путем при минимизации переговорного процесса, взаимных уступок, взаимопонимания и доверия.Отмечено, что отдача преимущества противоборству и военном насилию является вызванным продолжительными колониальным эксплуатацией этих обществ и использованием завуалированных форм этнической агрессии со всем политического макиавеллизму. Именно политический макиавеллизм из блока Турции привел к этническим чисткам армян и формирования тотального недоверия при решении территориального конфликта в Нагорном Карабахе.Констатировано, что по Афганистану проявлением подобного макиавеллизма стала практика решения судьбы малых этнических сообществ в узком кругу кабинетных совещаний. Политические элиты Турции и СССР при ограничении суверенитета как Армении, Азербайджана, так и Афганистана, руководствовались культурной и социальной картографией великих империй прошлого. При этом почти полностью игнорировался исламский культурный и социальный строй и соответствующие механизмы мобилизации общин в арабо-исламских социумах. ; В статті побудовано описово-аналітичну характеристику обмеження суверенітету як результату зовнішнього впливу одних суспільств на інші та реалізовано завдання щодо визначення сценаріїв примусового обмеження суверенітету в рамках двох кейсів конфліктів (конфлікту в Нагірному Карабасі та Афганській війні). В результаті проведеного аналізу автором зроблено висновки про те, що конфлікти, які є пов'язаними із примусовим обмеженням суверенітету держав, розглянуті в даній статті, є зумовленими геополітичним медіаторством зовнішніх центрів влади в особі політичних еліт наддержав-імперій або макрорегіональних лідерів. З боку цих акторів щодо нестабільних держав мають місце різноманітні втручання, предметом яких стає нав'язування нестабільним державам курсу розвитку, несумісного із засадами їх культурної та соціальної ідентичності. Наголошено на тому, що наддержави-імперії та макрорегіональні лідери керуються при цьому звичними для них сценаріями культурної та політичної уніфікації без урахування ключового чинника конфліктів, яким є релігійний чинник. В протиборствах між православними та мусульманськими суспільствами виражений радикалізм останніх, їх ідеологічна запеклість у боротьбі з «невірними» стають ключовими чинниками формування міждержавних альянсів і розв'язання проблеми суверенітету переважно військовим шляхом при мінімізації переговорного процесу, взаємних поступок, взаєморозуміння і довіри. Відзначено, що віддання переваги протиборству і військовому насильству є спричиненим довготривалими колоніальним визиском цих суспільств та використанням завуальованих форм етнічної агресії з усім арсеналом політичного макіавеллізму. Саме політичний макіавеллізм з блоку Туреччини призвів до етнічних чисток вірменів та формування тотальної недовіри при розв'язанні територіального конфлікту в Нагірному Карабасі. Констатовано, що щодо Афганістану проявом подібного макіавеллізму стала практика вирішення долі малих етнічних спільнот у вузькому колі кабінетних нарад. Політичні еліти Туреччини та СРСР при обмеженні суверенітету як Вірменії, Азербайджану, так і Афганістану, керувалися культурною та соціальною картографією великих імперій минулого. При цьому майже повністю ігнорувався ісламський культурний та соціальний лад та відповідні механізми мобілізації громад в арабо-ісламських соціумах.

Problem setting. The demographic situation in Ukraine and the nature of social and economic processes, which inextricably are connected with increasing human potential, show that the reproductive health of population is a factor of state importance, national security and development of our state, as well as the success factor of Ukrainian society. The conceptual positions of the authorities on the basic provisions of reproductive health regulation are an important part of the management processes and implementation of state policies in the field of public health and provision of medical services. Recent research and publications analysis. Scientific works of modern foreign and domestic authors, such as: V. Averianov, S. Brauns, D. Puhach, B. Khartman, M. Shchyrban and other authors, who are engaged in scientific substantiation of issues of state regulation in the field of health care, were dedicated to the development of reproductive health issues; as well as practicing lawyers, such as: S. Antonov, O. Babych, V. Zukin and others, who focused their research on the protection of rights of the subjects during application of the assisted reproductive techniques. At the same time, it should be noted that the vast majority of modern research focuses on the legal aspect of administrative and legal regulation of the provision of medical services in the field of assisted reproductive techniques. The scholars have considered only certain legal aspects. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem: detection and identification of weaknesses and strengths in legal regulation of relations in the process of providing medical services in the field of assisted reproductive techniques, and possible directions for the development of legislation in this area. The purpose of the study is to determine the legal framework for regulating the provision of medical services in the field of assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine. Paper main body. The purpose of the article is to determine the legal basis for management of processes of provision of medical services in the field of the assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine. The article analyzes the current regulations of different legal force that constitute the legal basis for management of provision of medical services in the field of the assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine. The international, national and departmental levels of regulation of medical services in this area have been identified and studied. It has been determined that the state policy in the field of reproductive health protection goes beyond the competence of the health care sector and becomes a priority of the national security policy. On the other hand, the existing legislative and regulatory sphere of Ukraine is favorable for solving the problems of reproductive health and family planning. However, state monitoring of reproductive health and family planning legislation are unfortunately ineffective: insufficient and volatile funding for measures hampers the desired results. It is necessary constantly to supplement and update existing regulations, taking into account international legal instruments and economic, social and sectoral reforms in Ukraine. The article analyzes five legislative drafts that are currently being considered by the Parliament. Based on this, were identified the trends in development of regulations governing the management of provision of medical services in the field of assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine in the coming years, the main of which is gradual liberalization of the legislation. The main problems are the following: the legal status of surrogate mothers (birth mothers), genetic parents, donors of the reproductive cells. All these shall be regulated by the legislation. Now this issue actually remains in the field of contractual relations. The genetic parents are also at the particular risk. All parties involved in such relationship need the protection. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The trend of recent years in legal regulation of the provision of medical services in the field of the assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine is liberalization of the legislation. Based on the law, the conclusions of experts, it can be noted that the regulation of medical services to ensure the application of ART still has a number of problems, namely: improper implementation of powers and authority regarding regulatory and legal regulation of the state sectoral bodies in the field of health care; insufficient efficiency of functioning of the ART financing mechanism used by the State; shortage and low level of qualification of medical staff; low and inefficient implementation of oversight functions by the authorized public administration bodies in the field of ART, etc. The promising areas of scientific research include such proposals for solving the abovementioned problems as: a continuous analysis of the practice of implementation of legal provisions in the field of health care, in particular the ART; identification and elimination of gaps in legal regulation of medical services in the field of the ART; development of mechanisms of professional liability for medical staff; establishment of guarantees and measures of social support for medical staff; development and implementation of mechanisms for monitoring the activities of all stakeholders during the application of the ART. ; Проаналізовано чинні нормативно-правові акти, які становлять законодавче підґрунтя надання медичних послуг із допоміжних репродуктивних технологій в Україні різної юридичної сили, виявлено прогалини регламентації, перспективні напрями для розвитку галузі. Визначено та досліджено міжнародний, національний і відомчий рівні регулювання надання медичних послуг у цій сфері. Встановлено, що державна політика у сфері охорони репродуктивного здоров'я населення виходить за межі компетенції винятково сфери охорони здоров'я і набуває ознак першочергових завдань національної політики. Завдяки аналізу п'яти законопроектів, які мають регулювати надання медичних послуг у цій сфері, визначено основні тенденції розвитку державної політики, такі як лібералізація законодавства, розширення спектру послуг, розширення джерел фінансування тощо.

To view the recordings of the keynote talks, click on "Link to full text" on the right of this page. The texts of the speeches are at the bottom under "Additional files." Moderator: Ivy Schweitzer (ENGL, WGSS) Speakers: Judith Byfield '80, Professor of History, Cornell University Mary Kelley, Ruth Bordin Collegiate Professor of History, University of Michigan Ivy Schweitzer is Professor of English and past chair of Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Dartmouth College. Her fields are early American literature, American poetry, women's literature, gender and cultural studies, and digital humanities. She is the author of The Work of Self-Representation: Lyric Poetry in Colonial New England, and Perfecting Friendship: Politics and Affiliation in Early American Literature, a member of the editorial board of the Heath Anthology of American Literature and editor of Volume A, and co-editor of The Literatures of Colonial America: An Anthology and Companion to The Literatures of Colonial America. She is the editor of The Occom Circle, a digital edition of works by and about Samson Occom, an 18th century Mohegan Indian writer and activist, https://www.dartmouth.edu/~occom/, and co-producer of a full-length documentary film entitled It's Criminal: A Tale of Prison and Privilege, https://www.facebook.com/ItIsCriminal/, based on the courses she co-teaches in and about jails. In 2018, she blogged weekly about the year 1862 in the creative life of Emily Dickinson, https://journeys.dartmouth.edu/whiteheat/, and co-edited with Gordon Henry a collection of essays in honor of the Occom Circle entitled Afterlives of Indigenous Archives. She is currently organizing screening and panels for It's Criminal, working on the second phase of The Occom Circle, and transforming the White Heat blog into an e-book. Judith A. Byfield is a Professor in the Department of History at Cornell University where she teaches African and Caribbean History. She received her B.A. from Dartmouth College and her Ph.D. from Columbia University. She is the author of The Great Upheaval: Women and Nation in Post-War Nigeria (Ohio University Press, forthcoming) and The Bluest Hands: A Social and Economic History of Women Indigo Dyers in Western Nigeria, 1890-1940 (Heinemann, 2002). She has co-edited several books: Global Africa (University of California Press, 2017) with Dorothy Hodgson; Africa and World War II, with Carolyn Brown, Timothy Parsons, Ahmad Sikainga, (Cambridge University Press, 2015) and Gendering the African Diaspora: Women, Culture, and Historical Change in the Caribbean and Nigerian Hinterland with LaRay Denzer and Anthea Morrison (Indiana University Press, 2010). Fellowships from Columbia, Dartmouth and Cornell universities supported her extensive research trips to Nigeria and the UK. Byfield has received several national fellowships as well: Fulbright Global Scholar (2018-2019); Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (2013-14); National Humanities Center - Hurford Fellowship (2007-08); National Humanities Endowment Fellowship (2003-04); and the Fulbright Senior Scholar Fellowship (2002-03). Beyond publications, Byfield contributes to the field through service on editorial and advisory committees. She serves on the editorial board for Cambridge University Press – New Perspective in African History. Byfield has served in numerous organizational capacities as well. She was Co-chair of the Program Committee for the Seventeenth Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, Genders, and Sexualities (June 1-4, 2017) with Annelise Orleck and she is a former President of the African Studies Association (2011). Mary Kelley is the Ruth Bordin Collegiate Professor of History, American Culture, and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan. The author, co-author, and editor of eight books, Kelley has contributed to the burgeoning study of the history of the book, merging the social history of book-making and the psychology of reading practice into an interdisciplinary approach to comprehending the role of literature in shaping civic life. Her publications include Private Woman, Public Stage: Literary Domesticity in Nineteenth Century America, The Limits of Sisterhood: The Beecher Sisters on Women's Rights and Women's Sphere, The Portable Margaret Fuller, and Learning to Stand and Speak: Women, Education, and Public Life. She is the co-editor of An Extensive Republic: Print Culture, and Society in the American Republic, 1790-1840, the second volume of the collaborative History of the Book in America. Mary Kelley was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2014. A former member of the Board of Trustees at Mount Holyoke College, she has also served as a trustee for the American Antiquarian Society. In 2013-2014, she was the Society's Distinguished Fellow in Residence. Kelley has held the Times-Mirror Chair at the Huntington Library and has received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Rockefeller Foundation. She has served on the Executive Board of the Organization of American Historians and on the editorial boards of the Journal of American History, the American Quarterly, Modern Intellectual History, the Journal of the Early Republic, the William and Mary Quarterly, and the New England Quarterly. Kelley has been president of the American Studies Association and the Society of Historians of the Early American Republic. The former Mary Brinsmead Wheelock Professor of History, Mary Kelley taught at Dartmouth College from 1977 until 2002. She chaired the Department of History and served as Co-Chair of the Women's Studies Program. Kelley was the John Sloan Dickey Third Century Professor in the Social Sciences from 1990 through 1996. She received the Dartmouth Distinguished Teaching Award in 1982 and was named the New Hampshire Teacher of the Year by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1994.

A seguito di una preliminare indagine sul plesso normativo, viene dibattuta, con dovizia di particolari, la propensione del legislatore e dell'Amministrazione alla semplificazione ed alla partecipazione. I principi dianzi richiamati si innestano, con frizioni, in un complesso assetto valoriale riveniente dalla carta fondamentale domestica e dall'appartenenza all'UE. La sofferta traduzione fattuale dei principi, cui è chiamata la pubblica amministrazione (opere, progetti, interventi), risponderebbe sempre di più ad esigenze economiche, quasi a rappresentare un indiretto fattore competitivo nel mercato globalizzato. Per l'effetto altri principi di rango costituzionale sarebbero compressi oltre il loro contenuto essenziale. Il conflitto sociale, mal interpretato dalle assemblee rappresentative e dal sistema partitico, tracima nelle aule di giustizia, saturandole. La giurisprudenza apicale (Corte costituzionale, Cassazione, Consiglio di Stato, Corte dei Conti, CGUE), è gravata di un'ardua ponderazione tra principi fondamentali (salute, lavoro, tutela del paesaggio, libertà economica, funzione sociale della proprietà privata, pareggio di bilancio), sovente in stridente contrapposizione tra loro; ciò nell'ottica di uno Stato sociale di mercato, nel quale i diritti sono finanziati, mediante il sistema fiscale, dal reddito prodotto dagli operatori privati. I costi della burocrazia e del contenzioso (si vedano i fenomeni Nimby, Nimto) rischiano di inceppare questo sistema, gravato oramai da un elevato debito pubblico. Nel quadro descritto si innesta il dibattito pubblico tra i vari portatori di interesse. Si tratta di incontri informativi, di approfondimento, di discussione e di gestione del conflitto, da tenersi preferibilmente nei territori direttamente interessati prima della realizzazione dell'opera (quando ancora vale l'opzione zero). La consultazione degli stakeholders risponderebbe alle esigenze di semplificazione e di partecipazione, in chiave di economicità, efficacia ed efficienza dell'intervento pubblico. L'istituto pare rispondere alle attuali richieste di democrazia partecipativa e deliberativa retroagendo la consultazione alla fase strategico-pianificatoria. Il contributo del privato non è più relegato allo stadio attuativo-amministrativo (quomodo), ma ha piena cittadinanza anche in termini di opportunità e necessità dell'intervento pubblico (an); nell'incerta definizione del perimetro del contraddittorio tra i vari attori del dibattito pubblico si ravvede un nuovo elemento di criticità: una consultazione pletorica e di massa priva di argomentazioni specifiche (montée en géneralité), spesso stigmatizzate dalla giurisprudenza. Appaiono più sfumate le differenze tra potere legislativo ed esecutivo; ciò in un contesto in cui sono in crisi i capisaldi del sistema rappresentativo (Parlamento, tribunali, partiti, sindacati) sulla scia di un'esacerbata critica del principio della separazione dei poteri. La decisione multilivello riveniente dalla procedura descritta rappresenta indubbiamente un elemento di criticità per la corretta ripartizione della responsabilità (accountability). La tesi descrive la lunga gestazione dell'istituto, dalle antesignane esperienze regionali di Toscana, Puglia ed Emilia Romagna alle best practices europee (soprattutto francesi al seguito della legge Barnier del 1995); vengono evidenziate analogie e differenze tra queste esperienze. Il dibattito pubblico di cui all'art. 22 d.lgs. 50/2016 è strutturato in base al principio dell'uguaglianza degli attori coinvolti, al criterio del confronto argomentato ed ai valori della trasparenza e dell'informazione. Da ultimo è intervenuto il D.P.C.M 76/2018 (in vigore dal 24 agosto 2018) che ha regolamentato nel dettaglio l'istituto, prima solamente esplicitato nei principi. L'atto attuativo di cui si discorre ha tracciato le soglie dimensionali di applicazione del vincolo procedurale (una sorta di parere non vincolante) in base all'ampiezza (criterio dimensionale) ed al valore economico dell'opera (criterio finanziario). La procedura di consultazione prevede il confronto dialogico tra amministrazione aggiudicatrice o ente aggiudicatore, cittadini (anche riuniti in organizzazioni ed associazioni esponenziali), attori economici ed enti istituzionali coinvolti, sotto la direzione di un coordinatore del dibattito. La figura in parola predispone il contraddittorio, esplicitandolo nel documento di progetto del dibattito pubblico e nel piano di comunicazione. Cura l'informazione, soprattutto a mezzo di un sito internet dedicato. Sono previsti rigidi regimi di incompatibilità del coordinatore, soprattutto territoriale, e stringenti requisiti di indipendenza (si tratta comunque di un soggetto intraneo allo Stato apparato). La Commissione nazionale per il dibattito pubblico è il soggetto chiave dell'istituto. Sebbene la versione nazionale non sia concepita in guisa di AAI (come in Francia ed in Toscana), essa nondimeno riveste un ruolo preponderante. Alla Commissione sono ascritte le primarie funzioni di monitoraggio, di stimolo del contraddittorio e di riferire alle Camere sull'efficacia della procedura, eventualmente con proposte di correttivo. La validità della procedura è intimamente connessa con la composizione dell'organo di cui si discorre; da una prima valutazione pare meno autorevole dell'omologa d'oltralpe (dove siedono una nutrita schiera di giudici delle magistrature superiori). Censurabile anche la circostanza di averla strutturata in guisa di organo ministeriale (incardinata presso i vari dicasteri), con la rappresentanza statale decisamente sovradimensionata (2/3) rispetto a quella degli enti locali (1/3), a fronte del criterio decisionale maggioritario. La tesi descrive l'istituto in termini di documentazione da predisporre (su tutti il dossier di progetto ed il dossier conclusivo), di soggetti abilitati a richiederlo, di partecipanti legittimati (centrati sui criteri della cittadinanza e della maggiore età), di opere soggette (obbligatoriamente o facoltativamente) e di durata (da 4 a 6 mesi). L'analisi svolta nei termini descritti dianzi ha evidenziato differenze sostanziali con primarie disposizioni legislative settoriali (Codice dell'ambiente e legge generale sul procedimento amministrativo) e con istituti assimilabili al dibattito pubblico (VIA, AIA, conferenza di servizi). Parte della dottrina parla di loop procedimentale e di uno sterile aggravio procedurale e finanziario. De iure condendo si auspica una precisazione sul punto, con superamento delle eventuali duplicazioni. Per esempio si potrebbe porre rimedio al disordine legislativo delle norme settoriali (appalti, ambiente, procedimento) riconducendo tutte le citate disposizioni nell'alveo dell'art. 3 co. 2 della Costituzione e normandole in modo unitario.

The article is devoted to the problem of the studying of fashion and protests in the modern society.Within the work some classical and modern theoretical methods of the regarding of protests and the forms of their realization are viewed. It is stated that in the most cases a protest is studied with the observing of either common behavior or actions, public or social movements, or various ways of political involving and participating.Also, there the terms of 'political participating' and 'political protest' are differentiated in the modern political discourse.As a matter of fact, in the article it is proposed to consider 'fashion' as a complicated structured phenomena that, on one hand, is an innovation (an individualization) and, on the other hand, an inheritance (a massif dissemination, a social equalization).Likewise, there are analyzed possible variations of cooperation between fashion and protests under conditions of the progressing mobility. Hence, it is decided that fashion stimulates participants of actual protests and, at the same time, expands their number with so-called 'passive component'. For example, the black color has united the most spectacular representatives of the cinema regarding one problem that is connected with the Golden Globe Film Festival. However, such a massif dissemination of the black dress-code could have made all the guests of the festival accept the common idea.So, it is concluded that the dissemination of protests causes the appearance of legitimate social movements and organizations, as well as destructive modes of common behavior. In the light of above mentioned, it should be stressed that teenagers are in the group of the most possible risk who are very active participants of meetings, tumults that provoke the spreading of antisocial behavior in the society.In addition, in the article is proclaimed the idea that the cooperation between fashion and protests in the modern mobile society is presented by two variants. They are 'fashion in protests' that is characterized by the presence of fashion symbols in any protest and 'fashion problems' that occur constantly.As for the first variant, a certain list of examples can be proposed: individual demarches, group and collective actions that expect their popularization in the entire society (or, at least, in some of its parts). Protest practices prove that this popularization is based on the transformed classical scheme of the existence and functioning of culture in the society (for example, the appearance of fashion symbols such as the orange color during the events in Ukraine in 2004).As for the second variant, we can suggest as an example the fact that at the end of the XXth century and at the beginning of the XXIst century were widely discussed problems of humans` and parents` rights, the support of healthy life style and etc. For this reason, there were the Movement for humans` rights, the Movement for parents` rights, the Life Without Drogues Movement, the Eco Food Movement and many others. ; Статья посвящена проблеме политологического изучения связи протестов и моды в современном обществе.Рассмотрены классические и современные теоретические подходы к исследованию протестных настроений и форм их выражения. Установлено, что чаще всего протест рассматривают в контексте изучения коллективного поведения / действия, общественных / социальных движений или различных форм политического участия / активности.Определены понятия политического участия и политического протеста в современном политологическом дискурсе.В статье моду предлагается рассматривать как сложно структурированный феномен, что, с одной стороны, определяется нововведением (выделением, индивидуализацией), а с другой – подражанием (массовым распространением, социальным выравниванием).Проанализированы варианты взаимодействия моды и протестных настроений в условиях нарастающей мобильности. Выяснено, что мода одновременно, с одной стороны, активизирует непосредственных участников уже существующих протестных акций, а с другой – пополняет количество их сторонников, благодаря так называемой «пассивной составляющей».Выявлено, что распространение протестных настроений ведет как к конструктивным действиям, к возникновению легитимных социальных движений и организаций, так и к деструктивным формам выражения коллективного поведения. В зоне большего риска находятся подростки, которые являются самыми активными участниками как митингов, так и бунтов, благодаря которым может распространяться антисоциальное поведение в обществе.Установлено, что взаимодействие моды и протестных настроений в мобильном обществе представлено двумя вариантами – «мода в протестах», характеризующийся присутствием в них модных символов, и постоянное возникновение, и распространение различных акций несогласия, вызванных акцентом внимания на так называемых «модных проблемах». ; Стаття присвячена проблемі політологічного вивчення зв'язку протестів і моди в сучасному суспільстві.Розглянуті класичні та сучасні теоретичні підходи до дослідження протестних настроїв і форм їх вираження. Встановлено, що найчастіше протест розглядають у контексті вивчення колективної поведінки / дії, суспільних / соціальних рухів або різних форм політичної участі / активності.Визначені поняття політичної участі і політичного протесту у сучасному політологічному дискурсі.В статті моду пропонується розглядати як складно структурований феномен, що, з одного боку, визначається нововведенням (виокремленням, індивідуалізацією), а з іншого – наслідуванням (масовим розповсюдженням, соціальним вирівнюванням).Проаналізовано варіанти взаємодії моди та протестних настроїв в умовах наростаючої мобільності. З'ясовано, що мода одночасно, з одного боку, активізує безпосередніх учасників уже існуючих протестних акцій, а з іншого – поповнює кількість їх прихильників завдяки так званій «пасивній складовій».Виявлено, що поширення протестних настроїв веде як до конструктивних дій, до виникнення легітимних соціальних рухів і організацій, так і до деструктивних форм вираження колективної поведінки. В зоні більшого ризику знаходяться підлітки, які є найактивнішими учасниками як мітингів, так і бунтів, завдяки яким може розповсюджуватись антисоціальна поведінка в суспільстві.Встановлено, що взаємодія моди та протестних настроїв у мобільному суспільстві представлена двома варіантами – «мода в протестах», що характеризується присутністю в них модних символів, та постійне виникнення й поширення різних акцій незгоди, викликаних акцентом уваги на так званих «модних проблемах».

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to find a balance between tourism development and environment, on the one hand, and achieve a consensus between the profitability and development of local community, on the other hand.Design/methodology/approachThe research model presented is a model of structural equations with three variables (tourists, local population and resources); these variables attempt to explain how we can develop ecotourism in Farasan Island. This study is based on a survey conducted in June 2015 of 600 Saudi citizens and residents. A list comprising 900 potential participants was created from various public sources as well as from the researchers' professional and social contacts. The interviewees were contacted to alert them to participate in the survey. A total of 600 completed responses were received within 10 weeks of launching the survey, and these responses are analyzed and reported in the present study. The questionnaire consists of a series of questions with a five-point Likert scale for each concept in the model. The authors also used a set of demographic questions that delved into respondents' tourism and ecotourism knowledge.FindingsThe results of this study indicate that the impact of local population and resources toward ecotourism is statistically significant and that they positively influence ecotourism as hypothesized. However, it was surprising that tourist was negatively related to ecotourism. This may be because the benefits of tourist are more apparent at leisure and social level rather than at the environmental level. The data were analyzed using factor, correlation and multiple regression analyses. Factor analysis was used to determine the dimensionality of each construct. The reliability and validity of the constructs resulting from the factor analysis were evaluated before they were used in the regression analysis. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha, where the degree of acceptance of reliability is 0.70 (Nunnally, 1978).Research limitations/implicationsNegative attitudes toward a potentially empowering tourist need further investigation and attention from policymakers. One possible explanation for this result may be that ecotourism through foreign tourist is not entirely anonymous, and this may dissuade people for fright of negative effects. It can be explained by the conservative culture of Saudi Arabia and the so-called "intermediate paradox" (Persson and Lindh, 2012), where the same people who are responsible for new forms of ecotourism explicitly or implicitly oppose these reforms.Practical implicationsFrom a practical perspective, the findings regarding attitudes toward ecotourism lend support to the notion that the government is doing a relatively good job and this work should be sustained. The respondents recognize that significant benefits can be derived if the government uses ecotourism to develop and increase livelihood of citizen. These benefits include more efficient policy- and decision-making processes and outcomes and greater engagement of citizens in government initiatives and priorities for ecotourism. This perception is in accord with the pervasive thinking in the literature regarding the transformative potential of ecotourism. The lack of interest or discomfort in engaging with the government via ecotourism has profound implications for the development of Farasan Island in Saudi Arabia. The finding suggests that regardless of the level of government investment in ecotourism, uptake may remain low. The study has also proposed and empirically tested a model of ecotourism that provides fertile grounds for further testing in other contexts and socio-political environments. From a practical perspective, the findings reported here could help shape the strategies and tactics the government could use to increase the rate of ecotourism in Saudi Arabia.Social implicationsFrom an original exploratory study that puts in perspective of Island experience, this study examines the scope of ecotourism as an alternative to tourism to the Farasan Island in Saudi Arabia. Considering the tourism potential existing on Farasan Island and its socio-cultural consequences discussed, we think of making tourism otherwise based on conservation of ecology and participation of local people. It is then shown that the position of the authorities in terms of alternative tourism, which remains the order of discourse, encourages local actors to pursue their own projects. But in terms of local development, the impact of these local initiatives, scattered and disjointed, are altogether very low. The authors try, through well-designed questionnaire, to explore and to take measures leading to the expected sustainable management of resources, while investments are gradually encouraging ecotourism in Farasan Island. The results indicate that the impact of local population and resource toward ecotourism is statistically significant and that they positively influence ecotourism. However, it was surprising that tourist was negatively related to ecotourism.Originality/valueResearch on ecotourism in Saudi Arabia is virtually non-existent, particularly research relating to tourist as opposed to the technological aspects of fostering ecotourism. The results of this study indicate that two variables positively influence ecotourism: local population and resource, through the use of nature and social tradition. The perceived benefits of ecotourism were statistically significant but negatively related to tourists. Moreover, both age and gender influence the level of ecotourism – age positively and gender negatively. These findings suggest that as people become more mature, they are more willing to encourage ecotourism of the country via natural and cultural channels. Also, it appears that women are not likely to use ecotourism more because of traditional practices of the role of women. Moreover, participants have a favorable attitude toward the progress and efforts made by the government to encourage greater ecotourism. Finally, while participants recognize the benefits of interacting with the government through programs and that program is likely to play a major role in future efforts, they currently do not see the need to use ecotourism or are not comfortable to engage with the government.

Speaking about the ways of the development of the artistic and aesthetic guidelines in the Ukrainian theater means to speak about the role of the administrative building in its development.The theater managers should not only identify, but also form such ways, as satisfaction of aesthetic need of thecreative group, on the one hand, and on the other, provide the need for theater and art performances of the audience, so the average citizen of Ukraine. One can find the resultant in this situation only less than one condition: if the theatrical market in Ukraine is colourful and rich in a variety of artistic and aesthetic concepts and experiments, only it is in this sense, the role and the importance of theater management will be crucial. And not only that managers should ensure the financial health of the troupe, but the manager of the theater has to determine the creative direction of art search of the theater staff, to provide staff, its own niche in the theatrical process of Ukraine. And so the question of repertoire policy is to form the creative, artistic and aesthetic principles of the creative group. It should be the focus of management theatrical business.The theatrical activity is diverse, rich and very responsible. The modern theatrical process and trends are conclusive. Therefore, the question of the theatre and expert aspect of the problem can not be excluded. The manager of the theatre and theatrical practice are a part of a unified phenomenon that can be defined as a modern Ukrainian theater process and they complement each other.The Modern Theatre of Ukraine – multi-vector and in the fullness of repertoire, and in the principles of artistic transformation of life. So such approach in the Ukrainian theatre provokes the search and the emergence of new principles of theatrical activities, the new management theater tasks. It gives its universality and independence from certain aesthetic principles of the particular theater.In spite of the multi-vector of the modern Ukrainian theatre, some managers of the modern theater remain captive to the old ideas in the modern theatre process.The main task of any manager is to build a new theatre, to show the new artistic ways, to give a new breath to that has already happened and what is known.Every of creative personalities according to his strength and capabilities should create a national art space.Such activity is particularly useful to people now, in the time of national revival.The experimental years were not marked with festive splendor; they were concentrated on hard work, intensification of cultural and artistic life in terms of democracy, transparency and moral insight.However, if the theatre is ready today to fulfill its mission responsible? The theatre figures think, argue and they are seriously concerned and worried:• It is clear that the further development of theatrical culture will be determined by social impulses, the activity of social forces;• It is clear that we need fresh, not played repertory and artistic ideas for a modern audience, who compares the content of the work in the perception of real life and the relevance of the day;• There is no doubt that the stage speech of the last years became boring, but we don't have new; so we need transition to a new aesthetic quality;• We agreed that the theater criticism needs to learn performing deeply, consistently, balanced;• We need to improve the methods of theatre management.The management of the theatrical production has its own specific features. However, we can not ignore the irrefutable fact that there are certain laws which determine the features of the sociocultural dimensions of modern theatrical process. But the main factor of successful theatrical activity is the necessity of consideration of the latest features of the modern theatre with its purposefulness and innovations. The neglect of such features threatens the transformation of theatrical process in the ordinary theater production. Then the creative artistic principles retreat for the tenth plan, which inevitably leads to the degradation of the group and slides to the ordinary of working abroad, and loss of audience. The theater manager must act as an art analytics. So the main subject is not to find money, but the analysis of the circumstances such as social, political, economic and art. The organizational outlook can save the theater (if it is correct), but it can disadvantage (if it is incorrect). That's why every theater manager should be a creative person who has not only to know and admit certain artistic theories and positions, but also be able to direct the theatrical group to the advanced principles that will determine the fate of the theater arts in the future. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы развития театрального искусства, которое требует постоянного совершенствования системы управления театральным делом, повышения художественно-эстетического уровня театральной деятельности театральных коллективов и создания необходимых условий для их дальнейшего художественного развития. Статья содержит сведения об опыте современной организации театрального творчества в Украине, общее представление о структуре театрального управления, раскрывает факторы, которые влияют на развитие и повышение художественно-эстетического и организационного уровней театральной деятельности. ; У статті розглядаються питання розвитку театрального мистецтва, яке вимагає постійного вдосконалення системи управління театральною справою, підвищення художньо-естетичного рівня театральної діяльності театральних колективів та створення необхідних умов для їх подальшого художнього розвитку. Висвітлено роль керівників театру в справі становлення та розвитку сучасної театральної творчості. Стаття містить відомості про досвід сучасної організації театральної творчості в Україні, загальне уявлення щодо структури театрального управління в цілому, розкриває чинники, які впливають на розвиток та підвищення художньо-естетичного та організаційного рівнів театральної діяльності.

Статья посвящена вопросам формирования бюджета Пенсионного фонда Российской Федерации. Проанализирована динамика задолженности по страховым взносам на обязательное пенсионное и обязательное медицинское страхование предприятий Томской области. Исследованы механизмы взыскания страховых взносов, определены его недостатки, сформулированы и предложены пути решения выявленных проблем, необходимость создания достаточных условий для формирования собственных источников финансирования накопленных государственных обязательств и возможности обеспечения собственных обязательств в рамках установленного тарифа, а также эффективной макроэкономической государственной политики. ; The article is devoted to the issues of budget formation for the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. The timely and full payment of insurance contributions by policy holders to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation is a prerequisite for implementing statutory mandatory expenditures on mandatory pension insurance. Insurance contributions are the main source for financing pensions. Budget expenditures of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation in part exceed the funds from the payment of insurance contributions, including non-payment of accrued insurance payments by policy holders to the mandatory pension insurance for insured persons. This is compensated to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation at the expense of budget appropriations and accounted for in the funds allocated for covering the budget deficit of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. The pension legislation defines the essence and purpose of insurance contributions as individually compensatory mandatory payments which ensure the rights of citizens to receive pensions by mandatory social insurance in the amount equivalent to the volume of insurance contributions in monetary terms, posted to the individual personal account of the insured person. In other words, after terminating employment and going on retirement, the accumulated capital will be returned to the employee by means of a monthly pension. The size of the citizen's future pension depends on the amount of insurance contributions, as reflected on the individual account balance. The more insurance contributions the employee makes, the larger the pension will be. The examining of issues concerned with the administration of insurance payments to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation is connected to the above mentioned necessities. Given that insurance contributions form the budget of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, it is imperative that the amount of contributions, control over their payment, and control over the developing pension rights of employees (length of service and earnings) is in "one hand". Thus, responsibility for violations of legislation on mandatory pension insurance for employers and payers of insurance contributions must be proportionate to the volume of social obligations of the state, as well as to current retirees and future retirees. The capacity of the budgets of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation depend on how effectively bodies of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation organize the administration of insurance contributions, and, consequently, the financial provision of state social obligations, in particular the timeliness of pension payments, and the possibility for annual indexing, increasing the size of pensions to a level no lower than those in developed countries. The effective administration of insurance contributions is one of the tools to reduce the budget deficit of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. The article analyzes the dynamics of nonpayment of insurance premiums on mandatory pension and mandatory medical insurance in Tomsk region enterprises. We investigated the mechanisms of collecting insurance contributions, defined their shortcomings, and formulated and proposed ways to solve the identified problems. Analysis of the practice of the administration of insurance payments in the instance of the Department of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation for the Tomsk Region showed that despite multiple reductions in the amount of debt in the three years of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the absolute debt value continues to rise, in part because of the administration of insurance payments. This means that the measures envisaged by the law on insurance contributions are not enough. The development of the pension system and its effective functioning depend not only on the development of the organizational systems of administering insurance payments, but also on a conscientious attitude of payers of insurance contributions to their responsibilities. It is necessary, on the one hand, to strengthen the functions of control and responsibility for violation of pension legislation by contributor-debtors. On the other hand, the problems of implementation of insurance principles for development of the pension system cannot be resolved without the economic interest of each participant of the pension system (the insured-employee and the insurant-employer, insurer). Also imperative is the creation of adequate conditions for the creation of private sources of financing the accumulated state obligations and the capabilities to ensure private obligations at the established rate, as well as an effective macroeconomic state policy, the result of which should be sustainable, positive demographic trends, rising incomes, et cetera. The main outcome, achieved as a result of the research conducted is to identify the range of economic relationships, events, and programs which will stimulate the development of factors which have a significant impact on the development of the pension system of the country: 1. Socio-demographic (the ratio of the number of pensioners to the economically active population, number of employees, the cost of living for pensioners, et cetera). 2. Labor factors (length of employment, the payment period for insurance contributions, the size of payments to the benefit of the employee, average income, the minimum subsistence level of the working, et cetera). 3. Macroeconomic factors (GDP, income of the population, the share of population's income in GDP, the share of GDP devoted to pensions, expenditure on pensions).