Suchergebnisse

Blueberry cultivation is becoming increasingly important in Spain. There is currently a tendency to reconvert soils previously used for strawberry cultivation to blueberries, which could produce the transmission of common pathogens such as Macrophomina phaseolina (Ijaz et al., 2013). The use of chemical antifungals has been the common method used to prevent this kind of infection but, due to their high environmental impact, legislation is increasingly restricting its use which makes it necessary to look for new alternatives such as biocontrol strategy.This project aim was to identify the main rhizospheric microorganisms implicated in blueberry plant survival or death and to analyse the repercussions of three treatments used against Macrophomina.Two of the treatments use a biocontrol strategy and a third one supplied the plant with nutrients inputs. The biocontrol treatments consisted of a mix composed of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus velezensis strains with growth-promoting activities and antagonist effects against Macrophomina coming from the IFAPA-Las Torres collection, and a second one with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The third is a mix of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, aminoacids and microorganisms . We characterized blueberry's rhizosphere from healthy and dead plants from the three treatments plus a control using metabarcoding, bacteria were identified via the 16S and fungi via the ITS region.All treatments modified the soil microbiome, especially the bacteria population. Although infection with M. phaseolina was the cause of plant death, the presence of Fusarium, another blueberry fungus pathogen, seemed to favour the infection and weaken the plant (Israel et al., 2005). On the other hand, the higher abundance of Penicillium or Gaiella in the rhizosphere of healthy plants could be related to increased resistance against Macrophomina (Altaf et al., 2018; Qi et al., 2019). From all the treatments tested, the one coming from the IFAPA-Las Torres collection was the best in modifying the rhizosphere most efficiently, favouring the proliferation of microorganisms with plant growth-promoting activities and pathogens antagonists.The different microorganisms detected between death and healthy plants open the possibility of studying new targets to act against and potential microorganisms to be used in biocontrol.

Land availability is an essential prerequisite for providing housing solutions; however, access to this soil faces administrative, regulatory and technical obstacles that cause chaotic urbanization processes in the main cities of the country. This article discusses management tools for soil availability in current legislation and used in projects developed by Metrovivienda in Bogotá D.C. As a result, we found that the main issues are: scarcity and high land prices and the persistent phenomenon of illegal urbanization aim to meet the unsatisfied demand, especially for people in informal labor market. Currently Public Housing Policy focuses primarily on subsidies to demand allocation and implementation of housing construction projects, but it is necessary the articulation of this Policy with a Public Land Policy that regulates use and land market. Otherwise, a long-term planning and will be very difficult to reduce the gap between supply and demand for housing and achieve an efficient, equitable and orderly development for the city.

The objective of this study was to determine the selenium content in soils from the Region of Murcia (SE, Spain) and to study the possible relationship between mineralogical composition, soil properties and selenium content. In addition, generic reference level (GRL) for selenium was determined according to Spanish legislation. For this study, 490 samples were selected in areas subjected to agricultural activity or abandoned agricultural soils with natural vegetation. Five different zones were established in order to study selenium variability. Four different mineralogical groups were established, based on significant relationship with the mineralogical composition, and each sample was included in one mineralogical group. The results showed that the concentration of selenium is correlated with the electrical conductivity, sulphate content and with the mineralogical composition, particularly positively with quartz and in a negative way with calcite percentage. In addition, selenium level was positively correlated with the phyllosilicate content. Established GRL for selenium varies with the mineralogical group, having a great transcendence from the legal and economic points of view.

El presente monográfico tiene por objetivo realizar una lectura de la alfarería popular en perspectiva antropológica, para lo que resultan fundamentales las claves socioeconómicas y socioculturales dentro de las cuales se desarrolla el oficio y, por tanto, lejos de cualquier percepción esencialista. Así, los diversos análisis que lo integran afrontan la pervivencia del oficio en lugares muy dispersos geográficamente (Timor, El Rif, México, Costa Rica y España) y bajo circunstancias muy dispares, que oscilan desde el olvido y la marginalidad hasta su uso político como símbolo de identidad, sin olvidar en la mayoría de los casos su aprovechamiento como recurso económico vinculado al turismo. Observar las razones y los contextos por los que, en pleno siglo XXI, distintos entramados culturales mantienen elementos del pasado amparados por su catalogación artesanal consideramos que mejora el estudio de una realidad que responde de forma local a la globalización en función de dinámicas de máximo interés para ser analizadas por las ciencias sociales de forma rigurosa más allá de su clasificación genérica, igualitaria y meramente descriptiva en la categoría folclórico. ; The objective of this monograph is to carry out a reading of popular pottery from an anthropological perspective. For this, the socio-economic and socio-cultural keys within which the trade is developed are fundamental and, therefore, far from any essentialist perception.Then, the analysis that comprise it face the survival of the trade in geographically widely dispersed places (Timor, El Rif, Mexico, Costa Rica and Spain) and under very disparate circumstances, ranging from oblivion and marginality to its political use as a symbol identity, without forgetting in most cases its use as an economic resource linked to tourism. Observing the reasons and the contexts by which, in the XXI century, different cultural frameworks maintain elements of the past protected by their artisan cataloging, we consider that it improves the study of a reality that responds locally to globalization based on dynamics of maximum interest to be analyzed by the social sciences in a rigorous way beyond its generic, egalitarian and merely descriptive classification in the folkloric category. ; Grupo de investigación Antropología y Filosofía (SEJ-126). Universidad de Granada. Departamento de Antropología, Geografía e Historia. Universidad de Jaén. Departamento de Filosofía II. Universidad de Granada.

El sellado antropogénico constituye uno de los principales procesos de degradación física de los suelos y tiene como principal resultado su impermeabilización, con efectos negativos muy importantes. Los estudios sobre este tema son relativamente recientes, apareciendo las primeras investigaciones relevantes a finales del siglo XX. Sin embargo, no se ha realizado, hasta ahora, ningún estudio que analice su evolución. Por este motivo, se llevó a cabo un análisis bibliométrico de las publicaciones relacionadas con esta materia a nivel internacional a partir de las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus en el periodo 2000-2019. Los resultados muestran cómo el número de trabajos ha ido aumentando de manera significativa hasta 2017, alcanzando tal relevancia que diferentes organizaciones gubernamentales propusieron acciones para la mitigación de sus efectos. Además, fue posible evidenciar qué autores son especialistas en el tema, qué países han realizado más estudios (China, EEUU y países europeos), y se ha obtenido una clasificación de las principales líneas temáticas que exponen las tendencias actuales. Finalmente, se ha establecido una hipótesis sobre su estancamiento en los últimos años por la aparición de las denominadas infraestructuras verdes. ; Anthropogenic sealing is one of the main processes of physical degradation of soils and its main result of this process is waterproofing, with significant negative effects. Studies on this problem are relatively recent, with the first relevant research appearing at the end of the 20th century. However, until now, no study has been carried out to analyse its evolution. For this reason, a bibliometric analysis of the publications related to this subject at international level was carried out using Web of Science and Scopus databases for the period 2000-2019. The results show how the number of works has increased progressively until 2017, reaching such relevance that different governmental organisations proposed actions to mitigate its effects. In addition, it was possible to show which authors are specialists in this subject, which countries have developed these works the most (China, USA and European countries) and a classification of the main thematic lines was obtained. Finally, a hypothesis was established regarding its stagnation in recent years due to the appearance of the green infrastructures.

[SPA] El suelo es un recurso afectado por fuentes de contaminación que lo pueden convertir en un recurso contaminado. El contenido en metales pesados del suelo es uno de los criterios empleados para la estimación de la calidad ambiental del suelo, siendo necesario, el establecimiento de niveles de fondo en los metales y sus correspondientes niveles genéricos de referencia. El suelo tiene unos valores naturales de presencia de determinados elementos traza, metales, que son los valores de fondo, que generan un riesgo admisible. Pero cuando ese riesgo se convierte en inadmisible, se han de establecer otros valores. Estos valores serían los niveles genéricos de referencia del suelo, y son los valores que nos indicarán si estamos ante un suelo potencialmente contaminado, o contaminado. Los "elementos traza" aparecen mayoritariamente en los residuos mineros relativos a las industrias extractivas. Estos materiales ya sean residuos, recursos o subproductos reciben, por lo general, el tratamiento de residuos inertes, cuando en realidad deberían ser tratados como residuos peligrosos. El presente estudio critica las disposiciones normativas que regulan los residuos y suelos propios de los distritos de minería metálica, con la finalidad de proponer mejoras normativas que permitan la adecuación de la legislación aplicable a los nuevos conocimientos científico-técnicos. [ENG] Soil is a resource affected by sources of pollution that can become contaminated resource. The heavy metal content of the soil is one of the criteria for estimating the environmental quality of the soil, being necessary to establish background levels in metals and their corresponding levels generics de reference. The floor has natural presence values of certain trace elements, metals, which are the background values, which generate an acceptable risk. But when that risk becomes unacceptable, they have to set other values. These values would be the generic reference levels of soil, and are the values that will tell us if this is a potentially contaminated or contaminated soil. The "trace elements" appear mostly in mining waste relating to extractive industries. These materials either waste resources or byproducts are, in general, the treatment of inert waste, when they should be treated as hazardous waste. This study criticizes the regulatory provisions governing waste and soils own metal mining districts, in order to propose improvements regulations that facilitate adjustment of the legislation applicable to new scientific and technical knowledge. ; Agradecer al equipo del TAIDA el poder formar parte de este grupo de doctorado.

This study analyzes bioremediation processes of hydrocarbon contaminated soils in Colombia as a sustainable alternative to the deterioration of environmental quality by hydrocarbon spillage. According to national and international environmental law, all waste contaminated with hydrocarbons is considered dangerous waste, and therefore it cannot be released in the ground, water or be incinerated. Such legislation has motivated companies around the world to implement treatment processes for contaminated soils. Within Colombia, oil companies have been implementing the bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils in order to manage the waste coming from activities of oil drilling, refinement, transport and distribution.These practices must be considered viable for their ease of implementation, their low overhead costs, and for the benefits they provide towards environmental quality. Among the positive impacts that these practices have generated, it may consider the following: a solution for the problem of hydrocarbon contaminated soils, alternatives for the ultimate disposal of said waste without affecting ground, water or air resources, the low cost of the operation, and the technical experience of sustainable development which can continue to be implemented in companies dealing with dangerous waste. ; Se revisan los procesos de Biorremediación de suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos en Colombia, como una alternativa sostenible frente al deterioro progresivo de la calidad del medio ambiente por el derrame de hidrocarburos. En la legislación ambiental en Colombia y en el mundo, todo residuo contaminado con hidrocarburos es considerado un residuo peligroso; por lo tanto, no puede ser dispuesto en suelo, aguas o incinerado a cielo abierto, lo que ha motivado a empresas del país en el mundo a implementar procesos de tratamiento de lodos contaminados. En Colombia las empresas petroleras, han venido implementando la biorremediación de lodos contaminados con hidrocarburos como alternativas, para el manejo de residuos ...

This study analyzes bioremediation processes of hydrocarbon contaminated soils in Colombia as a sustainable alternative to the deterioration of environmental quality by hydrocarbon spillage. According to national and international environmental law, all waste contaminated with hydrocarbons is considered dangerous waste, and therefore it cannot be released in the ground, water or be incinerated. Such legislation has motivated companies around the world to implement treatment processes for contaminated soils. Within Colombia, oil companies have been implementing the bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils in order to manage the waste coming from activities of oil drilling, refinement, transport and distribution.These practices must be considered viable for their ease of implementation, their low overhead costs, and for the benefits they provide towards environmental quality. Among the positive impacts that these practices have generated, it may consider the following: a solution for the problem of hydrocarbon contaminated soils, alternatives for the ultimate disposal of said waste without affecting ground, water or air resources, the low cost of the operation, and the technical experience of sustainable development which can continue to be implemented in companies dealing with dangerous waste. ; Se revisan los procesos de Biorremediación de suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos en Colombia, como una alternativa sostenible frente al deterioro progresivo de la calidad del medio ambiente por el derrame de hidrocarburos. En la legislación ambiental en Colombia y en el mundo, todo residuo contaminado con hidrocarburos es considerado un residuo peligroso; por lo tanto, no puede ser dispuesto en suelo, aguas o incinerado a cielo abierto, lo que ha motivado a empresas del país en el mundo a implementar procesos de tratamiento de lodos contaminados. En Colombia las empresas petroleras, han venido implementando la biorremediación de lodos contaminados con hidrocarburos como alternativas, para el manejo de residuos ...

Peru is a country rich in natural resources, which is not at issue but when we seek the richness of the soil resource is found that the lowest in Latin America, the relationship between man and land in our country for food production is low and limited, located only in some regions, so it is necessary to develop a strategy for integrated management of land, which starts from the ground potential, its economic, environmental and social knowledge of the possibilities, from a proper zoning, economic and ecological, categorizing their relationship to occupancy to avoid a conflict of use or benefit to our country almost always ends in socio-environmental conflicts. For example, it has contaminated soils in La Oroya, which is now a matter of legal dispute will be environmental in the arbitration against the Peruvian government before the International Centre for Settlement of Inves-tment Disputes (ICSID) for failing to decontaminate soils of La Oroya. In the case of La Oroya Antigua, is the presence of soil contaminants such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, antimony, surpassing international standards, if we compare only 393 times the arsenic exceeds international standards, then we are faced a problem that has to be addressed in a comprehensive way, not only by the presence of contaminants in soil, but also to attack and reduce or eliminate the source of generation of pollutants. In regard to pollution control of water and air have come, but has been neglected specific attention to the problem of contaminated soil, which can be seen in the lack of environmental legislation in relation to the soil and subsoil which understand from the rocky phase organic soil components. Far failed to resolve the question: What values compare national soil to see if this contaminated? Because there are no values or maximum allowable limits or standards of environmental quality, such a vacuum requires a prompt settlement of the Ministry of Environment, then all this forces us to thin in an integrated management of soils, ranging from assessment, land use planning, land management and remediation strategy to be applied to a safe environmental quality in our country. ; El Perú es un país rico en recursos naturales, lo cual no está en discusión, pero cuando buscamos la riqueza del recurso suelo, encontramos que es la más baja de América Latina. La relación hombre-suelo en nuestro país, para la producción de alimentos, es baja y limitada, localizada solo en algunas regiones; por ello, es necesario desarrollar una estrategia de gestión integrada del suelo, que parta desde su potencial, su valor económico, ambiental y social, conociendo las posibilidades de uso, a partir de una adecuada zonificación, económica y ecológica, categorizando su relación de uso y ocupación para no generar un conflicto de uso o aprovechamiento, que casi siempre en nuestro país termina en conflictos socioambientales. Por ejemplo, se tienen los suelos contaminados en La Oroya, que en la actualidad es un tema de conflicto legal ambiental que se verá en el proceso de arbitraje contra el Estado peruano ante el Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias Relativas a Inversiones (CIADI), por no haber descontaminados los suelos de La Oroya. En el caso de La Oroya Antigua, se tiene la presencia de contaminantes en el suelo, como arsénico, cadmio, plomo, mercurio, antimonio, superando los estándares internacionales; si comparamos solamente el arsénico, supera 393 veces los estándares internacionales. Entonces, nos encontramos ante una problemática que tiene que ser atendida de una manera integral, no solamente por la presencia de los contaminantes en los suelos, sino también para atacar y disminuir, o eliminar, la fuente de generación de los contaminates. En lo que se refiere a control de la contaminación de agua y aire hemos avanzado, pero se ha descuidado una atención específica a la problemática de suelos contaminados, lo que se aprecia en la falta de una legislación ambiental con relación al suelo y subsuelo, que comprenda desde su fase rocosa a la parte orgánica de los componentes del suelo. Hasta el momento no se ha podido resolver la pregunta: ¿Con qué valores nacionales comparo un suelo para saber si esta contaminado?, porque no existen los valores ni límites máximos permisibles ni estándares de calidad ambiental, tal vacío requiere una pronta solución de parte del Ministerio del Ambiente; entonces todo ello nos obliga a pensar en una gestión integrada de suelos, que abarque desde su evaluación, planificación de uso, ordenamiento territorial y estrategia de descontaminación que se deberá aplicar para un ambiente seguro de calidad ambiental en nuestro país.

Se hace una aproximación del suelo como sistema viviente y su participación en la sostenibilidad de los agroecosistemas. Altieri (2010) identifica a la calidad del suelo y a la biodiversidad arriba y abajo del suelo como pilares para la conversión de sistemas convencionales de producción (caracterizados por monocultivos y dependencia de insumos de síntesis industrial) hacia sistemas diversificados y autosuficientes. El patrón de organización, estructura y procesos que caracterizan al suelo bajo el enfoque sistémico, justifican cómo este sistema, del cual hacen parte las plantas y demás organismos, aporta los nutrientes que ellos requieren y, éstos a su vez, integran al sistema biomasa viva y no viva, que se recicla en un continuum que del suelo trasciende a la atmósfera, en forma de moléculas y gases como el CO2, CH4, N2O, denominados gases con efecto invernadero (GEI) y otros como el H2S, involucrado en la lluvia ácida. La visión de redes dentro de redes y procesos contextuales aproxima la fertilidad, productividad, resiliencia, salud y calidad del suelo como propiedades emergentes, explicables desde el todo del agroecosistema. Prácticas como la conservación y uso de la materia orgánica, la labranza mínima o cero, la biodiversidad y la organización de agroecosistemas complejos, tienen sus bases científicas en el entramado de redes que se entretejen arriba y abajo, trascienden al agroecosistema y al ecosistema. De allí la necesidad que estas prácticas agroecológicas se generalicen y abarquen lo local, regional y territorial, a través de trabajos en redes sociales, económicas y políticas. ; ABSTRACT The approach is to look the soil as a living system and to ground its participation in the agro ecosystem sustainability. It goes from Altieri's premise that identifies soil quality and biodiversity up and down the soil as pillars to get the change of the conventional production systems (characterized by monocultures and dependence of industrial synthesis ingredients) through diversified and self-sufficient systems. It comes the organization pattern analysis, structure and processes which characterized the soil and under the systemic approach, it justifies how this system from which the plants make part of, and the rest of the organisms, gives the nutrients for their requirements, and those also form the living and no living biomass system, which is recycled continuously transforming in a permanent way the webs and soil components, traveling to the atmosphere as molecules and gases like CO2, CH4, N2O, named "green house" effect gases (GHEG) and others like H2S, involved in the acid rain. The systemic vision of webs within webs and context processes take us to fertility, resilience, and health and soil quality as emerging properties, only explainable from the whole agro ecosystem. Some agro ecological practices like the preservation and use of the organic matter, zero or minimal tillage and the biodiversity (with its connections up-down and down-up) same as the organization of the complex agro ecosystems, have their scientific base on the web framework which is weaved around of the components and go beyond the ecosystem and the agrosystem. Therefore, the need of those agro ecological practices become widespread, covering the local, regional and territorial through the social economic and political networks.

Soil organic matter is seriously affected by fires and suffers changes in stock, composition, and distribution. In the North-West side of the Cantabrian Range (northern Spain) fires are very common. In order to develop a cartographic technique to map areas with high carbon stocks caused by fire, we test a technique based on calibrated VIS-NIR soil organic carbon models and hyperspectral images. Total (TOC) and oxidizable carbon (OC) were measured in 89 soil samples. The samples were scanned with VIS-NIR spectrometer (400–2500 nm), and the spectra were resampled to the hyperspectral image channels. Spectroscopic models for TOC and OC were fitted (R2>0.81) using partial least squares regression (PLSR). The predictions were regionalized to the hyperspectral image and the results validated with a new soil population consisting of 12 Valeri plots collected in burned slopes of the study area under heather vegetation. In soil samples, TOC and OC values are highly correlated (R = 0.92), and the coefficients of the PLSR models have a similar pattern, which suggests similar organic components. Nevertheless, there are significant differences in the values of the regression coefficients, much higher in the TOC model except at 560 and 2054 nm that might be interpreted as labile carbon components, and at 1590 nm. At this wavelength the coefficient of TOC is positive and OC is negative, and it could be interpreted as hydrocarbons components present in the TOC model. ; This work was funded by the Government of Asturias through the project SV-PA-13-ECOEMP-40. J. Peón acknowledges a PhD Grant from the University of Oviedo and a PhD Grant "Severo Ochoa" from the Government of Asturias (BP14-104). We also acknowledge INTA for providing the images and for the geometric and atmospheric correction.

The problem of soil contamination is becoming a priority issue for governments, universities and organizations. The management, regulation and control of chemical products used in the control of pests and in the industrial and business production processes, as well as, the inclusive management of waste discharged to the ground accidentally or intentionally, should be part of the main challenges that society must undertake today. Otherwise, the diversity of functions performed by soils will be aff ected and consequently public health problems will be generated. ; La problemática de la contaminación de los suelos se está convirtiendo en un tema prioritario para gobiernos, universidades y organizaciones. El manejo, regulación y control de productos químicos utilizados en el control de plagas y en los procesos productivos industriales y empresariales, así como, la gestión inclusiva de los residuos descargados hacia el suelo de forma accidental o intencional, deben ser parte de los principales retos y desafíos que hoy en día debe emprender la sociedad. De lo contrario, la diversidad de funciones que desempeñan los suelos se verán afectadas y consecuentemente se generarán problemas de salud pública.

The problem of soil contamination is becoming a priority issue for governments, universities and organizations. The management, regulation and control of chemical products used in the control of pests and in the industrial and business production processes, as well as, the inclusive management of waste discharged to the ground accidentally or intentionally, should be part of the main challenges that society must undertake today. Otherwise, the diversity of functions performed by soils will be aff ected and consequently public health problems will be generated. ; La problemática de la contaminación de los suelos se está convirtiendo en un tema prioritario para gobiernos, universidades y organizaciones. El manejo, regulación y control de productos químicos utilizados en el control de plagas y en los procesos productivos industriales y empresariales, así como, la gestión inclusiva de los residuos descargados hacia el suelo de forma accidental o intencional, deben ser parte de los principales retos y desafíos que hoy en día debe emprender la sociedad. De lo contrario, la diversidad de funciones que desempeñan los suelos se verán afectadas y consecuentemente se generarán problemas de salud pública.