At present, besides confessional states, assuming the existence of one official religion, there are some secular states been characterized by the Church separation from the state and the state – from the Church. The secular states assume a Church – State relations system based on the division to be commonly identified with the principles of the Church from the state separation. The subject of the article is an analysis of the secular states system. The main methods of the research are the comparison and analysis. Within the secular state system there are two elements to be identified: positive and negative. For the states of the Central and Eastern Europe, the moderate secular state model is an inherent one. It has appeared as a result of totalitarianism been transformed into democracy. The secular state guarantees equality of all churches and relations within its borders. There is no single universal model of the secular state. The secular state system has two variants: a radical separation of the Church from the state or autonomy and cooperation between them. Among secular states with a moderate version, one can point Germany, Italy, Spain, Slovakia, Lithuania, Poland.
The article reflects the main processes of building during the development of the Ukrainian state of Hetman P. Skoropadsky. P. Skoropadsky's views on the Ukrainian nation, the Ukrainian state and its form, the relationship of the then political and national forces, the place of Ukraine in the geopolitical space of that time, the main directions and content of the state process, its achievements and miscalculations are analyzed. The views of P. Skoropadsky on the content of the state process in Ukraine in 1918 are analyzed. First of all, on the form of the Ukrainian state - independent or federal. We are talking about the form of government of the Ukrainian state and its political regime. Internal and external factors that influenced this are analyzed. The content of the main directions of activity of the hetman government is investigated both inside the state (central and local government, judicial system, armed forces, agrarian policy, social and cultural construction) and outside (international recognition, establishment of diplomatic relations). It is concluded that the emergence of the Ukrainian state of Hetman P. Skoropadsky was a continuation of the process of creation during the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921. This process took place in difficult conditions of the First World War and this circumstance determined the peculiar form of the Ukrainian state and its activities, sometimes they were contradictory and had disagreements with the ideals of the state, which ultimately led to the decline of the Ukrainian state.
The article is devoted to studying of modern state and directions of grain market of Ukraine state regulation. Particular attention is paid to the issues of government policy concerning the conditions' establishing for effective grain market functioning.Grain market of Ukraine state regulation, improvement directions of grain market state regulation mechanism, grain market, grain market development.
Effectiveness of the administrative system as a whole depends on the quality of its organization. The Organizational structure reflects functional dynamic of the public administration. On the other hand, functional requirements of efficiency and effectiveness of the administrative system determine organizational forms. The scope, character and nature of administrative actions require optimal and coordinated external (macro-organization) and internal (micro-organization) organizational structure, which will allow optimal functioning of an administrative system. Therefore, the organizational structure is not immutable category, because tasks and roles, activities and goals, are changing in the same government system and sometimes even the whole system, so it is necessary to change the administrative organization. Administrative organization is systemic (external and internal) open dynamic structure of state government agencies and other bodies and organizations with public (administrative) powers prescribed in the course of lawful relationships of dynamic interaction, based on the hierarchy or coordination, depending on the nature and objectives of administrative tasks. Current organization of the state administration has not been made according to the principles of modern management. It is a result of the political spoils system, and reflects the need for political control of the administrative departments. It lacks functional analysis and expert approach.
Ko slišimo za pojem korupcija, takoj pomislimo na zlorabo javne službe za doseganje lastnih koristi. Posamezniki in podjetja podkupujejo administrativne uslužbence, da le-ti uredijo zadeve, ki morajo biti rešene. Gre torej za izsiljevanje rent od gospodarskih udeležencev in posledično od ekonomije same izključno za zasebne koristi politikov in uradnikov. Tovrsten pristop k obravnavanju pojava je v zadnjih letih začrtal popolnoma novo smer analiziranja in merjenja korupcije. Korupcija se predstavi v popolnoma novi podobi, v kateri posamezniki, skupine oziroma podjetja vplivajo na formulacijo zakonov, ali celo spreobračajo že oblikovana pravila igre, da bi si s tem zagotovili pomembne ugodnosti. Korupcija je in vedno bo obstajala v svetu, edina razlika je v tem, da se z razvojem družb spreminja, prevzema bolj prefinjene oblike, zaradi katerih jo je težje odkrivati in preprečevati. Vse bolj razsežne in destruktivne posledice, ki jih ima korupcija na gospodarsko rast in družbeno stabilnost, nujno zahtevajo praktične strategije omejevanja korupcije. Problem korupcije se ne omejuje na določeno regijo, kajti z njenimi grožnjami se ubadajo tako razvite države kot tudi države v razvoju in tranzitne države. V postsocialističnih državah so sočasni procesi razvijanja tržne ekonomije, oblikovanja novih političnih in socialnih institucij ter prerazporejanje družbene lastnine ustvarili rodna tla za pojav korupcije. Zaradi kompleksnosti fenomena in predvsem zaradi vse večjega zavedanja, da vzroki za prevzem države presegajo golo neučinkovitost in šibkost državne uprave, je potrebno za razumevanje in odpravljanje state capture razsvetliti problem širših strukturalnih povezav, kot so interna organizacija političnega sistema, odnosi in zveze med ključnimi državnimi institucijami, interakcije med podjetji in državo ter povezave med državo in civilno družbo. ; When we think about corruption, an image quickly comes to mind of abuse of public office for private gains. Individuals and firms are bribing bureaucrats to »get things done«. Behind this view lies an understanding of the state extracting rents from the economy for the exclusive benefit of politicians and bureaucrats. Such an aprroach has had a powerful impact on the way corruption has been analyzed and measured in recent years. Corruption has taken on a new image – that of individuals, groups, or firms manipulating policy formation and even shaping the emerging rules of the game to their own, very substantional advantage. Corruption has always existed across the world and it will never disappear, the difference is that has become more sophisticated and thus more difficult and costly to detect. With the increasing recognition across the globe of the damaging effects of corruption on economic growth and social stability, the demand for practical strategies to reduce corruption has grown dramatically. The problem is not confined to any particular region, and developed, developing and transition countries alike are confronting these challenges. In postcommunist states the simultaneous processes of developing a market economy, designing new political and social institutions and redistributing social assets have created fertile ground for corruption. With regard to complexity of phenomena and with increasing recognition that the roots of state capture extend far beyond weaknesses in the capacity of government, we need to be aware of factors underlying the persistence of corruption that is broader structural relationships, including the internal organization of the political system, relationships among core state institutions, the interactions between the state and firms, and the relationship between the sate and civil society.
Introduction. In modern conditions of a difficult economic situation, tax institutions are the most important lever of the public administration system, responsible for the implementation of the revenue side of the state budget, which is behind the welfare of millions of Kazakhstanis. In this regard, the role of the audit of the efficiency of tax administration is increasing, as regulated by the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan «On STATE audit and financial control». However, this direction is quite new and requires further improvement.Purpose of the research. The purpose of the article is to generalize and systematize theoretical approaches to the essence of tax administration, analyze domestic and foreign practice of its organization in the system of state audit and develop recommendations for improving efficiency.Research methods. The study was based on systems analysis, solving specific problems was achieved using comparative, statistical and graphical analysis, using ranking, grouping methods and modeling fundamentals.Results. The efficiency of the work of tax authorities, the completeness of collection of tax payments and, ultimately, the financial stability of the state depend on the efficiency of the organization of tax administration. In this regard, the mechanism of tax administration should be built rationally and consistently. Conducting a state audit of tax administration is a mandatory element of ensuring the completeness and transparency of budget revenues and the efficiency of using funds for administration.Perspectives. Based on the study of foreign experience in administration within the framework of governmental audit and the current state of digitalization of the economy, there is a need to refine indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the tax authorities, as well as to develop and implement the necessary electronic services.
The article deals with the theoretical and practical aspects of the legal nature of the formation, develop-ment and current state of state registration in Germany. The essence and peculiarity of the mechanism of state registration of rights in Germany are analyzed. The rele-vance of this topic is due to the presence of a large number of gaps on the part of national legislation that regulates relations directly in the field of state registration of real rights to real estate, their encumbrances (hereinafter – registration of rights). By examining the experience of other countries in the world, we will be able to draw con-clusions and offer tools to address the loopholes and more effectively preserve, safeguard and protect the rights of individuals (natural or legal) as guaranteed by law.This article will explore the state registration system of Germany, the country that became the basis and pro-totype for the Ukrainian registration system. Ownership is the basic legal institute in every country in the world. The emergence, development of this institute is an indi-cator of economic growth of the country. The protection of the property law institute is an integral part of a de-veloped country. In order to properly understand and interpret the essence of becoming an institution of prop-erty rights, in particular the assignment (registration) of rights to a specific person, it is necessary to study the process of origin and formation of origins (establishment) of rights in the past.The analysis of publications shows that there is no comprehensive research, the lack of scientific litera-ture. The following Ukrainian scientists were engaged in the research of this topic О.О. Gubanov, M.V. Zhush-man, D.I. Zmitrovich, M.P. Ilnitsky, A.A. Litvinenko, T.V. Lisnich, K.I. Lyudkova, Ya.P. Pavlovich-Seneta, M.S. Rybak, M.V. Cutter and others.Thus, the purpose of the article is to analyze the ori-gins, development and formation of the state registration system in Germany, since this country became the pro-totype of the national state registration system. Having analyzed and identified the strong positions of the state registration system, it is possible to propose concrete ac-tions for reforming the national state registration system. ; У статті розглянуто теоретичні та практичні ас-пекти правової природи становлення, розвитку та сучасного стану державної реєстрації в Німеччині. Проаналізовано сутність та особливості механізму державної реєстрації прав у Німеччині. Актуальність цієї тематики зумовлена наявністю значної кількості прогалин з боку національного законодавства, яке ре-гулює відносини безпосередньо у сфері державної реє-страції речових прав на нерухоме майно, їх обтяжень. Дослідивши досвід інших країн світу, можна зробити висновки та запропонувати інструменти для усунення прогалин і більш ефективного збереження, забезпечен-ня і захисту прав осіб (фізичних чи юридичних), гаран-тованих законодавством.У статті досліджено систему державної реєстрації Німеччини, країни, яка стала базою та прототипом для української системи реєстрації. Право власності – це базовий правовий інститут у кожній країні світу. Ви-никнення, розвиток цього інституту – показник еконо-мічного зростання країни. Захист правового інституту прав власності є невід'ємним складником у розвинутій державі. З метою правильного розуміння та тлумачення сутності становлення інституту прав власності, зокрема закріплення (реєстрації) прав за конкретною особою, необхідно дослідити процес виникнення та формуван-ня витоків виникнення (закріплення) прав у минулому.Аналіз публікацій свідчить про відсутність комп-лексних досліджень, розрізненість наукової літера-тури. Дослідженням цієї теми займалися українські науковці О.О. Губанов, М.В. Жушман, Д.І. Змитро-вич, М.П. Ільницький, А.А. Литвиненко, Т.В. Лісні-ча, К.І. Людькова, Я.П. Павлович-Сенета, М.С. Рибак, М.В. Різак та інші. Мета статті – проаналізувати витоки, розви-ток та становлення системи державної реєстрації в Німеччині, оскільки саме ця країна стала прото-типом національної системи державної реєстрації. Проаналізувавши та виявивши сильні позиції системи державної реєстрації, можливо запропонувати кон-кретні дії для реформування національної системи дер-жавної реєстрації в Україні. ; У статті розглянуто теоретичні та практичні ас-пекти правової природи становлення, розвитку та сучасного стану державної реєстрації в Німеччині. Проаналізовано сутність та особливості механізму державної реєстрації прав у Німеччині. Актуальність цієї тематики зумовлена наявністю значної кількості прогалин з боку національного законодавства, яке ре-гулює відносини безпосередньо у сфері державної реє-страції речових прав на нерухоме майно, їх обтяжень. Дослідивши досвід інших країн світу, можна зробити висновки та запропонувати інструменти для усунення прогалин і більш ефективного збереження, забезпечен-ня і захисту прав осіб (фізичних чи юридичних), гаран-тованих законодавством.У статті досліджено систему державної реєстрації Німеччини, країни, яка стала базою та прототипом для української системи реєстрації. Право власності – це базовий правовий інститут у кожній країні світу. Ви-никнення, розвиток цього інституту – показник еконо-мічного зростання країни. Захист правового інституту прав власності є невід'ємним складником у розвинутій державі. З метою правильного розуміння та тлумачення сутності становлення інституту прав власності, зокрема закріплення (реєстрації) прав за конкретною особою, необхідно дослідити процес виникнення та формуван-ня витоків виникнення (закріплення) прав у минулому.Аналіз публікацій свідчить про відсутність комп-лексних досліджень, розрізненість наукової літера-тури. Дослідженням цієї теми займалися українські науковці О.О. Губанов, М.В. Жушман, Д.І. Змитро-вич, М.П. Ільницький, А.А. Литвиненко, Т.В. Лісні-ча, К.І. Людькова, Я.П. Павлович-Сенета, М.С. Рибак, М.В. Різак та інші. Мета статті – проаналізувати витоки, розви-ток та становлення системи державної реєстрації в Німеччині, оскільки саме ця країна стала прото-типом національної системи державної реєстрації. Проаналізувавши та виявивши сильні позиції системи державної реєстрації, можливо запропонувати кон-кретні дії для реформування національної системи дер-жавної реєстрації в Україні.
The article considers state coercion as a general theoretical legal category in the light of another concept – the concept of legal policy of the state. It is noted that forms and features of state coercion are the result of the legal policy chosen by the state. In particular, it indicates the dependence of forms of state coercion on the state regime (authoritarian or democratic), and the legal ideology that underlies the state legal policy. The article describes the correlation between the democratization of state legal policy and the mitigation of the tools of state legal coercion, in particular the increasing use of indirect coercion and the gradual replacement of coercion in many areas by persuasion and persuasion of subjects to lawful behavior. At the same time, it is stated that the democratization of state legal policy does not mean the abandonment of state legal coercion as such, which retains its current place in the arsenal of state power. It is noted that the assessment of the degree of democratization of state legal policy is possible, including through the assessment of forms and methods of state coercion used by public authorities. The characteristics that are important for assessing the nature of the use of state coercion as an instrument of state legal policy, in particular resources, procedures and values, are given. The characteristic tasks of state coercion as an instrument of legal policy are considered. The peculiarities of the use of state coercion for regulatory and security purposes are determined. It is concluded that regardless of the nature of state legal policy and the degree of its democratization, state coercion remains a valid tool for the implementation of state will and the achievement of state goals through legal policy. The measure of state coercion as a democratic legal policy is its legitimacy and following the procedure and not the rejection of state coercion as such. ; У статті розглянуто державний примус як загальнотеоретичну правову категорію у зв'язку з іншим поняттям – поняттям правової політики держави. Відзначено, що форми та особливості державного примусу є результатом вибраної державою правової політики. Зокрема, вказується на залежність форм державного примусу від державного режиму (авторитарного або демократичного) та правової ідеології, що покладена в основу державної правової політики. У статті описується кореляція між демократизацією державної правової політики та пом'якшенням інструментарію державно-правового примусу, зокрема все більш широким використанням непрямого примусу та поступового заміщення примусу в багатьох сферах методами переконання та спонукання суб'єктів до правомірної поведінки без жорсткого впливу на них. Водночас констатується, що демократизація державної правової політики не означає відмови від державно-правового примусу як такого, який зберігає своє чинне місце в арсеналі державної влади. Відзначається, що оцінювання ступеня демократизації державної правової політики можливе, зокрема, через оцінювання форм та способів державного примусу, що застосовуються державною владою. Наводиться характеристика елементів, що мають значення для оцінювання характеру застосування державного примусу як інструменту державної правової політики, зокрема ресурсів, процедур та цінностей. Розглядаються характерні завдання державного примусу як інструменту правової політики. Визначаються особливості використання державного примусу з регулятивною та з охоронною метою. Робиться висновок, що незалежно від характеру державної правової політики та ступеня її демократизації державний примус залишається чинним інструментом реалізації державної волі та досягнення цілей держави через правову політику. Мірилом державного примусу як демократичної правової політики виступає його правомірність та слідування процедурі, а не відмова від державного примусу як такого.
State failure bears a significant destabilising potential for all levels of international security system. Rebuilding of the state is one of the primary priorities of the international community in the XXI century. Although considerable amount of research has been devoted to the study of different aspects of state failure as a political phenomenon and rebuilding of failed states, few attempts have been made to investigate the efficiency of failed states revival strategies.The article comprehensively analyses the strategy state-building in failed states and discusses peculiarities of state capacity rebuilding measures implementation in such actors. The author establishes key reasons for state-building programmes' low efficiency profile in failed states, namely their excessive universalism in approach to such states coupled with idealisation of the Western liberal democratic state model, and fragmented implementation. State-building in failed states is largely been pursued under the universalistic strategy of establishing institutions of the liberal-democratic model of the state, which often proves ineffective or counterproductive. The lack of consistency between short-term measures to maintain peace, medium-term process of peace consolidation, and long-term development programmes could also destabilise efforts to achieve sustainable peace and state capacity restoration.Effective strategies of failed states rebuilding should be based on a detailed analysis of the complex relationships in the state-society-regional / international system triad and be implemented with active engagement of relevant actors at the local, national and regional levels. Furthermore, targeted efforts to revive failed states have above all to recognise the loss of state capacity as an integrated into the global system phenomenon that is not limited to local manifestations. Hence state-building programmes in failed states should be accompanied by measures to strengthen the efficiency of the neighbouring states.The paper suggests it is worth acknowledging that (1) some approaches or modalities of state-building measures may be more effective in some contexts of state failure than others; (2) the international community needs a coordinated and consistent approach to the reconstruction of failed states; (3) lack of state capacity often calls for adaptive rather than technical solutions; and (4) priority should be given first to combating poverty and ensuring human security in failed states, which serve as essential stepping stones for other state-building endeavours. Designing and implementing unique and context sensitive state reconstruction strategy is a key policy recommendation for state-building in failed states. ; В статье комплексно проанализированы стратегии государственного строительства в государствах, которые потеряли дееспособность, и определены особенности реализации мер по восстановлению таких ак-теров. Автором установлено ключевые причины недостаточного уровня эффективности программ государ-ственного строительства в недееспособных государствах, в частности их чрезмерный универсализм с идеали-зацией западной либерально-демократической модели государства и фрагментарность имплементации ; У статті комплексно проаналізовано стратегію державобудівництва у державах, що втратили дієздатність, та визначено особливості реалізації заходів з відбудови таких акторів. Автором встановлено ключові причини недостатнього рівня ефектив-ності програм з державобудівництва у недієздатних державах, зокрема їх надмірний універсалізм з ідеалізацією західної ліберально-демократичної моделі держави і фраг-ментарність імплементації
The article presents the analysis of philosophical ideas Jacques Maritain, which gives special meaning to the concept of «nation», «state» and «civil society». The main purpose of the article is the consideration of the problem of man, the nation, the state and civil society taking into account the work of the famous French philosopher. Political society requires the highest ruling organ of the state. The main goal of any government should be fairness within the territorial limits of this state, but not devoid of political control of society, through the internal structure of this society – the people. The state acts as the authority that is given the right to use power and coercion, but the state exists for the people. The people is a large number of human individuals who have teamed up with fair laws, in mutual friendship and in the name of the greater good of their human existence, constitute a political society. The state is a part of political society, both interested in keeping the law, maintaining the General welfare and public order, as well as manage public Affairs. The state is represented as a set of different institutions that are connected like clockwork. But the state, as well as the people and civil society do not have sovereignty rights and duties, and the only one who has this sovereignty is God.
The article is devoted to the concept of a bulling, its characteristic features, the subject structure and the main determinants. Bullying is when a person or group repeatedly tries to harm someone who is weaker or who they think is weaker. Sometimes it involves direct attacks such as hitting, name calling, teasing or taunting. Sometimes it is indirect, such as spreading rumors or trying to make others reject someone. Economic, social and cultural factors, innate temperament aspects and influence from family, friends, school, and community are risks for the manifestation of bullying and have an impact on children's and adolescent's health and development. Bullying is most prevalent among students ranging from 11 to 13 years-old, and less frequent in nursery and secondary school children. Often people dismiss bullying among kids as a normal part of growing up. But bullying is harmful. It can lead children and teenagers to feel tense and afraid. It may lead them to avoid school. In severe cases, teens who are bullied may feel they need to take drastic measures or react violently. Others even consider suicide. For some, the effects of bullying last a lifetime. Then the article analyzes the current state of the fight against bulling in Ukraine: innovations of legislation and practical steps of their implementation. To conclude the ways to stop bullying at all levels are as following: general, sectoral and local, the creation of a specialized service and the application of foreign experience.
context of the globalization of financial relations. The purpose of the study is to reveal methodological and practical approaches to the functioning of the state regulation mechanism of stock market in Ukraine and to determine the directions of increasing its efficiency taking into account trends and prospects of the country's economic development. Research methods. In the work a set of scientific methods and approaches was used, which allowed to achieve the set goal. System and structural methods are used in determining the main instruments of state regulation of the stock market. Comparative and statistical methods allowed to analyze the main indicators of the functioning of the stock market in Ukraine, and methods of generalization and scientific abstraction were used in the process of determining the main directions and prospects for its development. Results of work. The basic theoretical and methodological principles of state regulation of the stock market in Ukraine are determined. The analysis of the current state of the stock market and the main features of it in the conditions of globalization of financial relations are described. The directions of increase of efficiency of the state regulation of the stock market based on the improvement of the institutional structure of the stock market, strengthening of interaction between its participants through the transformation of the goals and priorities of their functioning in accordance with the strategic documents of the country's socio–economic development are proposed. The field of application of results. Organization and conducting of research on the definition and specification of the mechanism of state regulation of the stock market. Conclusions. State regulation of the stock market is an effective tool for attracting additional financial resources into the economic system and ensuring stable economic growth in the country. In the context of the modernization of the stock market instruments, it is important to continue implementing European legislation ...
Abstract. Public associations and movements play an increasingly important role in social and political life. Unlike political parties, they do not claim to be directly involved in the exercise of power and do not fight for power. They are included in political activities to the extent necessary to meet the challenges in the economic, social, cultural, environmental and other fields. The presence of many problems that cannot be solved without power, encourages citizens to unite, includes them in the orbit of political processes.The aim of the work is to study the degree of influence of various public associations on political processes. One of the main tasks of public organizations and movements is to influence the processes of political decision-making by public authorities and pressure on government structures at different levels. It is indicated that they operate in a specific social and legal atmosphere, which significantly affects their activities. In the process of research, such methods as induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction and comparison were used. The completeness of the spectrum of public associations and the conditions of their functioning, which are the defining indicators of democratic society, are determined. Democratic society not only declares, but also really guarantees the rights and fundamental freedoms of citizens. Public associations together with state and party structures are important elements of the social and political structure of society. In democratic countries, they assume a wide range of social functions, becoming an integral structural component of society. The analysis of the role of public associations in political processes makes it necessary to form new approaches to the study of their activities. ; POŁĄCZENIE OBYWATELI W UKRAIŃSKIM PROCESIE PAŃSTWOTÓRCZYM Myroslava Filipovich doktor nauk historycznych, docent, Wschodnioeuropejski Uniwersytet Narodowy imienia Łesi Ukrainki, (Łuck, Ukraina) filmira@ukr.net Yaroslava Yarosh doktor nauk ...
