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"Recent inventions and business methods call attention to the next step which must be taken for the protection of the person, and for securing to the individual what Judge Cooley calls the right "to be let alone" This idea of one's right to privacy was presented by two United States lawyers S. Warrend and L. Brandeis in 1890. The authors felt threatened by the growing number of tabloid press and new snap cameras. They were the first to publicly express the need to safeguard personal rights, such as a right to one's image, a right to privacy, a right to be left alone. Today portable photo cameras are old news, but new technologies still seem to challenge our law systems. Such a novelty technology is definitely Google Street View, project, which enables to wander the streets of various cities all around the world without leaving the comfort if our homes. Today Street View is available on all the continents, including Antarctica. Google Street View was introduced in the United States in 2007, where law regarding privacy is not as sophisticated as the one in European Union. This was the reason why Google faced so many challenges, which were not an issue in the United States, once it launched the program in various European countries. This thesis examines two different approaches to protect personal rights, the one in the United States and the one in European Union. Research also includes examples of various cases against Street view and short history of the evolution of the right to privacy. Google Street View project still continues in various cities, Google cars were spotted in Lithuania and other neighbor countries, so it is important to establish, which actions can be considered lawful and which endanger people's right to privacy.

"Recent inventions and business methods call attention to the next step which must be taken for the protection of the person, and for securing to the individual what Judge Cooley calls the right "to be let alone" This idea of one's right to privacy was presented by two United States lawyers S. Warrend and L. Brandeis in 1890. The authors felt threatened by the growing number of tabloid press and new snap cameras. They were the first to publicly express the need to safeguard personal rights, such as a right to one's image, a right to privacy, a right to be left alone. Today portable photo cameras are old news, but new technologies still seem to challenge our law systems. Such a novelty technology is definitely Google Street View, project, which enables to wander the streets of various cities all around the world without leaving the comfort if our homes. Today Street View is available on all the continents, including Antarctica. Google Street View was introduced in the United States in 2007, where law regarding privacy is not as sophisticated as the one in European Union. This was the reason why Google faced so many challenges, which were not an issue in the United States, once it launched the program in various European countries. This thesis examines two different approaches to protect personal rights, the one in the United States and the one in European Union. Research also includes examples of various cases against Street view and short history of the evolution of the right to privacy. Google Street View project still continues in various cities, Google cars were spotted in Lithuania and other neighbor countries, so it is important to establish, which actions can be considered lawful and which endanger people's right to privacy.

Thesis analyses imaging of women in the Cairo graffiti field that emerged after 2011 January 25 revolution. Author raises and argument that Cairo graffiti is not only a romanticized and heroic space created as genre of freedom of expression and used as a struggle against changing political systems in Egypt, but rather a pluralistic public sphere where different opinions, ideas and arguments are emerging. Thesis distinguishes major archetypes used as predominant images of women, it analyses what features are used in constructing the "correct" role of woman.

In this thesis the similarities and differences of Urban art forms – graffiti and street art are analyzed, ideological, functional and stylistic peculiarities – revealed. The examples of Urban art in the global context are discussed and local political and managment systems in regards of these movements are explained. The main goal of the thesis is to reveal the relation of Urban art forms and the place of the historical part of Vilnius. In order to achieve the main goal, the psychogeographical method of exploring the city, based on Michel de Certeau theory, is adopted.

In this thesis the similarities and differences of Urban art forms – graffiti and street art are analyzed, ideological, functional and stylistic peculiarities – revealed. The examples of Urban art in the global context are discussed and local political and managment systems in regards of these movements are explained. The main goal of the thesis is to reveal the relation of Urban art forms and the place of the historical part of Vilnius. In order to achieve the main goal, the psychogeographical method of exploring the city, based on Michel de Certeau theory, is adopted.

In this thesis the similarities and differences of Urban art forms – graffiti and street art are analyzed, ideological, functional and stylistic peculiarities – revealed. The examples of Urban art in the global context are discussed and local political and managment systems in regards of these movements are explained. The main goal of the thesis is to reveal the relation of Urban art forms and the place of the historical part of Vilnius. In order to achieve the main goal, the psychogeographical method of exploring the city, based on Michel de Certeau theory, is adopted.

The paper analyzes trauma as the source for creativity in the urban space. There are two strategies to find a way to live with traumatic experience. The first way, according to Sigmund Freud, is "the work of mourning", which by constant remembering and repeating trauma in the language of tropes and figures allows to integrate discontinuous traumatic experience thus partly expunging trauma. Another strategy for dealing with trauma was described by Eric L. Santner's term "narrative fetishism". This strategy supposes a refusal or inability to admit trauma substituting mourning for narratives, which seemingly do not have any connection to trauma itself. I can find outcomes of this traumatic creative strategy in urban spaces of contemporary megalopolises. The paper analyzes art objects in Yekaterinburg city, namely, the gangsters' tombstones and the cathedral that has been used for political and ideological purposes, the street art activity of painter Radya. © 2011 Copyright Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) Press Technika.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments to urgently seek effective solutions in response to the crisis. COVID-19 crisis response policies have been shaped by adapting crisis management models to public health management, or by developing new, unique response approaches and tools. The research has found that the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is unique and distinctive in many respects. It is classified as a crisis of 'low probability but high impact', taking into account the effects on health and social security systems and other areas of public administration. Thus, it has not been easy for the authorities to find, develop and implement effective measures to overcome the crisis. The qualitative study found that front-line staff have exceptionally high workloads and a lack of resources, and there is considerable uncertainty about the implementation of crisis management policies. Some epidemic management measures limit their direct contact with customers. In addition, the COVID-19 epidemic has introduced many negative contextual factors.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments to urgently seek effective solutions in response to the crisis. COVID-19 crisis response policies have been shaped by adapting crisis management models to public health management, or by developing new, unique response approaches and tools. The research has found that the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is unique and distinctive in many respects. It is classified as a crisis of 'low probability but high impact', taking into account the effects on health and social security systems and other areas of public administration. Thus, it has not been easy for the authorities to find, develop and implement effective measures to overcome the crisis. The qualitative study found that front-line staff have exceptionally high workloads and a lack of resources, and there is considerable uncertainty about the implementation of crisis management policies. Some epidemic management measures limit their direct contact with customers. In addition, the COVID-19 epidemic has introduced many negative contextual factors.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments to urgently seek effective solutions in response to the crisis. COVID-19 crisis response policies have been shaped by adapting crisis management models to public health management, or by developing new, unique response approaches and tools. The research has found that the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is unique and distinctive in many respects. It is classified as a crisis of 'low probability but high impact', taking into account the effects on health and social security systems and other areas of public administration. Thus, it has not been easy for the authorities to find, develop and implement effective measures to overcome the crisis. The qualitative study found that front-line staff have exceptionally high workloads and a lack of resources, and there is considerable uncertainty about the implementation of crisis management policies. Some epidemic management measures limit their direct contact with customers. In addition, the COVID-19 epidemic has introduced many negative contextual factors.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments to urgently seek effective solutions in response to the crisis. COVID-19 crisis response policies have been shaped by adapting crisis management models to public health management, or by developing new, unique response approaches and tools. The research has found that the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is unique and distinctive in many respects. It is classified as a crisis of 'low probability but high impact', taking into account the effects on health and social security systems and other areas of public administration. Thus, it has not been easy for the authorities to find, develop and implement effective measures to overcome the crisis. The qualitative study found that front-line staff have exceptionally high workloads and a lack of resources, and there is considerable uncertainty about the implementation of crisis management policies. Some epidemic management measures limit their direct contact with customers. In addition, the COVID-19 epidemic has introduced many negative contextual factors.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments to urgently seek effective solutions in response to the crisis. COVID-19 crisis response policies have been shaped by adapting crisis management models to public health management, or by developing new, unique response approaches and tools. The research has found that the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is unique and distinctive in many respects. It is classified as a crisis of 'low probability but high impact', taking into account the effects on health and social security systems and other areas of public administration. Thus, it has not been easy for the authorities to find, develop and implement effective measures to overcome the crisis. The qualitative study found that front-line staff have exceptionally high workloads and a lack of resources, and there is considerable uncertainty about the implementation of crisis management policies. Some epidemic management measures limit their direct contact with customers. In addition, the COVID-19 epidemic has introduced many negative contextual factors.

Valakas land reform was started in the Great Duchy of Lithuania in the middle of the 16th century and is mostly related to the changes in social and economic life. However, the reform not only changed the agrarian relationship between the estate and the village and the agronomy system, but also made complete changes in Lithuanian landscape. The rules of Valakas reform regulated the changes in Lithuanian landscape territory and settlement structures. Due to Valakas reform a three-field strip system, street strip villages with a new barton plan structure, a new building type (stockyard), the network of village streets and roads, the network of small estates, as well as new space forms of agro plantings were developed, town planning was changed, a rectangular plan system was applied for their reorganization. The research object of the present paper is the objects that developed in state lands of Upytė district under the influence of Valakas reform. The constituent parts of the research object are as follows: landscape that developed in Upytė district during the Valakas reform and its separate elements, such as replanned towns, formed street strip villages, the network of small estates. The object of the paper is analysed in several aspects: in the aspect of heritage research and in the aspect of heritage conservation. The aim of the paper is to localize the heritage of Valakas reform in state lands of Upytė district and to analyse the heritage situation in the view of heritage conservation as well as to provide a conservation outline. The present paper claims to be the first complex analysis of Valakas reform from identification and localization of Valakas heritage, to its accountancy, security. According to the inventory of Upytės district of the year 1554, the following landscape elements of state lands of Upytė district were formed: 357 villages and 2 towns. During the research 279 villages and 2 towns mentioned in Upytė district inventory were localized. After using the maps of the 19th-20th centuries for the analysis it was determined that 103 villages with the names defined in the inventory of the 16th century, no longer exist. During the field study inventory of 20 villages it was defined that the following elements of valakas landscape have remained up to the present: fragments of street villages, plan structure of barton buildings, fragments of street plantings, rectangular plan of town squares and street network, cultural layer of towns, fragmental network of small estates. The landscape which developed during the 16th century and its separate elements remained almost unchanged for even four centuries, i.e. until the first part of the 20th century. The structure of valakas landscape started disappearing at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, when grange reform and later kolkhoz reforms in the middle of the 20th century were started to be implemented. Although the typological notion of heritage is developing, in research projects and in the system of heritage conservation the term of Valakas reform does not exist in the way that terms of industry heritage, defence heritage or other groups of heritage which were determined by certain defence, social and political actions of the society, exist. The notion of this heritage group that has not been validated does not allow to understand the complex value of this heritage, as well as the necessity of its integral security Until present the heritage of Valakas reform has been saved by keeping the cultural value of separate element objects despite their primary complex whole. The Law of the Conservation of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Lithuania is an attempt to fortify the complex or integral security of ethno cultural parts of towns and villages by providing them with the status of cultural reservation.

Valakas land reform was started in the Great Duchy of Lithuania in the middle of the 16th century and is mostly related to the changes in social and economic life. However, the reform not only changed the agrarian relationship between the estate and the village and the agronomy system, but also made complete changes in Lithuanian landscape. The rules of Valakas reform regulated the changes in Lithuanian landscape territory and settlement structures. Due to Valakas reform a three-field strip system, street strip villages with a new barton plan structure, a new building type (stockyard), the network of village streets and roads, the network of small estates, as well as new space forms of agro plantings were developed, town planning was changed, a rectangular plan system was applied for their reorganization. The research object of the present paper is the objects that developed in state lands of Upytė district under the influence of Valakas reform. The constituent parts of the research object are as follows: landscape that developed in Upytė district during the Valakas reform and its separate elements, such as replanned towns, formed street strip villages, the network of small estates. The object of the paper is analysed in several aspects: in the aspect of heritage research and in the aspect of heritage conservation. The aim of the paper is to localize the heritage of Valakas reform in state lands of Upytė district and to analyse the heritage situation in the view of heritage conservation as well as to provide a conservation outline. The present paper claims to be the first complex analysis of Valakas reform from identification and localization of Valakas heritage, to its accountancy, security. According to the inventory of Upytės district of the year 1554, the following landscape elements of state lands of Upytė district were formed: 357 villages and 2 towns. During the research 279 villages and 2 towns mentioned in Upytė district inventory were localized. After using the maps of the 19th-20th centuries for the analysis it was determined that 103 villages with the names defined in the inventory of the 16th century, no longer exist. During the field study inventory of 20 villages it was defined that the following elements of valakas landscape have remained up to the present: fragments of street villages, plan structure of barton buildings, fragments of street plantings, rectangular plan of town squares and street network, cultural layer of towns, fragmental network of small estates. The landscape which developed during the 16th century and its separate elements remained almost unchanged for even four centuries, i.e. until the first part of the 20th century. The structure of valakas landscape started disappearing at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, when grange reform and later kolkhoz reforms in the middle of the 20th century were started to be implemented. Although the typological notion of heritage is developing, in research projects and in the system of heritage conservation the term of Valakas reform does not exist in the way that terms of industry heritage, defence heritage or other groups of heritage which were determined by certain defence, social and political actions of the society, exist. The notion of this heritage group that has not been validated does not allow to understand the complex value of this heritage, as well as the necessity of its integral security Until present the heritage of Valakas reform has been saved by keeping the cultural value of separate element objects despite their primary complex whole. The Law of the Conservation of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Lithuania is an attempt to fortify the complex or integral security of ethno cultural parts of towns and villages by providing them with the status of cultural reservation.

Historic architectural and urbanistic entirety of Laisvės avenue had been formed over three historic periods: government (1847-1918), interwar period (1918-1940) and Soviet times (1940-1990). Each of these periods is reflected by distinct urbanitics and architectural transformations shaping mixed visual environment of Laisvės avenue. Its uniqueness lies in the overall view of constant change. Therefore, such change should preserve not only unique urbanistic and architectural features of each era, but also the intangible heritage – the general meanings of street culture and spirit, as essential and relevant identifiers of this site. There are 19 separate and complex objects from Laisvės avenue included in the Register of Cultural Values. This makes less than 1⁄5 of all the buildings located in the avenue, which form an integral perimetrical development of both street parts. Thus, legally enforced values reflect only a part of values of Laisvės avenue, as a cultural treasure. Given that, the first part of this paper, with reference to the documents of modern heritage protection and comparing them with those of the heritage protection of the Republic of Lithuania, creates a broader assessment system, on the basis of which the buildings are evaluated in the urbanistic, façade, volume-spatial dimensions in pursuance of their identity, contextuality values, as well as artistic and rarity values of architecture. Upon the application of the given system on each architectural element forming Laisvės avenue, the predominant values of the entire Laisvės avenue, as a cultural treasure, were disclosed, namely identity and contextuality. At least a minimum identity value is characteristic to almost every building on Laisvės avenue. It stands outs that such object features like social "activity", continuity of function are the features changing in the course of time; however, namely these features are likely to link the society with the environment of Laisvės avenue by emotional relations. Contextuality value is characteristic to almost every building of government and interwar periods, whereas new objects (buildings of modern architecture) exist not as modern contextual complements to the historic setting, but as an architectural dominant disrupting the character of street historical structure and shape. The most valuable architectural objects in Laisvės avenue emerged during the period between wars, which is greatly predetermined by the relevance of their location in the composition of the urban street, as well as public/cultural purpose and high art value of architecture. Aesthetic attractiveness of Laisvės avenue is mostly disturbed by the Soviet and modern architectural buildings. Value of rarity is least characteristic to the architectural medium of Laisvės avenue. The majority of buildings do not carry this value or have minimum suchlike characteristic features. Thus, in order to preserve the cultural character of Laisvės avenue, as well as its local identity, first of all, it is necessary to protect or bring to life the former relevant functions of buildings to make them more "active" socially, ensure the affection of inhabitants or grant the features of identification that form the principal factors leading to public identification with the environment of Laisvės avenue. In the meantime, new architectural objects in Laisvės avenue should rise as qualitative modern complements of historic environment considering the feature of contextuality as the major quality criterion.