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Operational Research (IO) in Health has as its final objective to provide useful information for decision making that serve to improve Health Policies, at any level of government. The questions in the IO arise from problems detected in the field when implementing projects in Health, and the answers to these questions are intended to solve these difficulties. We propose that one of the barriers to achieving the objectives of development in Health in our environment is the weakness of our System, so the IO is presented as a useful tool to try the solutions that arise. An IO project arises, according to the Technical Document of the National Institute of Health (INS) 1, if there are three elements: a discrepancy between what is and what should be; a question about the causes of this discrepancy; and at least two plausible responses to this discrepancy. The infectious diseases are a prevalent group of pathologies in our environment, causing great morbidity and mortality. Tuberculosis (TB) is a public health problem in our country, being, Peru, considered one of the countries with the highest burden of disease in Latin America, second only to Haiti; and representing, together with Brazil, more than half of the cases in South America2. The Faculties of Medicine, with the support of their respective Research Institutes, should promote the development of Operational Research from undergraduate to postgraduate in our environment or our health institutions independent of the level of complexity, which will allow us to know certain characteristics of our reality and of our population in particular. DOI:10.25176/RFMH.v18.n3.1586 ; La Investigación Operativa (IO) en Salud tiene como objetivo final proporcionar información útil para la toma de decisiones que sirven para mejorar las Políticas en Salud, a cualquier Nivel de gobierno. Las preguntas en las IO surgen de problemas detectados en el campo al implementar proyectos en Salud, y las respuestas a estas preguntas pretenden solucionar estas dificultades. Planteamos que una de las barreras para alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo en Salud en nuestro medio es la debilidad de nuestro Sistema, por lo que la IO se presenta como una herramienta útil para intentar las soluciones que se planteen. Un proyecto de IO surge, de acuerdo al Documento Técnico del Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS)1, si existen tres elementos: una discrepancia entre lo que es y lo que debe ser; una pregunta sobre las causas de esta discrepancia; y por lo menos dos respuestas plausibles a esta discrepancia. Las enfermedades infectocontagiosas son un grupo prevalentes de patologías en nuestro medio, causantes de gran morbimortalidad. La Tuberculosis (TB) es un problema de Salud Pública en nuestro medio, siendo, el Perú, considerado como uno de los países con mayor carga de enfermedad en América Latina, solo superado por Haití; y representando, junto a Brasil, más de la mitad de casos de Sudamérica2. Las Facultades de Medicina, con apoyo de sus respectivos Institutos de Investigación, deben propiciar el desarrollo de Investigación Operacional desde pregrado hasta postgrado en nuestro medio o nuestras instituciones de salud independiente del nivel de complejidad, lo que nos permitirá conocer ciertas características propias de nuestra realidad y de nuestra población en particular. DOI:10.25176/RFMH.v18.n3.1586

Biomedical research is fundamental for the development and advancement of the people and society as a whole. There is a need and responsibility of universities to produce new knowledge and tools for the resolution of current health problems, as well as the need for a better distribution of health benefits resulting from research, since a large number of people in the least developed countries have little or no benefit with the tools created in the richest countries to meet the health needs of populations in those same countries 1.The Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences: INICIB of the Universidad Ricardo Palma opened a new stage of scientific research in the Faculty of Human Medicine in 2017, deepening the formative research and promoting scientific research. A fundamental step was taken when winning and obtain financing from CONCYTEC-CIENCIA ACTIVA, to carry out the research project entitled: MOLECULAR PANELS FOR CANCER OF PULMON, MELANOMA AND COLON. This project is the result of the strategic collaboration established between Universidad Ricardo Palma with ESSALUD-IETSI, on the one hand, and with the productive sector represented by the ARC-PER organization on the other.• The relevance of this research project, for the period 2018-2019, is multiple:• Addresses a priority issue in public health in Peru and in the world: Cancer.• Incorporates advanced molecular and genomic technology platforms at an international level.• It is an original work that explores the molecular profile of cancer and the genomic profile of thePeruvian population with these three types of cancers.• Establishes collaborations with prestigious Research Centers in Europe and the United States.• Generates Technology Transfer and Research Methodologies for the participating centers.• Integrates the participation of human resources in health research training, both undergraduateand postgraduate.• Produces the participation of multidisciplinary research teams, linking university teachers,government institutions, the productive sector and international centers.• The most important: It will provide knowledge and innovation for the diagnosis in Peru of cancerpatients, as well as their potential prognostic and therapeutic applications. DOI:10.25176/RFMH.v18.n2.1278 ; La investigación biomédica es fundamental para el desarrollo y el avance de los pueblos y la sociedad en su conjunto. Existe la necesidad y la responsabilidad de las universidades de producir nuevo conocimiento y herramientas para la resolución de problemas actuales de salud, así como la necesidad de una mejor distribución de los beneficios en salud resultantes de las investigaciones, ya que un gran número de personas en los países menos desarrollados tienen poco o ningún beneficio con las herramientas creadas en los países más ricos para atender a las necesidades de salud de poblaciones de esos mismos países1. El Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas: INICIB de la Universidad Ricardo Palma abrió una nueva etapa de investigación científica en la Facultad de Medicina Humana en el año 2017, profundizando la investigación formativa y fomentando la investigación científica. Un paso fundamental se dio al ganar y obtener el financiamiento de CONCYTEC-CIENCIA ACTIVA, para realizar el proyecto de investigación titulado: PANELES MOLECULARES PARA CÁNCER DE PULMON, MELANOMA Y COLON. Este proyecto es la resultante de la colaboración estratégica establecida entre la Universidad Ricardo Palma con ESSALUD-IETSI, por un lado, y con el sector productivo representado por la organización ARC-PER por el otro. La relevancia de este proyecto de investigación, para el periodo 2018-2019, es múltiple: • Aborda un tema de prioridad en salud publica en el Perú y en el mundo: Cáncer. • Incorpora Plataformas tecnológicas moleculares y genómicas de avanzada a nivel internacional. • Es un trabajo original que explora el perfil molecular del cáncer y el perfil genómico de la población peruana con estos tres tipos de canceres. • Establece colaboraciones con Centros de Investigación de alto prestigio en Europa y en Estados Unidos. • Genera Transferencia Tecnológica y Metodologías de Investigación para los centros participantes. • Integra la participación de recursos humanos en formación en investigación en salud, tanto de pregrado como de posgrado. • Produce la participación de equipos multidisciplinarios de investigación, vinculando los docentes universitarios, instituciones de gobierno, sector productivo y centros internacionales. • Lo mas importante: Aportará conocimiento e innovación para el diagnostico en el Perú de los pacientes con cáncer, así como sus potenciales aplicaciones pronosticas y terapéuticas. DOI:10.25176/RFMH.v18.n2.1278

El siguiente artículo realiza una breve reseña histórica del proceso de transformación que atravesó la Escuela de odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba en su afán por conseguir la autonomía y el rango de Facultad.Para el análisis se toma una cohorte histórica que va de las décadas del 30 al 50.El material analizado mayormente para la recolección de datos es el boletín del círculo odontológico de córdoba, ya que es la única publicación local de la época en la cual se expresan las voces y miradas de los profesores de la escuela. ; The following article makes a brief historical review of the transformation process that the School of Dentistry of the National University of Córdoba went through in its desire to achieve autonomy and the rank of Faculty. For the analysis, a historical cohort is taken from the 30th to the 50th decades. The material analyzed mainly for data collection is the bulletin of the dental circle of Córdoba, since it is the only local publication of the time in which the voices and views of the teachers of the school are expressed. As a result, transcendental historical facts such as: The search for the formation of a curriculum, the organization of conferences, courses and scientific demonstrations, the demand for a law for the legal practice of dentistry and controversies arising during the so-called "revolution of 43" and the Peron government among others.

Las políticas sobre la actividad docente del profesorado se han desarrollado en los últimos 30 años en paralelo al desarrollo legislativo y normativo del ámbito universitario. La apuesta por la calidad de la docencia, por su evaluación y por la formación, se va construyendo desde la Ley de Reforma Universitaria (LRU) de 1983 hasta el sistema de acreditación derivado de la Ley Orgánica de Universidades (LOU) de 2001. Desde la universidad de la España de la transición democrática (aún heredera de la universidad de la Dictadura) –en la que era muy difícil encontrar políticas relativas a la dinamización de la calidad docente, la evaluación y formación del profesorado universitario- hasta la actual se han ido produciendo propuestas y alternativas que han desembocado en la institucionalización de políticas de calidad claramente definidas, tanto en el conjunto del Estado como en las universidades. Actualmente ya se pueden identificar políticas acerca de la evaluación de la docencia y la formación del profesorado universitario. En el artículo se presenta este desarrollo, tanto respecto a las políticas de evaluación de la docencia como en cuanto a las de formación del profesorado universitario. Para concluir se aportan algunas reflexiones respecto al modo en que abordar la evaluación de estas políticas en el contexto de la universidad española. Las dimensiones a considerar, algunos indicadores, y obstáculos previsibles en la evaluación, configuran las notas finales de este trabajo. ; Over the last 30 years, policies on faculty teaching activity have been developed in parallel with legislative and policy development at the university level. The commitment to quality teaching, evaluation and training, is being built since the University Reform Law (LRU, 1983) until the accreditation system derived from the Organic Law of Universities (LOU, 2001). From the University of Spain's democratic transition (still heir to the dictatorship's University, in which was very difficult to find policies for the revitalization of teaching quality, assessment and teacher training) until now, have been producing proposals and alternatives both in the entire state and in the universities that have led to the institutionalization of quality policies clearly defined. Present policies can already be identified on the faculty assessment and training. The article presents this development, both on policies of teaching evaluation as in terms of training of university teachers. Finally, we reflect on how to address the assessment of these policies in the Spanish university context. The dimensions to consider, some indicators, and expected obstacles in the assessment, make up the final notes of this work.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between admission criteria in the Medicine Faculty of the University of Manizales (Colombia) and the variables of academic performance of the admitted students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The populationconsisted of 13 cohorts of admitted students of the Faculty between years 2000 and 2007. The considered variables of admission were basically scores in knowledge and personality tests, interviews, and in government examinations for entrance to the superior education (ICFES) and a weighed sum of these variables. As academic performance variables, averages of notes for each semester and the complete study(or until the moment of this study) for each student, and ciphers corresponding to main biomedical lesson in the same circumstances. RESULTS: In 9 (81.8%) of 11 occasions the weighed ICFES score showed significant correlation with the variables of academicperformance. The test results of personality test showed significant correlation in 3 (2.7%), the interview score in 1, the knowledge score in no case, the sum weighed in 3 (2.7%) occasions. CONCLUSION: In view of these results a new procedure of student's admission is proposed. ; OBJETIVO: Determinar la correlación entre los criterios de admisión vigentes en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Manizales (Colombia) y variables de rendimiento académico de los estudiantes admitidos. MATERIALES Y METODOS:La población consistió en 13 cohortes de estudiantes de la Facultad admitidos entre los años 2000 y 2007. Las variables de admisión consideradas fueron básicamente puntajes en pruebas de conocimiento, de personalidad, entrevista, y en exámenesde estado para ingreso a la educación superior y una suma ponderada de estas variables. Como variables de rendimiento académico se tomaron promedios de notas para cada semestre y para la carrera completa hasta el momento cursada por cadaestudiante, y las notas correspondientes a la materia biomédica principal en las mismas circunstancias. RESULTADOS: En 9(81,8%) de 11 ocasiones el ponderado del ICFES mostró correlación significativa con las variables de rendimiento académico. El resultado de la prueba de personalidad mostró correlación significativa en 3(2,7%) , el puntaje de la entrevista en 1, el puntaje de la prueba de conocimientos en ninguna, lasuma ponderada en 3(2,7%). CONCLUSION: En vista de estos resultados se propone un nuevo procedimiento de admisión de estudiantes a la Facultad.

A survey is made on the collection of manuscripts referring to Spanish healing spas preserved in the library of the Faculty of Medicine of the Complutense University of Madrid. The legislation that gives rise to the manuscripts and specifies their content is reflected. Also the problems of custody and conservation that have caused that today there is only 5% of those that were written. Finally, the contents of the texts and their possibilities for use in the study of the ancient world are analyzed based on archaeological, numismatic, epigraphic, graphic and medical data. ; Se hace un recorrido por la colección de manuscritos referentes a los balnearios españoles que se conserva en la biblioteca de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Se refleja la legislación que da origen a los manuscritos y que especifica su contenido. También los problemas de custodia y conservación que han provocado que hoy sólo exista el 5% de los que se escribieron. Por último se analiza el contenido de los textos y sus posibilidades para utilizarlos en estudio del mundo antiguo a partir de los datos arqueológicos, numismáticos, epigráficos, gráficos y de medicina previa al siglo XIX

Aim of the study: to evaluate Kaunas University of Medicine residents preparation for a practical activity and work in health care institutions. Objectives: 1. the evaluation of description of residential studies programs; 2. the evaluation of structure of medical standards; 3. the evaluation of resident's opinion of their preparation for practical activity. Methods: The object of analysis: KMU programs of residency studies; medical standards; KMU doctors graduated in 2006. Methods of analysis: the analysis of scientific literature; the analysis of documents; questionnaire; the analysis of statistical data using the program SPSS 12. Results: 1. There was 28 residency studies programs evaluated, that had clear and equal for all programs structure. The constitution and content of programs were clearly described. There was no security of common internal residency programs quality politics and procedures. Some inaccuracy was found in sixteen residency programs. 2. Seven professional qualifications did not have certified medical standards. The standards had equal and clear structure. The residency programs were organized according to these standards. 3. 53, 8 % of residents got to know the medical standards, they also better knew their specialty diseases (p=0,029). Medical residents of traditional profile better knew the symptoms of their specialty diseases (Fisher exact test p=0,027). 36, 5 % of residents assumed that they had enough experience in communication with patients. Diagnose and heal tumors could 19, 2 %, do surgery 15 %. Approximately 65 % of respondents evaluated well the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. Only 25 % could forecast heal results independently. 34, 6 % of respondents spared maximum time for their studies and tried hardest, they stated, they could independently make tests, decisions while healing. The same amount of respondents thought that their specialty was considered to be prestigious. Those residents, who spared more time for their studies and tried harder, better evaluated the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. 48, 1 % of respondents were satisfied with their studies. Those residents, who better evaluated lecturers (p<0,001) and environment (p=0,027) were more satisfied. Asked where they would like to work after graduating from the university, 30,8 % said they would choose not healing sphere, 32,6 % would choose the second level of HCI in Lithuanian cities. 63, 5 % of respondents think about leaving to foreign countries. Conclusions: 1. The programs of KMU residential studies were created and prepared for all professional qualifications and conformed to higher education residential programs and their principles. 2. The medical standards were structured, easily written, certified with Health service minister order and were available for all medical professions, but were certified not with all professional qualifications. 3. The residents, who spared more time for studies, statistically could better evaluate their knowledge, qualification, and preparation for practical activity; however the majority (65, 4 %) did not pay much time for their studies. In the residents opinion their theoretical knowledge was good, but there was lack of practical skills.

Aim of the study: to evaluate Kaunas University of Medicine residents preparation for a practical activity and work in health care institutions. Objectives: 1. the evaluation of description of residential studies programs; 2. the evaluation of structure of medical standards; 3. the evaluation of resident's opinion of their preparation for practical activity. Methods: The object of analysis: KMU programs of residency studies; medical standards; KMU doctors graduated in 2006. Methods of analysis: the analysis of scientific literature; the analysis of documents; questionnaire; the analysis of statistical data using the program SPSS 12. Results: 1. There was 28 residency studies programs evaluated, that had clear and equal for all programs structure. The constitution and content of programs were clearly described. There was no security of common internal residency programs quality politics and procedures. Some inaccuracy was found in sixteen residency programs. 2. Seven professional qualifications did not have certified medical standards. The standards had equal and clear structure. The residency programs were organized according to these standards. 3. 53, 8 % of residents got to know the medical standards, they also better knew their specialty diseases (p=0,029). Medical residents of traditional profile better knew the symptoms of their specialty diseases (Fisher exact test p=0,027). 36, 5 % of residents assumed that they had enough experience in communication with patients. Diagnose and heal tumors could 19, 2 %, do surgery 15 %. Approximately 65 % of respondents evaluated well the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. Only 25 % could forecast heal results independently. 34, 6 % of respondents spared maximum time for their studies and tried hardest, they stated, they could independently make tests, decisions while healing. The same amount of respondents thought that their specialty was considered to be prestigious. Those residents, who spared more time for their studies and tried harder, better evaluated the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. 48, 1 % of respondents were satisfied with their studies. Those residents, who better evaluated lecturers (p<0,001) and environment (p=0,027) were more satisfied. Asked where they would like to work after graduating from the university, 30,8 % said they would choose not healing sphere, 32,6 % would choose the second level of HCI in Lithuanian cities. 63, 5 % of respondents think about leaving to foreign countries. Conclusions: 1. The programs of KMU residential studies were created and prepared for all professional qualifications and conformed to higher education residential programs and their principles. 2. The medical standards were structured, easily written, certified with Health service minister order and were available for all medical professions, but were certified not with all professional qualifications. 3. The residents, who spared more time for studies, statistically could better evaluate their knowledge, qualification, and preparation for practical activity; however the majority (65, 4 %) did not pay much time for their studies. In the residents opinion their theoretical knowledge was good, but there was lack of practical skills.

La Facultad de Farmacia de la US ha comenzado (2009/10) los estudios de "Grado en Farmacia" (1º curso), que irá sustituyendo gradualmente al actual Plan de Estudios de la Licenciatura. Previo a ello, nuestra Facultad ha participado en un Plan Piloto de adaptación al EEES (4 años) que ha supuesto un efectivo entrenamiento para el Profesorado, Alumnado y PAS, en todo lo relativo al EEES. El éxito de esta acción se ha debido a la estrecha colaboración entre la Facultad, considerando tanto todos sus Departamentos como la Dirección del Centro, y el Rectorado de la US. Con objeto de facilitar estas tareas, contamos con la ayuda de Becarios para el Plan Piloto (1/curso). Funciones: colaborar en las iniciativas propuestas por los Profesores Coordinadores de las asignaturas implicadas (1º-4º) relacionadas con el EEES. Entre otras, elaborar y analizar encuestas para recabar información (alumnado y profesorado) sobre el seguimiento del Plan Piloto (visión más completa de la acción). Esta información se traduce en gráficas explicativas que reflejan la evolución del proyecto. Hoy disponemos de material para evaluar la progresión de esta iniciativa. Esto ha facilitado la detección de necesidades previas a la implantación de los nuevos planes de estudio según ECTS. Resultados muy positivos: no sólo ha aumentado el número de actividades destinadas a facilitar el aprendizaje, sino la motivación y mejora en los resultados académicos. El procesamiento de los datos permite hacer una evaluación aproximada de la mejora que ha supuesto la acción, poniendo de manifiesto la efectividad de la experiencia. ; The Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Seville has started (2009/10) the studies of the "Degree in Pharmacy" (EHEA) (1st year), which will gradually replace the actual Plan of Studies. Prior to that, our Faculty has participated in a Pilot Plan for adaptation to the EHEA, which has provided an effective training for teachers, students and PAS, in all matters relating to the EHEA. The success of this action was due to close collaboration between the Faculty, considering all their Departments and its Deanship, and the Government Team of the University of Seville. To facilitate these tasks, we have the help of Scholarship for the Pilot Plan (1/course). Duties: to assist in the initiatives proposed by Professors Coordinators of the subjects, related to the EHEA. Among others, to develop and to analyze surveys to gather information (students and teachers) on the Monitoring of the Pilot. This information is translated into explanatory graphs showing the development of the project. Now, we have material to assess the progression of this ECTS. Results are positive: the number of activities to facilitate learning as well as the motivation has been increased; furthermore, it has been improved academic outcomes. The processing of data allows a rough assessment of the improvement that has brought the action, highlighting the effectiveness of the experience.