Suchergebnisse

Aim of the study: to evaluate Kaunas University of Medicine residents preparation for a practical activity and work in health care institutions. Objectives: 1. the evaluation of description of residential studies programs; 2. the evaluation of structure of medical standards; 3. the evaluation of resident's opinion of their preparation for practical activity. Methods: The object of analysis: KMU programs of residency studies; medical standards; KMU doctors graduated in 2006. Methods of analysis: the analysis of scientific literature; the analysis of documents; questionnaire; the analysis of statistical data using the program SPSS 12. Results: 1. There was 28 residency studies programs evaluated, that had clear and equal for all programs structure. The constitution and content of programs were clearly described. There was no security of common internal residency programs quality politics and procedures. Some inaccuracy was found in sixteen residency programs. 2. Seven professional qualifications did not have certified medical standards. The standards had equal and clear structure. The residency programs were organized according to these standards. 3. 53, 8 % of residents got to know the medical standards, they also better knew their specialty diseases (p=0,029). Medical residents of traditional profile better knew the symptoms of their specialty diseases (Fisher exact test p=0,027). 36, 5 % of residents assumed that they had enough experience in communication with patients. Diagnose and heal tumors could 19, 2 %, do surgery 15 %. Approximately 65 % of respondents evaluated well the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. Only 25 % could forecast heal results independently. 34, 6 % of respondents spared maximum time for their studies and tried hardest, they stated, they could independently make tests, decisions while healing. The same amount of respondents thought that their specialty was considered to be prestigious. Those residents, who spared more time for their studies and tried harder, better evaluated the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. 48, 1 % of respondents were satisfied with their studies. Those residents, who better evaluated lecturers (p<0,001) and environment (p=0,027) were more satisfied. Asked where they would like to work after graduating from the university, 30,8 % said they would choose not healing sphere, 32,6 % would choose the second level of HCI in Lithuanian cities. 63, 5 % of respondents think about leaving to foreign countries. Conclusions: 1. The programs of KMU residential studies were created and prepared for all professional qualifications and conformed to higher education residential programs and their principles. 2. The medical standards were structured, easily written, certified with Health service minister order and were available for all medical professions, but were certified not with all professional qualifications. 3. The residents, who spared more time for studies, statistically could better evaluate their knowledge, qualification, and preparation for practical activity; however the majority (65, 4 %) did not pay much time for their studies. In the residents opinion their theoretical knowledge was good, but there was lack of practical skills.

Aim of the study: to evaluate Kaunas University of Medicine residents preparation for a practical activity and work in health care institutions. Objectives: 1. the evaluation of description of residential studies programs; 2. the evaluation of structure of medical standards; 3. the evaluation of resident's opinion of their preparation for practical activity. Methods: The object of analysis: KMU programs of residency studies; medical standards; KMU doctors graduated in 2006. Methods of analysis: the analysis of scientific literature; the analysis of documents; questionnaire; the analysis of statistical data using the program SPSS 12. Results: 1. There was 28 residency studies programs evaluated, that had clear and equal for all programs structure. The constitution and content of programs were clearly described. There was no security of common internal residency programs quality politics and procedures. Some inaccuracy was found in sixteen residency programs. 2. Seven professional qualifications did not have certified medical standards. The standards had equal and clear structure. The residency programs were organized according to these standards. 3. 53, 8 % of residents got to know the medical standards, they also better knew their specialty diseases (p=0,029). Medical residents of traditional profile better knew the symptoms of their specialty diseases (Fisher exact test p=0,027). 36, 5 % of residents assumed that they had enough experience in communication with patients. Diagnose and heal tumors could 19, 2 %, do surgery 15 %. Approximately 65 % of respondents evaluated well the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. Only 25 % could forecast heal results independently. 34, 6 % of respondents spared maximum time for their studies and tried hardest, they stated, they could independently make tests, decisions while healing. The same amount of respondents thought that their specialty was considered to be prestigious. Those residents, who spared more time for their studies and tried harder, better evaluated the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. 48, 1 % of respondents were satisfied with their studies. Those residents, who better evaluated lecturers (p<0,001) and environment (p=0,027) were more satisfied. Asked where they would like to work after graduating from the university, 30,8 % said they would choose not healing sphere, 32,6 % would choose the second level of HCI in Lithuanian cities. 63, 5 % of respondents think about leaving to foreign countries. Conclusions: 1. The programs of KMU residential studies were created and prepared for all professional qualifications and conformed to higher education residential programs and their principles. 2. The medical standards were structured, easily written, certified with Health service minister order and were available for all medical professions, but were certified not with all professional qualifications. 3. The residents, who spared more time for studies, statistically could better evaluate their knowledge, qualification, and preparation for practical activity; however the majority (65, 4 %) did not pay much time for their studies. In the residents opinion their theoretical knowledge was good, but there was lack of practical skills.

With the entrance to European Union , Christians have become rather sensitive to a lot of challenges of modern life. Pragmatic way of thinking tries to replace Christian values. Is that also the situation at the Faculty of theology at Vytautas Magnus university? The article tries to prove how the Faculty of Theology at Vytautas Magnus university is a spiritual centre not only for the intellectuals of Lithuania but also to other European countries, searching for deeper spiritual life. It helps to implement by a brief look into the historiography of the Faculty, its programmes of studies and scientific research; and on the other hand, its acceptability to Bolonian treaty and evaluations of theologians. The material given allows to make such conclusions: 1. On the initiative of the Conference of Lithuanian Bishops and the leaders of Vytautas Magnus university and with the approval of Vatican Congregation of Catholic studies, it has become an academic part of Vytautas Magnus university, where priests, seminarians, monks , nuns and lay people are able to study; 2. Ecumenic contacts are treated with special attention, because it is impossible for some Christians to feel themselves as children of God and others to be like orphans; 3. With the entering to European Union, intellectual perspectives have become much wider, that is why Christian faith needs to have a very firm backround – the teaching of Jesus Christ; 4. University is the fountain of humanism, intelligence and erudition; it may become only the Babel of pride without the knowledge of God and communication with him; 5. Nowadays the world has become very small because of new scientific technologies; together with material and educational progress, spiritual life should also proceed. Polarization of mankind, rejection of Christianity, polytheism – that is the circle, directing to eschtological termination. [.]

With the entrance to European Union , Christians have become rather sensitive to a lot of challenges of modern life. Pragmatic way of thinking tries to replace Christian values. Is that also the situation at the Faculty of theology at Vytautas Magnus university? The article tries to prove how the Faculty of Theology at Vytautas Magnus university is a spiritual centre not only for the intellectuals of Lithuania but also to other European countries, searching for deeper spiritual life. It helps to implement by a brief look into the historiography of the Faculty, its programmes of studies and scientific research; and on the other hand, its acceptability to Bolonian treaty and evaluations of theologians. The material given allows to make such conclusions: 1. On the initiative of the Conference of Lithuanian Bishops and the leaders of Vytautas Magnus university and with the approval of Vatican Congregation of Catholic studies, it has become an academic part of Vytautas Magnus university, where priests, seminarians, monks , nuns and lay people are able to study; 2. Ecumenic contacts are treated with special attention, because it is impossible for some Christians to feel themselves as children of God and others to be like orphans; 3. With the entering to European Union, intellectual perspectives have become much wider, that is why Christian faith needs to have a very firm backround – the teaching of Jesus Christ; 4. University is the fountain of humanism, intelligence and erudition; it may become only the Babel of pride without the knowledge of God and communication with him; 5. Nowadays the world has become very small because of new scientific technologies; together with material and educational progress, spiritual life should also proceed. Polarization of mankind, rejection of Christianity, polytheism – that is the circle, directing to eschtological termination. [.]

With the entrance to European Union , Christians have become rather sensitive to a lot of challenges of modern life. Pragmatic way of thinking tries to replace Christian values. Is that also the situation at the Faculty of theology at Vytautas Magnus university? The article tries to prove how the Faculty of Theology at Vytautas Magnus university is a spiritual centre not only for the intellectuals of Lithuania but also to other European countries, searching for deeper spiritual life. It helps to implement by a brief look into the historiography of the Faculty, its programmes of studies and scientific research; and on the other hand, its acceptability to Bolonian treaty and evaluations of theologians. The material given allows to make such conclusions: 1. On the initiative of the Conference of Lithuanian Bishops and the leaders of Vytautas Magnus university and with the approval of Vatican Congregation of Catholic studies, it has become an academic part of Vytautas Magnus university, where priests, seminarians, monks , nuns and lay people are able to study; 2. Ecumenic contacts are treated with special attention, because it is impossible for some Christians to feel themselves as children of God and others to be like orphans; 3. With the entering to European Union, intellectual perspectives have become much wider, that is why Christian faith needs to have a very firm backround – the teaching of Jesus Christ; 4. University is the fountain of humanism, intelligence and erudition; it may become only the Babel of pride without the knowledge of God and communication with him; 5. Nowadays the world has become very small because of new scientific technologies; together with material and educational progress, spiritual life should also proceed. Polarization of mankind, rejection of Christianity, polytheism – that is the circle, directing to eschtological termination. [.]

Sveučilište u Zagrebu Tekstilno-tehnološki fakultet (u nastavku Fakultet) međunarodno je priznata obrazovna i znanstvena institucija te vodeća nacionalna i regionalna visokoškolska i istraživačka ustanova u području tekstilnog inženjerstva i tehnologije te modnog dizajna. Fakultet je prepoznatljiv po inovacijama koje su osnova za prijenos znanja u gospodarstvo i temelj njegova razvoja. Znanstvena i umjetnička istraživanja usmjerena su potrebama društvenog i gospodarskog razvoja, a nastavni je proces usklađen s potrebama tržišta rada i društva. Većina nastavnika Fakulteta djeluje u tehničkom području, polje tekstilne tehnologije čiji se rad nadopunjuje i isprepliće s radom nastavnika u umjetničkom, prirodoslovnom, društvenom i humanističkom području te ostalim poljima unutar tehničkog područja s ciljem sinergije, jačanja međusobne povezanosti i interdisciplinarnosti ne samo nastavnog nego i znanstveno-istraživačkog, umjetničkog i stručnog rada. Rad Fakulteta i njegova prepoznatljivost, u regiji i svijetu, temelji se na 60-godišnjem iskustvu u izvođenju tekstilnog studija na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu te 30-godišnjem samostalnom djelovanju Fakulteta kao sastavnice Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. U ovih je 60 godina Fakultet dao vrijedan doprinos razvoju gospodarskog sektora u području proizvodnje tekstila, odjeće, kože i obuće, prvenstveno obrazovanjem visokokvalitetnih diplomiranih inženjera, inženjera, sveučilišnih prvostupnika inženjera i magistara inženjera, ali i provođenjem međunarodnih i nacionalnih znanstvenih, razvojno-istraživačkih, tehnologijskih i stručnih projekata. Postojeće stanje i pozicija Fakulteta u zemlji, regiji, EU-u i svijetu proizašlo je iz razvojnih vizija svih uprava i djelatnika koji su kontinuirano radili na unapređenju nastavnog, znanstveno- istraživačkog, umjetničkog i stručnog rada. Prva strategija razvoja Fakulteta usvojena je 2014. godine za razdoblje 2014. - 2020. te su prvi put uvedeni pokazatelji za praćenje učinaka po pojedinim područjima djelovanja. Ovaj je dokument strateški okvir razvoja nastavne, znanstveno-istraživačke, inovacijske, umjetničke i stručne djelatnosti Fakulteta te razvoja organizacije i poslovanja, infrastrukture i sustava osiguranja kvalitete za razdoblje od 2021. do 2027. godine. Strategija razvoja Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Tekstilno-tehnološkog fakulteta izrađena je u skladu s dokumentima Europske komisije, Vlade Republike Hrvatske i Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, a to su: • Program "Obzor Europa" – Okvirni program za istraživanja i inovacije (2021. - 2027.) • Dokument Europske komisije o Održivoj Europi do 2030. (A Sustainable Europe by 2030) • Strategija Europskog zelenog plana (The European Green Deal) • Nova industrijska strategija za Europu (A New Industrial Strategy for Europe) • Strategija istraživanja, transfera tehnologije i inovacija Sveučilišta u Zagrebu • Strategija obrazovanja, znanosti i tehnologije Republike Hrvatske. Strategija razvoja Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Tekstilno-tehnološkog fakulteta za razdoblje 2021. - 2027. usvojena je na 11. redovitoj sjednici Fakultetskog vijeća održanoj 20. rujna 2021. godine. ; University of Zagreb Faculty of Textile Technology (hereinafter: the Faculty) is an internationally recognized educational and scientific institution and a leading national and regional higher education and research institution in the field of textile engineering, textile technology and fashion design. The Faculty is recognizable for its innovations, which are the foundation for knowledge transfer into the economy and its development. Scientific and artistic research is focused on the needs of social and economic development, and the teaching process is harmonised with the needs of the labour market and the society. Most faculty teachers operate in the technical field and the field of textile technology, and their work is complemented and intertwined with the work of teachers in artistic, natural, social and humanistic and other fields with the aim of creating synergy, strengthening cooperation and interdisciplinarity not only in teaching, but also in scientific research, artistic and professional work. The work of the Faculty and its recognisability in the region and the world are based on 60 years of experience in conducting textile studies at the University of Zagreb and 30 years of independent work of the Faculty as a component of the University of Zagreb. In these 60 years, the Faculty has made a valuable contribution to the development of the economic sector in the field of textile, clothing, leather and footwear production, primarily by educating high-quality graduate engineers, university bachelors and master engineers, but also by implementing international and national scientific, developmental, research, technological and professional projects. The existing state and position of the Faculty in the country, the region, the EU and the world, stems from the developmental visions of all departments and employees who have continuously worked on improvement in teaching, scientific research, artistic and professional work. The first Strategy for the Development of the Faculty was adopted in 2014 for the period 2014-2020, and this document is the first to introduce indicators for monitoring the effects by individual areas of activity. This document is a strategic framework for the development of teaching, scientific research, innovation, artistic and professional activities of the Faculty and the development of organization and business, infrastructure and quality assurance system for the period from 2021 to 2027. The Development Strategy of the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology has been drafted in accordance with the documents of the European Commission, the Government of the Republic of Croatia and the University of Zagreb: • Horizon Europe — the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2021- 2027) • European Commission Sustainable Europe by 2030 • The European Green Deal Strategy • The New Industrial Strategy for Europe • Research, Technology Transfer and Innovation Strategy of the University of Zagreb • Strategy of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Croatia. The Development Strategy of the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology for the period 2021-2027 was adopted at the 11th regular session of the Faculty Council, held on 20th September 2021.

Zagrebački Botanički vrt Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta sačuvan je u urbanističko-arhitektonskoj koncepciji u gotovo izvornom obliku, kako je izgrađen 1892. godine. Članak donosi sažeti prikaz specifične povijesne arhitekture koja je dio Vrta. Građevine su opisane na temelju istraživanja arhivske građe, analize sačuvanih prvotnih i novijih projekata te izvedenih građevina od nastanka Vrta. Obuhvaćene su sve za Botanički vrt značajne građevine: izložbeni staklenici, vrtlarska kuća, izložbeni paviljon, fiziološki laboratorij, javni zahod te bazeni s "vodometom", uresna ograda, mostić, sjenice i vodosprema. Vrijedna povijesna arhitektura postupno se obnavlja pod konzervatorskim nadzorom nadležne službe za zaštitu kulturnih dobara od 1998. godine do danas. ; Almost the entire original layout of the urban and architectural concept of the Zagreb Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Science has been preserved as it was conceived in 1889 by its founder, Prof. Antun Heinz, a professor of botany at the University of Zagreb. The Garden was designed and built in accordance with contemporary European standards for the design of botanical gardens. From its foundation until today, the Garden has retained its multiple purposes. As an integral part of the Faculty of Science of the University of Zagreb for more than a century, the Garden has played an extremely important role in university teaching and scientific research in the field of botany, as well as education of the general public. The Garden also has cultural, historical and touristic value for the city of Zagreb and the Republic of Croatia. Since it was founded, it has remained open to the public free of charge, providing visitors with numerous educational and popular activities. It is part of the Green Horseshoe in Donji grad, a cultural good inscribed in the Register of Cultural Goods of the Republic of Croatia as an original architectural achievement, and as a completed, urbanistic, architectural space in the form of a park in the centre of Zagreb, and also as a horticultural monument in the botanical-garden category. In the first decades after its foundation, a series of functional buildings and structures of park architecture, such as a gazebo, a lookout and small bridges on the lake, shelters and similar elements in various historic styles, were built in the Botanical Garden. As a permanent residence for gardeners, a garden house was built in 1890 in the west part of the Garden, in the direction of Savska cesta. Later, greenhouses were erected and the pavilion was transported from the Second Jubilee Exhibition of Economy and Forestry held in Zagreb in 1891. A rare example of a communal building, a public toilet for parks, based on the 1905 project by Milan Lenuci, has been preserved. The last two buildings were designed by professors from the Faculty of Architecture. In 1933, in the south part of the Garden, Prof. Juraj Denzler built the well of the City Water Supply Network, used by the Garden to this day; and, in 1942, along with the already-built physiological laboratory, Prof. Zvonimir Vrkljan started building the Division of Botany. Buildings, park architecture, parterre and installation network were reconstructed and renovated over the past twenty years in accordance with the defined priorities and conservation guidelines, projects and supervision of the City Institute for the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage. Several selected examples present recent projects and renovations. Industrial development in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and new materials – iron and glass – enabled the construction of large halls illuminated from above. Constructors applied this type of knowledge to build greenhouses, essential for the successful cultivation of tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean plants in botanical gardens. Often, this type of old greenhouse is a valuable example of specific architectural heritage. A unique historical structure of this type is preserved in the Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Science in Croatia. Professor Dr. Antun Heinz took a sabbatical in 1889 and visited European botanical gardens in order to gather experience and the latest ideas he needed for the design and construction of the Botanical Garden of the University of Zagreb. He chose a situational solution, a combination of geometric and landscape style. He decided to design the largest part of the Garden in the landscape – or socalled English – style, with randomly planted groups of trees and shrubs, and curving paths. Only the parterre (ornamental flower beds), located in the west part of the Garden, was built in the French style, with a strict geometric and symmetrical ground plan. Around the long central axis, a conception typical of Baroque park heritage of the 17th and 18th centuries, he placed the main building of the Garden and the greenhouses with a geometric floral parterre with two symmetrical paths on each side, and most of that open surface is a free composition of the parterre with high and low greenery. The original shape of the exhibition greenhouses built at the end of the 19th century was preserved, but they were in very bad condition. Therefore, renovation was planned and is underway in order to restore the original condition of the complex of exhibition greenhouses. Fence around the Botanical Garden was gradually added as the city in the immediate vicinity of the Garden developed. In 1900, after the construction of the new street (today's Mihanović Street), the north fence of the Garden was built with the main entrance portal based on a design by the Royal Building Department of the Land Government, and then the east and west fence were built. Since the aesthetically shaped southern fence did not exist, it was designed as a public walkway with a pergola, and the construction began in 2018. The oldest fair building in Croatia was preserved in the Botanical Garden of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science in Zagreb, and restored in 2007. The wooden pavilion was presented at the international exhibition in Vienna in 1890, and in Zagreb in 1891. In 1892, it was moved to the Garden as a building where plants susceptible to frost were kept during winter. Over time, the domes and façade were removed. However, the roof structure and the volume of the building were preserved, and all characteristic elements of the lining were found before the 2005 reconstruction. Based on sufficient data and archival photographs, it was possible to restore the exhibition pavilion to its original form. Reconstruction and renovation of the Botanical Garden complex and functional historic buildings will continue and contribute to the preservation of the complete historical architectural heritage in the park section of the Green Horseshoe of Zagreb Donji Grad.

The first section of the paper discusses the market situation of veterinary medicines, examines related laws and the principle of medicines selection in veterinary. The second chapter describes the collected data on human medicines and which medicines are mostly used by veterinarian in Lithuania. A survey was conducted on veterinarians about the human medicines usage in their practice. An overview of the use of human medicines for animals was also carried out at the private veterinary clinic "X" in Kaunas. It was identified what medicines are used for these diseases most commonly in the clinic "X".

The first section of the paper discusses the market situation of veterinary medicines, examines related laws and the principle of medicines selection in veterinary. The second chapter describes the collected data on human medicines and which medicines are mostly used by veterinarian in Lithuania. A survey was conducted on veterinarians about the human medicines usage in their practice. An overview of the use of human medicines for animals was also carried out at the private veterinary clinic "X" in Kaunas. It was identified what medicines are used for these diseases most commonly in the clinic "X".

Ideja univerziteta uzima se kao temeljna u artikulaciji pojma univerziteta i njegove institucionalne ostvarivosti, a u tom se kontekstu u prvi plan stavlja Immanuel Kant kao nezaobilazan mislitelj te ideje. Radi lakšeg razumijevanja njegove artikulacije ideje univerziteta, na početku se ukratko predstavljaju osnovne značajke Humboldtove vizije univerziteta kroz koje se može pratiti Kantov doprinos i utjecaj na njihovo artikuliranje. Centralni je Kantov spis pri tome Spor fakulteta, u kojemu ne samo da je ponudio koncept sveučilišta kao institucije temeljne za razvoj učenosti nego je po nekima možda i posljednji mislio samu ideju univerziteta. Kako analiza pokazuje, ta ideja u historijskome smislu predstavlja artikulaciju klasične ideje modernog, humboldtovskog tipa sveučilišta, no u nju su također utkani brojni elementi koji posjeduju trajnu aktualnost (npr. jurisdikcija pojedinih područja znanja, pretenzije pojedinih znanosti, autonomija znanostî i fakultetâ, odnosi pojedinih fakulteta itd.). Uzimanjem u obzir čitava Kantova opusa, pokazuje se da je u Sporu fakulteta Kant ponudio proširenje svoga prosvjetiteljskoga projekta, dao dopunu svojoj filozofiji politike i prava (javna i privatna upotreba uma), odnosno filozofiji povijesti (univerziteti kao karika u progresu čovječanstva uopće), te dodao i značajne dopune svojoj filozofskoj antropologiji (univerzitet kao medij razvoja čovjekovih moći) i filozofiji odgoja (univerzitet kao neophodna dimenzija u odgajanju čovjeka kao osobe, kao građanina i kao čovjeka uopće). S druge se strane demonstrira nužnost svih tih ostalih dijelova njegova filozofskog opusa za potpuno razumijevanje njegove misli, a napose čitanje ideje univerziteta u antropološkom ključu. Umjesto zaključka, evaluiraju se rezultati prethodne analize u kontekstu pokušaja odgovora na pitanje o Kantovoj trajnoj aktualnosti i njegovu posebnu mjestu u povijesti ideja, a s obzirom na mišljenje ideje univerziteta. ; The idea of the university is taken as fundamental in the articulation of the concept of the ...

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.