In the article key biographical landmarks and scientific views of Andriy S. Brahinets (1903–1963),Ukrainian historian of philosophy, D. Sc., Professor, the first Dean of the Faculty of History in LvivUniversity, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to his greatest achievement in the history ofphilosophy – contribution to the study of the works by Ivan Franko, as well as to the investigation ofthe historical and philosophical process' regularities, the characteristics of the contemporaryphilosophical thought, reflection on Ukrainian philosophical and political thought of the 19 th – early20 th century in general and reflection on philosophy in Lviv University in particular.Key words: Andriy S. Brahinets, the Faculty of History, Lviv University, Ukrainian philosophy,philosophical views of Ivan Franko. ; У статті проаналізовано основні віхи життєпису і наукові погляди українського історикафілософії, доктора філософських наук, професора, першого декана історичного факультетуЛьвівського університету Андрія Степановича Брагінця (1903–1963). Особливу увагу приділенойого найбільшій заслузі в історії філософії – внеску у вивчення творчості Івана Франка, а такождослідженню закономірностей історико-філософського процесу та осмисленню українськоїфілософської і суспільно-політичної думки ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. взагалі й філософії у Львівськомууніверситеті зокрема.Ключові слова: Андрій Степанович Брагінець, історичний факультет, Львівський університет,українська філософія, філософські погляди Івана Франка.
The development and functioning of Lviv University Law Faculty during the Age of Enlightenment in the Austrian monarchy is investigated in the article. It is shown that Law Faculty of Lviv University has had close relationships with leading European universities, which have in a different way made an imprint on the faculty during certain periods of its functioning.It was found that an essential influence on the formation of reestablished by Joseph II Lviv University, including its law faculty, was made owing to teachers scientific trainings abroad, which made it possible to improve or acquire the necessary knowledge. It is known that the grand opening of the university was held November 16, 1784 and consisted of four faculties - philosophical, theological, legal and medical. The main governing body of the university was consistory, which included the rector, deans and seniors (the oldest and experienced professors). All current affairs at the departments were resolved by the professorial board, headed by deans.Learning at Lviv University in the late XVIII – early XIX century., consisted in the fact that his students for the first three years were studying at the Faculty of Philosophy, which was considered to be preparatory (here taught humanities, natural sciences and technical disciplines), and after graduation moved to one of the three other departments, where they had been studying for over four years. Speaking of national educational reforms in the Habsburg Empire at the end of the XVIII century, there as a sample were taken university educational standards of Protestant states not excessively religious in their dogmatism, which were characteristic for Catholic countries of that time. Thus, the noted lawyer of that time Carl von Martini wrote: «The truth, unfortunately, is that compared with Protestants, we are far behind. However, the truth is the fact that over the past few years the gap has decreased. Soon we, with God's help and with our patience and perseverance, catch them».The trends of legal education and science at Lviv University during the Enlightenment are elucidated. Where the orientation to rationalism was traced, including the social sphere, important for the process of educational reform in the Habsburg Empire, including Ukraine, were the disciplines that regulated the legal and political coexistence of people existed.Despite reforms in the sector of education certain kind of traditionalism was common for a long time. The clear indication of this is the lawyers' granting with the degree of Doctor of both (Dr juris utriusque), civil and canon law until the last third of the XVIII century. Only later, upon the submission of F. Shrottera, this rule was reformed. We also need to emphasize that due to the specific management of the Habsburg Empire it was dangerous to consider openly about the legal foundations of government at university departments. The traditional view that the public law (jus publicum) as part of the public interest belongs to the state secret (Arcana Imperii) remained here longer than on compact territories German states.Thus, a new understanding of science, which originated in Lviv University and other universities in the Austrian Empire, was characterized by the fact that in addition to «juridization», there also was «historicalization» of legal disciplines. ; Досліджено розвиток та функціонування юридичного факультету Львівського університету у складі Австрійської монархії в епоху Просвітництва. З'ясовано, що важливим елементом, який впливав на становлення відновленого Йосифом ІІ Львівського університету, зокрема, його юридичного факультету, були наукові стажування викладачів за кордоном, які давали можливість удосконалити чи здобути необхідні знання. Встановлено, що на освітні реформи істотно впливали централізація, прагнення до уніфікації та «систематичний порядок» (за висловом імператриці Марії-Терезії): те, що було добрим і правильним для коронного краю, мусило бути таким для усієї країни. Для такої освітньої уніфікації необхідно було створити передумови, тож розпочалося укладання підручників, посібників та рекомендацій для написання навчальної літератури. Реформування освіти у Королівстві Галичини та Володимерії зокрема й імперії Габсбургів загалом було підпорядковане суто практичним цілям. Висвітлено тенденції розвитку юридичної освіти та науки у Львівському університеті в епоху Просвітництва.
The article investigates the role and significance of well-known personalities in Civil Law and Process at the Law Faculty of Lviv University at the end of the nineteenth till the middle of the twentieth centuries. The role of many professors and scholars in Civil Law at the Law Faculty namely Stanislav Dnistriansky, Volodymyr Verhanovsky, Roman Longchamps de Berier, Ernest Till, Kamil Stefko, Tadeush Kosinsky, Adam Karpushko, Yusef Fiema have been clarified.Civil and Constitutional Law were among scientific interests of S. Dnistriansky. He created his own concept of state and law. S. Dnistriansky also worked on creation and standardization of Ukrainian law terms. The scientist is considered to be the founder of national and statist direction in Ukrainian political science, the author of political concept of the Ukrainian state.The Ukrainian Volodymyr Verhanovsky was an associate professor in Private Ausrian Civil Process in Ukrainian languge of teaching at Lviv University in 1908-1918. As a scholar he was interested first of all in Civil Law.Civics was greatly developed at the Law Faculty of Lviv University during the interwar period. Leading experts in this field were Roman Longchamps de Berier, Ernest Till (Civil Law) and Kamil Stefko (Civil Process). In 1906–1920, R. Longchamps de Berier worked in the Prosecutor's office. In 1920–1922, he was an Honourable Professor, and from 1922 he became a Full Professor of Civil Law Department at Lviv University. In 1930, the scientist became one of the initiators of establishing judicial school at the Law Faculty of Lviv University. In 1928 R. Longchamps de Berier together with E. Till published the work «Polish Contractual Right» («Polskie prawo zobowiązań»). The scientists elaborated it as advisors of the Codification Committee in Civil Code of Polish Republic.We are going to set an example of the problem of Civil Law that was scientifically interpreted and analyzed by E. Till and R. Longchamps de Berier. It was concerned the questions of alliance institution. Scientists wrote that under the Napoleonic and Austrian Codes, the essential condition for the alliance existence is the purpose of earnings. However, they argued that the concept of «alliance» should not be limited only to the purpose of earnings. E. Till and R. Longchamps de Berier, considered that funds serve to achieve the common goal of alliance members and are its property for essential alliance existence. These joint funds are saved up owing to contributions. The main responsibility of alliance members is to make contributions. Among other responsibilities, which may be specified in the alliance charter are thrift, avoidance of competition, collaboration for the achievement of alliance goal, etc.Kamil Stefko investigated sources of international law, international community laws, and various international acts. The investigation «Diplomatic Exemption from Jurisdiction in Civil Cases» («Dyplomatyczne zwolnienia od jurysdykcy w sprawach cywilnych») belongs to Lviv period of K. Stefko's activity.The article represents the contribution of professors, and teachers to the development of Civil Law and Process as the science, submission of law proposals, formulation of laws. The development of Civil Law and Process as the science and its tendencies at the Law Faculty of Lviv University have been clarified. ; Досліджено роль та значення відомих особистостей цивільного права та процесу на юридичному факультеті Львівського університету з кінця ХІХ до середини ХХ століття. З'ясовано роль та значення багатьох професорів і науковців цивільного права юридичного факультету, а саме – Станіслава Дністрянського, Володимира Вергановського, Романа Льоншама де Бер'є, Ернеста Тілля, Каміля Стефка, Тадеуша Косінського, Адама Карпушка, Юзефа Фіємаа та інших. Показано їхній внесок у розвиток науки цивільного права та процесу і пропозиції до законів, які вони робили, а інколи були й авторами цих законів. Висвітлено тенденції розвитку науки цивільного права та процесу на юридичному факультеті Львівського університету. Розкрито, якого розвитку на юридичному факультеті Львівського університету в міжвоєнний період набула цивілістика. Досліджено, який значний вплив мали положення цивільних кодексів таких тогочасних держав, як Німеччина, Австрія, Швейцарія, Франція та Японія. Е. Тілль одним із перших у польській юридичній науці звернув увагу на права винахідників.
Aim of the study: to evaluate Kaunas University of Medicine residents preparation for a practical activity and work in health care institutions. Objectives: 1. the evaluation of description of residential studies programs; 2. the evaluation of structure of medical standards; 3. the evaluation of resident's opinion of their preparation for practical activity. Methods: The object of analysis: KMU programs of residency studies; medical standards; KMU doctors graduated in 2006. Methods of analysis: the analysis of scientific literature; the analysis of documents; questionnaire; the analysis of statistical data using the program SPSS 12. Results: 1. There was 28 residency studies programs evaluated, that had clear and equal for all programs structure. The constitution and content of programs were clearly described. There was no security of common internal residency programs quality politics and procedures. Some inaccuracy was found in sixteen residency programs. 2. Seven professional qualifications did not have certified medical standards. The standards had equal and clear structure. The residency programs were organized according to these standards. 3. 53, 8 % of residents got to know the medical standards, they also better knew their specialty diseases (p=0,029). Medical residents of traditional profile better knew the symptoms of their specialty diseases (Fisher exact test p=0,027). 36, 5 % of residents assumed that they had enough experience in communication with patients. Diagnose and heal tumors could 19, 2 %, do surgery 15 %. Approximately 65 % of respondents evaluated well the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. Only 25 % could forecast heal results independently. 34, 6 % of respondents spared maximum time for their studies and tried hardest, they stated, they could independently make tests, decisions while healing. The same amount of respondents thought that their specialty was considered to be prestigious. Those residents, who spared more time for their studies and tried harder, better evaluated the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. 48, 1 % of respondents were satisfied with their studies. Those residents, who better evaluated lecturers (p<0,001) and environment (p=0,027) were more satisfied. Asked where they would like to work after graduating from the university, 30,8 % said they would choose not healing sphere, 32,6 % would choose the second level of HCI in Lithuanian cities. 63, 5 % of respondents think about leaving to foreign countries. Conclusions: 1. The programs of KMU residential studies were created and prepared for all professional qualifications and conformed to higher education residential programs and their principles. 2. The medical standards were structured, easily written, certified with Health service minister order and were available for all medical professions, but were certified not with all professional qualifications. 3. The residents, who spared more time for studies, statistically could better evaluate their knowledge, qualification, and preparation for practical activity; however the majority (65, 4 %) did not pay much time for their studies. In the residents opinion their theoretical knowledge was good, but there was lack of practical skills.
Aim of the study: to evaluate Kaunas University of Medicine residents preparation for a practical activity and work in health care institutions. Objectives: 1. the evaluation of description of residential studies programs; 2. the evaluation of structure of medical standards; 3. the evaluation of resident's opinion of their preparation for practical activity. Methods: The object of analysis: KMU programs of residency studies; medical standards; KMU doctors graduated in 2006. Methods of analysis: the analysis of scientific literature; the analysis of documents; questionnaire; the analysis of statistical data using the program SPSS 12. Results: 1. There was 28 residency studies programs evaluated, that had clear and equal for all programs structure. The constitution and content of programs were clearly described. There was no security of common internal residency programs quality politics and procedures. Some inaccuracy was found in sixteen residency programs. 2. Seven professional qualifications did not have certified medical standards. The standards had equal and clear structure. The residency programs were organized according to these standards. 3. 53, 8 % of residents got to know the medical standards, they also better knew their specialty diseases (p=0,029). Medical residents of traditional profile better knew the symptoms of their specialty diseases (Fisher exact test p=0,027). 36, 5 % of residents assumed that they had enough experience in communication with patients. Diagnose and heal tumors could 19, 2 %, do surgery 15 %. Approximately 65 % of respondents evaluated well the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. Only 25 % could forecast heal results independently. 34, 6 % of respondents spared maximum time for their studies and tried hardest, they stated, they could independently make tests, decisions while healing. The same amount of respondents thought that their specialty was considered to be prestigious. Those residents, who spared more time for their studies and tried harder, better evaluated the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. 48, 1 % of respondents were satisfied with their studies. Those residents, who better evaluated lecturers (p<0,001) and environment (p=0,027) were more satisfied. Asked where they would like to work after graduating from the university, 30,8 % said they would choose not healing sphere, 32,6 % would choose the second level of HCI in Lithuanian cities. 63, 5 % of respondents think about leaving to foreign countries. Conclusions: 1. The programs of KMU residential studies were created and prepared for all professional qualifications and conformed to higher education residential programs and their principles. 2. The medical standards were structured, easily written, certified with Health service minister order and were available for all medical professions, but were certified not with all professional qualifications. 3. The residents, who spared more time for studies, statistically could better evaluate their knowledge, qualification, and preparation for practical activity; however the majority (65, 4 %) did not pay much time for their studies. In the residents opinion their theoretical knowledge was good, but there was lack of practical skills.
With the entrance to European Union , Christians have become rather sensitive to a lot of challenges of modern life. Pragmatic way of thinking tries to replace Christian values. Is that also the situation at the Faculty of theology at Vytautas Magnus university? The article tries to prove how the Faculty of Theology at Vytautas Magnus university is a spiritual centre not only for the intellectuals of Lithuania but also to other European countries, searching for deeper spiritual life. It helps to implement by a brief look into the historiography of the Faculty, its programmes of studies and scientific research; and on the other hand, its acceptability to Bolonian treaty and evaluations of theologians. The material given allows to make such conclusions: 1. On the initiative of the Conference of Lithuanian Bishops and the leaders of Vytautas Magnus university and with the approval of Vatican Congregation of Catholic studies, it has become an academic part of Vytautas Magnus university, where priests, seminarians, monks , nuns and lay people are able to study; 2. Ecumenic contacts are treated with special attention, because it is impossible for some Christians to feel themselves as children of God and others to be like orphans; 3. With the entering to European Union, intellectual perspectives have become much wider, that is why Christian faith needs to have a very firm backround – the teaching of Jesus Christ; 4. University is the fountain of humanism, intelligence and erudition; it may become only the Babel of pride without the knowledge of God and communication with him; 5. Nowadays the world has become very small because of new scientific technologies; together with material and educational progress, spiritual life should also proceed. Polarization of mankind, rejection of Christianity, polytheism – that is the circle, directing to eschtological termination. [.]
With the entrance to European Union , Christians have become rather sensitive to a lot of challenges of modern life. Pragmatic way of thinking tries to replace Christian values. Is that also the situation at the Faculty of theology at Vytautas Magnus university? The article tries to prove how the Faculty of Theology at Vytautas Magnus university is a spiritual centre not only for the intellectuals of Lithuania but also to other European countries, searching for deeper spiritual life. It helps to implement by a brief look into the historiography of the Faculty, its programmes of studies and scientific research; and on the other hand, its acceptability to Bolonian treaty and evaluations of theologians. The material given allows to make such conclusions: 1. On the initiative of the Conference of Lithuanian Bishops and the leaders of Vytautas Magnus university and with the approval of Vatican Congregation of Catholic studies, it has become an academic part of Vytautas Magnus university, where priests, seminarians, monks , nuns and lay people are able to study; 2. Ecumenic contacts are treated with special attention, because it is impossible for some Christians to feel themselves as children of God and others to be like orphans; 3. With the entering to European Union, intellectual perspectives have become much wider, that is why Christian faith needs to have a very firm backround – the teaching of Jesus Christ; 4. University is the fountain of humanism, intelligence and erudition; it may become only the Babel of pride without the knowledge of God and communication with him; 5. Nowadays the world has become very small because of new scientific technologies; together with material and educational progress, spiritual life should also proceed. Polarization of mankind, rejection of Christianity, polytheism – that is the circle, directing to eschtological termination. [.]
With the entrance to European Union , Christians have become rather sensitive to a lot of challenges of modern life. Pragmatic way of thinking tries to replace Christian values. Is that also the situation at the Faculty of theology at Vytautas Magnus university? The article tries to prove how the Faculty of Theology at Vytautas Magnus university is a spiritual centre not only for the intellectuals of Lithuania but also to other European countries, searching for deeper spiritual life. It helps to implement by a brief look into the historiography of the Faculty, its programmes of studies and scientific research; and on the other hand, its acceptability to Bolonian treaty and evaluations of theologians. The material given allows to make such conclusions: 1. On the initiative of the Conference of Lithuanian Bishops and the leaders of Vytautas Magnus university and with the approval of Vatican Congregation of Catholic studies, it has become an academic part of Vytautas Magnus university, where priests, seminarians, monks , nuns and lay people are able to study; 2. Ecumenic contacts are treated with special attention, because it is impossible for some Christians to feel themselves as children of God and others to be like orphans; 3. With the entering to European Union, intellectual perspectives have become much wider, that is why Christian faith needs to have a very firm backround – the teaching of Jesus Christ; 4. University is the fountain of humanism, intelligence and erudition; it may become only the Babel of pride without the knowledge of God and communication with him; 5. Nowadays the world has become very small because of new scientific technologies; together with material and educational progress, spiritual life should also proceed. Polarization of mankind, rejection of Christianity, polytheism – that is the circle, directing to eschtological termination. [.]
This publication presents a brief description and texts of the characteristics of the teaching staff ofthe historical department of the Lviv University from 1940, which are stored in the collections of theArchives of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv. These documents contain information aboutteachers: place and date of birth, education, professional activities, participation in civic and politicallife. List of persons in this description shows that at the Faculty of History in 1940, working not onlyspecialists in history, but also experts in the field of psychology, education and philosophy.Key words: Lviv University, the Faculty of History, teaching staff, service characteristics, 1940. ; У публікації подано короткий опис і наведено тексти службових характеристик працівниківісторичного факультету Львівського університету за 1940 р., які зберігаються у фондах АрхівуЛьвівського національного університету імені Івана Франка. Пропоновані увазі читача документимістять інформацію про викладачів: місце та дату народження, освіту, професійну діяльність,участь у громадсько-політичному житті. Перелік осіб, яким дана характеристика, засвідчує, щона історичному факультеті у 1940 р. працювали не лише профільні фахівці, а й спеціалісти усфері психології, педагогіки та філософії.Ключові слова: Львівський університет, історичний факультет, викладацький склад, службовіхарактеристики, 1940 р.
The formation of politology as an important academic discipline at the Law Faculty of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv is analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of studying politology by law students. Politology is considered as an important social and humanitarian science of politics, its role and functions in the life of society and the state. It is noted that this task can be accomplished by law students to a large extent by mastering the most general laws and features of politics formation, its theory; characteristics of the functions of the political system and state power; functions and nature of the state; essence, forms and methods of activity of subjects of politics and laws of development of political process; analysis of global politics issues, in particular, international relations. It is shown that the formation, development and institutionalization of political science or politology was a long, complex and multifaceted process. The formation and development of politology took place almost simultaneously on different continents. This indicates that the study and dissemination of political science was an urgent social necessity, without which it is impossible to achieve a high level of development of society and the state.In Ukraine, the emergence of political science, in particular about political and state power, the essence, patterns, trends in the functioning and development of politics, its place and role in society first took place at the Lviv University, including the Faculty of Law, established January 20, 1661. The study of political geography, which provided knowledge about the formation and development of the political sphere of society, geographical conditions and features of the political system, domestic and foreign policy of different states, international relations and conflicts, characterized a multifaceted comparison of natural history and human history. The study of political geography was based on the works of the French lawyer and philosopher Jean Bodin. At that time, the graduates of the Faculty of Law («both rights») of the Lviv University realized themselves not only in church and educational activities, but also built political careers as senators and ambassadors to the Grand Sejm, county and zemstvo sejms, held positions of judges of city and zemstvo courts and government officials of the then Commonwealth of Poland.Certain changes in the development of politology took place after the accession of Galicia to the Austrian monarchy. An important role in the training of civil servants (judges, prosecutors, lawyers, notaries) was assigned to the Law Faculty of the Lviv University. During the Austrian period, four departments were established within the Law Faculty of the Lviv University, including the Department of Politology and Austrian Legislation. The curriculum of the Law Faculty of the Lviv University provided for the study of political science in the fourth year, when the study at the faculty was to be completed. The last fourth year of study at the Faculty of Law was final, so the study of politology formed in future lawyers a deep understanding of the essence of political and state activities, the importance of responsible decision-making in the field of relations between different social groups, states and peoples as well as struggle for the acquisition or retention of state power. It was the deep mastery of political knowledge at the Law Faculty of the Lviv University that enabled many law graduates to become deputies («ambassadors») of the Austrian Parliament and the Galician Regional Sejm and worthily represent the interests of the native people in Austria and later Austria-Hungary.The annexation of the western Ukrainian lands to the Ukrainian SSR in 1939 opened a new page in the history of the Lviv University and its Faculty of Law. In 1944, the Department of Theory and History of State and Law was established at the Faculty of Law, which was one of the first to acquaint students with political knowledge at the Faculty of Law during the Soviet period. After 1956, the faculties of law introduced a new scientific and educational discipline – History of Political and Legal Doctrines, which researched and continues to study the history of the emergence and development of theoretical knowledge about politics, state, law, studies the process of human knowledge of politics, state and law at different stages of history in different nations, from early statehood and modernity. This discipline has become a separate subject in university didactics, which was taught at the Faculty of Law at the Department of Theory and History of State and Law, and since 2008 at the Department of History of State, Law and Political and Legal Teachings of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv.In the early 1990s, there were significant changes in public relations. The economic and political situation in the Soviet Union continued to worsen, the national liberation struggle unfolded in the national regions of the Union. It was at that time that the Department of Politology at the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv was established. This formation took place in a difficult period of our history, due to the totalitarian regime in the former USSR. At that time, political science was ambiguously perceived. However, as early as 1989, some young university professors gave lectures on political science at some faculties. In 1990, the Department of Political Science was established at the University of Lviv as a general university department, since 1996 it has been part of the Faculty of Philosophy of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv. In 1997, the specialty "politology" was opened at the Faculty of Philosophy and the department became a graduate. The expansion of the department led to its division in 2007 into the Department of Politology and the Department of Theory and History of Political Science. The Department of Political Science taught a course in political science at the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv until 2019.In 2019, by the decision of the Academic Council of the Law Faculty of the Ivan Franko National University of, the course of politology was transferred to the Department of History of State, Law and Political and Legal Teachings of the Law Faculty , which plays an important role in training highly qualified lawyers. This course is taught in the fourth year of full-time and part-time study. The study of politics in politology is interdisciplinary in nature and is reflected in its integration with other disciplines, especially law. In addition to traditional topics for politology, while teaching politology, teachers thoroughly cover the methodology of the history of doctrines about the state and law, political and legal doctrine and thought; regularities of origin and tendencies of development of world theoretical thought about the state and law, the basic political and legal doctrines of the Ancient world, the Middle Ages, New and Modern times; main directions of modern political and legal ideology, basic schools of jurisprudence and political science at the present stage, history of political and legal thought of Ukraine. The study of politology will enrich law students with knowledge about the ways and forms of people's participation in the political life of the state, give an understanding of the types of dynamics of political processes, reveal the content and ways of forming political culture, diversity of modern concepts of social development. ; Проаналізовано становлення політології як важливої навчальної дисципліни на юридичному факультеті Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка. Акцентовано увагу на важливості вивчення політології студентами-правниками. Розглянуто політологію як важливу соціально-гуманітарну науку про політику, її роль і функції в житті суспільства і держави. Зазначено, що це завдання може бути виконано значною мірою шляхом засвоєння студентами-юристами найбільш загальних закономірностей та особливостей формування політики, її теорії; характеристики функцій політичної системи та державної влади; функцій і характеру держави; сутність, форм та методів діяльності суб'єктів політики та закономірностей розвитку політичного процесу; аналізу проблем глобальної політики, зокрема, міжнародних відносин. Показано, що становлення, розвиток та інституалізація політичної науки чи політології ‒ це тривалий, складний і багатогранний процес. Становлення і розвиток політології відбувався майже одночасно на різних континентах. Це свідчить про те, що вивчення і поширення політологічних знань було нагальною суспільною необхідністю, без цього неможливо досягнути високого рівня розвитку суспільства і держави.На українських землях зародження політологічних знань, зокрема про політичну та державну владу, про сутність, закономірності, тенденції функціонування і розвитку політики, її місця і ролі в житті суспільства вперше відбулося у Львівському університеті, зокрема на юридичному факультеті, створеному 20 січня 1661 року. Серед навчальних дисциплін було передбачено вивчення політичної географії, яка давала знання про формування і розвиток політичної сфери життя суспільства, географічні умови та особливості політичного устрою, внутрішньої і зовнішньої політики різних держав, міжнародні відносини і конфлікти, характеризувала багатостороннє зіставлення історії природи та історії людства. Вивчення політичної географії ґрунтувалося на працях французького юриста та філософа Жана Бодена.У складі юридичного факультету Львівського університету в австрійський період було створено чотири кафедри, зокрема кафедру політичних учень й австрійського законодавства. Навчальна програма юридичного факультету Львівського університету передбачала вивчення політичних наук на четвертому курсі, коли завершувалося навчання на факультеті. Останній четвертий курс навчання на юридичному факультеті був підсумковим, тому вивчення політичних наук формувало у майбутніх правників глибоке розуміння сутності політичної та державної діяльності, важливості прийняття відповідальних рішень у галузі взаємовідносин між різними суспільними групами, державами й народами, а також рішень, пов'язаних із боротьбою за здобуття або утримання державної влади. Саме глибоке оволодіння політичними знаннями на юридичному факультеті Львівського університету дало можливість багатьом випускникам правникам стати депутатами («послами») австрійського парламенту і Галицького крайового сейму та гідно представляти інтереси рідного народу в Австрії, а згодом Австро-Угорщині.Приєднання у 1939 році західноукраїнських земель до складу Української РСР відкрило нову сторінку в історії Львівського університету і його юридичного факультету. У 1944 році на юридичному факультеті було створено кафедру теорії та історії держави і права, яка одна з перших на юридичному факультеті в радянський період ознайомлювала студентів з політичними знаннями. Після 1956 року на юридичних факультетах ввели нову наукову і навчальну дисципліну ‒ «Історію політичних і правових учень», яка досліджувала і до сьогодні продовжує вивчати історію виникнення та розвитку теоретичних знань про політику, державу, право, тобто вивчає процес пізнання людьми явищ політики, держави і права на різних етапах історії у різних народів, починаючи з ранньої державності і сучасності. Ця навчальна дисципліна стала окремим предметом в університетській дидактиці, яку викладали на юридичному факультеті на кафедрі теорії та історії держави і права, а з 2008 року на кафедрі історії держави, права та політико-правових учень юридичного факультету Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка.Упродовж 1990‒2019 років викладання курсу політології на юридичному факультеті Львівського університету забезпечувала кафедра політології.У 2019 році рішенням Вченої ради юридичного факультету Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка курс політології передано на кафедру історії держави, права та політико-правових учень юридичного факультету, який відіграє важливу роль у підготовці юристів високої кваліфікації. Цей курс читають на четвертому курсі денної і заочної форми навчання. Вивчення політології збагатить студентів юридичного факультету знаннями про способи і форми участі народу в політичному житті держави, дасть розуміння типів динаміки політичних процесів, розкриє зміст і шляхи формування політичної культури, різноманітність сучасних концепцій суспільного розвитку тощо.
The first section of the paper discusses the market situation of veterinary medicines, examines related laws and the principle of medicines selection in veterinary. The second chapter describes the collected data on human medicines and which medicines are mostly used by veterinarian in Lithuania. A survey was conducted on veterinarians about the human medicines usage in their practice. An overview of the use of human medicines for animals was also carried out at the private veterinary clinic "X" in Kaunas. It was identified what medicines are used for these diseases most commonly in the clinic "X".
The first section of the paper discusses the market situation of veterinary medicines, examines related laws and the principle of medicines selection in veterinary. The second chapter describes the collected data on human medicines and which medicines are mostly used by veterinarian in Lithuania. A survey was conducted on veterinarians about the human medicines usage in their practice. An overview of the use of human medicines for animals was also carried out at the private veterinary clinic "X" in Kaunas. It was identified what medicines are used for these diseases most commonly in the clinic "X".
The article is devoted to the issue of organization and activity of the faculty of history of Ivan Franko Drohobych State Pedagogical University in the 1940s – first half of the 1950s. Today in Ukraine an educational reform is being carried out. Historical reflections and objective analysis of the past will help to identify important aspects of development not only of separate branches of education and science, but also the functioning of separate educational institutions, and to take them into account in modern realities.The main idea of the article is to show the organization and activity of the historic faculty of Drohobych Teachers' Institute (as the present-day Drohobych University was called) in the 1940s and early 1950s; to describe the student and teacher staff of the faculty, the content of training and education of youth, some aspects of the then everyday life; to trace the influence of the socio-political situation in the region on the work of a higher educational establishment and its subdivisions.The formation in Drohobych of a higher pedagogical institution was associated with the processes of Sovietization on the western lands of Ukraine. Higher education, especially pedagogical, was an important ideological tool for the Stalinist system, a source of the formation of a new Soviet intelligentsia. The first post-occupational entree plan for students at the Faculty of History was 60 students. It went through difficulties and scored two-thirds of the plan. A small number of secondary school graduates was the reason for the shortage. The youth had 6-7 years of school education after the German occupation. In 1952, the faculty enrolled already 50 students. In the postwar years, Ukrainians prevailed among the students. However, the share of local youth was insignificant due to political reasons. From the mid-40's to the mid-50's of the twentieth century only 830 teachers-historians were trained at the faculty.In 1946, the staff of the Department of History, which provided teaching at the Faculty of History, comprised 2 teachers. In the first post-war years P. Kozik, V. Tychyna, V. Tryhub, O. Zaichenko, I. Kosharnyi, P. Marunya, O. Dybenko, I. Lisinchuk worked at the department. At the beginning of the work, none of the members of the department staff had a degree or an academic rank. In 1950 P. Kozik defended his Ph. D. thesis.Initially, in the content of education the communist party ideology was prevalent, which was implemented into curricula, programs, and manuals. The students were subjected to ideological treatment, the selection was held in respect of political confidence.The conditions of life and work in the first postwar years were complicated. The situation slowly improved.The Historical Faculty had began its work in 1940 and renewed its activities after the German occupation. During the first postwar years, students and departments of the faculty were gradually formed and the everyday life became settled. The communist party ideology of education and training, neglect of national-spiritual traditions, repressive measures of the power regarding students and teachers negatively affected the training of teachers. ; У статті показано організацію та діяльність історичного факультету Дрогобицького державного педагогічного університету імені Івана Франка в 40-і та на початку 50-х рр. ХХ ст. Характеризується студентський та викладацький склад факультету, зміст навчання і виховання молоді, деякі аспекти тодішнього повсякдення. Простежується вплив суспільно-політичної ситуації у регіоні на роботу вищого навчального закладу та його підрозділу.
The article examines some episodes from the past the Faculty of History in Lviv University for1964–1990 years. Concrete examples from the lives of students and historians – from education toleisure are described. The academic staff of the department, its main activities and training of historiansin terms of ideological pressure is characterized. The article touches upon the author's memories ofbecoming as a historian and participation in the life of the Faculty and the University as a whole. Inparticular, attention is focused on the democratization of the educational process and scientific work atthe University at the turn of 1980–1990's.Key words: Lviv University, Faculty of History, history, lecturers, students. ; Розглядаються деякі епізоди з минулого історичного факультету Львівського університетуу 1964–1990 рр. Наводяться конкретні приклади з життя студентів-істориків – від навчання допроведення дозвілля. Характеризується викладацький склад факультету, його основні напрямкироботи і підготовки істориків в умовах ідеологічного тиску. Описується становлення автораспогадів як історика й участь у діяльності факультету та університету загалом. Зокрема,акцентується увага на процесах демократизації навчального процесу й наукової роботи внавчальному закладі на зламі 1980–1990-х років.Ключові слова: Львівський університет, історичний факультет, історія, викладачі, студенти.
In the article the current state of the system of higher medical education in Ukraine is analyzed. The necessity of professional training in higher medical educational institutions in Ukraine is grounded. The importance of professional level improvement of health care representatives in the context of the health care system's reformation of Ukraine is determined. It has been discovered that over recent years there has been a change in educational paradigms from analytical to synthetic, mostly aimed at system solutions, – informatization of education. The author points out that the university education implements the processes of synthesis of new information due to the active work of the bearer– the pedagogue or the lecturer. It is noted that the pedagogical process is focused on the self-education of a future specialist; the use of information and communication technologies is also important, it will simplify the development, replication and use of teaching materials, and ultimately improve the quality of education. That is why the training of general practice doctors – family doctors – requires updating of programme and methodological teaching resources to adapt specialists for work at primary level, in rural areas, providing the appropriate level of knowledge and practical skills and abilities not only for the provision of emergency assistance, internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, but also for preventive health care, in particular sanitary and educational and anti-epidemic work.It is determined that changes in medical education are fully integrated into the logic of higher education reformation, beginning from 2014 with the adoption of the new law "On Higher Education». The initiated reform is being built around the idea of expanding university autonomy. Despite the fact that broad autonomy is an integral part of modern successful higher educational systems, it does not exclude external quality control. This issue is especially important for so-called «regulated professions" – those whose work provides for particularly high level of responsibility for safety and health of people. These include lawyers, pilots, doctors, and in some countries, access to the profession of teacher, architect, etc., is also regulated. Regulated profession status implies that access to it is only possible through compliance with mandatory requirements for the level of education, preparation of special examinations, obtaining a license or membership in a professional association. Discussions about the introduction of «regulated profession» concept in the legislation are only ongoing, but de facto the certain part of professions has special regulation already. Educational legislation also provides that for certain professions the state may conduct an independent assessment of educational results in the form of a single state qualification examination. Science is international, medicine is developing all over the world, and the most up-to-date scientific articles, the best studies are published today in English. Therefore, without its understanding, the probability that a medical student will read new books, receive relevant knowledge, is very low. Future Ukrainian doctors will know the international language of modern science, and the incentive for this will be a mandatory English test. Not only university education is important for the medical profession, but also a constant increase of the professional level for already working doctors. Still, this requirement is formally provided by the system of "advanced training" in the form of pre-certification cycles in institutions of postgraduate education, every five years. The new Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine resolution, initiated by the Ministry of Education and Science, changes the system of one-time (and, frankly, rather formal) training and creates the preconditions for the comprehensive system of continuous professional development. According to the new model, there should be a monopolization of education – now the choice of place or organization is given to the doctor, recognized: education received abroad, participation in professional seminars and conferences, online courses, workshops held in Ukraine by international organizations and professional associations. ; У статті проаналізовано сучасний стан системи вищої медичної освіти в Україні. Обґрунтовано необхідність професійної підготовки кадрів у вищих медичних навчальних закладів в Україні. Визначено актуальність підвищення рівня професіоналізму представників сфери охорони здоров'я у контексті реформування системи охорони здоров'я України. Виявлено, що протягом останніх років відбулася зміна навчальних парадигм із аналітичної на синтетичну, здебільшого направлену на системні рішення – інформатизацію освіти. Автор указує, що ЗВО реалізує процеси синтезу нової інформації завдяки активній роботі носія – педагога або викладача. Зазначено, що педагогічний процес має акцент на самоосвіті майбутнього фахівця, важливим також є застосування інформаційно-комунікативних технологій, що дозволить спростити розробку, тиражування і використання дидактичних матеріалів, а в кінцевому результаті – підвищити якість освіти. Саме тому підготовка лікарів загальної практики – сімейних лікарів потребує оновлення програмних та навчально-методичних ресурсів з метою адаптації спеціалістів для роботи у первинній ланці, у сільській місцевості, забезпечуючи відповідний рівень знань та практичних навичок і умінь не тільки з надання невідкладної допомоги, внутрішньої медицини, хірургії, акушерства та гінекології, але й з питань профілактичної медицини, зокрема санітарно-освітньої та протиепідемічної роботи.