Abstract The reform of the legal studies brought in by Cesare Alfieri di Sostegno in 1846 was a turning point for the Faculty of law of the University of Turin. This paper aims to underline the contributions given by the professors of law, in particular Felice Merlo, Luigi Amedeo Melegari and Pietro Lugi Albini, to the debate arisen in this field. The analysis highlights their belief of the importance of the legal studies, and details the subsequent legislative changes that shaped the legal cursus studiorum up to the accomplishment of national unity, with a special focus on the Bon-Compagni and the Casati laws. Keywords Legal studies – Legislative reforms-University of Turin
Aim of the study: to evaluate Kaunas University of Medicine residents preparation for a practical activity and work in health care institutions. Objectives: 1. the evaluation of description of residential studies programs; 2. the evaluation of structure of medical standards; 3. the evaluation of resident's opinion of their preparation for practical activity. Methods: The object of analysis: KMU programs of residency studies; medical standards; KMU doctors graduated in 2006. Methods of analysis: the analysis of scientific literature; the analysis of documents; questionnaire; the analysis of statistical data using the program SPSS 12. Results: 1. There was 28 residency studies programs evaluated, that had clear and equal for all programs structure. The constitution and content of programs were clearly described. There was no security of common internal residency programs quality politics and procedures. Some inaccuracy was found in sixteen residency programs. 2. Seven professional qualifications did not have certified medical standards. The standards had equal and clear structure. The residency programs were organized according to these standards. 3. 53, 8 % of residents got to know the medical standards, they also better knew their specialty diseases (p=0,029). Medical residents of traditional profile better knew the symptoms of their specialty diseases (Fisher exact test p=0,027). 36, 5 % of residents assumed that they had enough experience in communication with patients. Diagnose and heal tumors could 19, 2 %, do surgery 15 %. Approximately 65 % of respondents evaluated well the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. Only 25 % could forecast heal results independently. 34, 6 % of respondents spared maximum time for their studies and tried hardest, they stated, they could independently make tests, decisions while healing. The same amount of respondents thought that their specialty was considered to be prestigious. Those residents, who spared more time for their studies and tried harder, better evaluated the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. 48, 1 % of respondents were satisfied with their studies. Those residents, who better evaluated lecturers (p<0,001) and environment (p=0,027) were more satisfied. Asked where they would like to work after graduating from the university, 30,8 % said they would choose not healing sphere, 32,6 % would choose the second level of HCI in Lithuanian cities. 63, 5 % of respondents think about leaving to foreign countries. Conclusions: 1. The programs of KMU residential studies were created and prepared for all professional qualifications and conformed to higher education residential programs and their principles. 2. The medical standards were structured, easily written, certified with Health service minister order and were available for all medical professions, but were certified not with all professional qualifications. 3. The residents, who spared more time for studies, statistically could better evaluate their knowledge, qualification, and preparation for practical activity; however the majority (65, 4 %) did not pay much time for their studies. In the residents opinion their theoretical knowledge was good, but there was lack of practical skills.
Aim of the study: to evaluate Kaunas University of Medicine residents preparation for a practical activity and work in health care institutions. Objectives: 1. the evaluation of description of residential studies programs; 2. the evaluation of structure of medical standards; 3. the evaluation of resident's opinion of their preparation for practical activity. Methods: The object of analysis: KMU programs of residency studies; medical standards; KMU doctors graduated in 2006. Methods of analysis: the analysis of scientific literature; the analysis of documents; questionnaire; the analysis of statistical data using the program SPSS 12. Results: 1. There was 28 residency studies programs evaluated, that had clear and equal for all programs structure. The constitution and content of programs were clearly described. There was no security of common internal residency programs quality politics and procedures. Some inaccuracy was found in sixteen residency programs. 2. Seven professional qualifications did not have certified medical standards. The standards had equal and clear structure. The residency programs were organized according to these standards. 3. 53, 8 % of residents got to know the medical standards, they also better knew their specialty diseases (p=0,029). Medical residents of traditional profile better knew the symptoms of their specialty diseases (Fisher exact test p=0,027). 36, 5 % of residents assumed that they had enough experience in communication with patients. Diagnose and heal tumors could 19, 2 %, do surgery 15 %. Approximately 65 % of respondents evaluated well the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. Only 25 % could forecast heal results independently. 34, 6 % of respondents spared maximum time for their studies and tried hardest, they stated, they could independently make tests, decisions while healing. The same amount of respondents thought that their specialty was considered to be prestigious. Those residents, who spared more time for their studies and tried harder, better evaluated the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. 48, 1 % of respondents were satisfied with their studies. Those residents, who better evaluated lecturers (p<0,001) and environment (p=0,027) were more satisfied. Asked where they would like to work after graduating from the university, 30,8 % said they would choose not healing sphere, 32,6 % would choose the second level of HCI in Lithuanian cities. 63, 5 % of respondents think about leaving to foreign countries. Conclusions: 1. The programs of KMU residential studies were created and prepared for all professional qualifications and conformed to higher education residential programs and their principles. 2. The medical standards were structured, easily written, certified with Health service minister order and were available for all medical professions, but were certified not with all professional qualifications. 3. The residents, who spared more time for studies, statistically could better evaluate their knowledge, qualification, and preparation for practical activity; however the majority (65, 4 %) did not pay much time for their studies. In the residents opinion their theoretical knowledge was good, but there was lack of practical skills.
With the entrance to European Union , Christians have become rather sensitive to a lot of challenges of modern life. Pragmatic way of thinking tries to replace Christian values. Is that also the situation at the Faculty of theology at Vytautas Magnus university? The article tries to prove how the Faculty of Theology at Vytautas Magnus university is a spiritual centre not only for the intellectuals of Lithuania but also to other European countries, searching for deeper spiritual life. It helps to implement by a brief look into the historiography of the Faculty, its programmes of studies and scientific research; and on the other hand, its acceptability to Bolonian treaty and evaluations of theologians. The material given allows to make such conclusions: 1. On the initiative of the Conference of Lithuanian Bishops and the leaders of Vytautas Magnus university and with the approval of Vatican Congregation of Catholic studies, it has become an academic part of Vytautas Magnus university, where priests, seminarians, monks , nuns and lay people are able to study; 2. Ecumenic contacts are treated with special attention, because it is impossible for some Christians to feel themselves as children of God and others to be like orphans; 3. With the entering to European Union, intellectual perspectives have become much wider, that is why Christian faith needs to have a very firm backround – the teaching of Jesus Christ; 4. University is the fountain of humanism, intelligence and erudition; it may become only the Babel of pride without the knowledge of God and communication with him; 5. Nowadays the world has become very small because of new scientific technologies; together with material and educational progress, spiritual life should also proceed. Polarization of mankind, rejection of Christianity, polytheism – that is the circle, directing to eschtological termination. [.]
With the entrance to European Union , Christians have become rather sensitive to a lot of challenges of modern life. Pragmatic way of thinking tries to replace Christian values. Is that also the situation at the Faculty of theology at Vytautas Magnus university? The article tries to prove how the Faculty of Theology at Vytautas Magnus university is a spiritual centre not only for the intellectuals of Lithuania but also to other European countries, searching for deeper spiritual life. It helps to implement by a brief look into the historiography of the Faculty, its programmes of studies and scientific research; and on the other hand, its acceptability to Bolonian treaty and evaluations of theologians. The material given allows to make such conclusions: 1. On the initiative of the Conference of Lithuanian Bishops and the leaders of Vytautas Magnus university and with the approval of Vatican Congregation of Catholic studies, it has become an academic part of Vytautas Magnus university, where priests, seminarians, monks , nuns and lay people are able to study; 2. Ecumenic contacts are treated with special attention, because it is impossible for some Christians to feel themselves as children of God and others to be like orphans; 3. With the entering to European Union, intellectual perspectives have become much wider, that is why Christian faith needs to have a very firm backround – the teaching of Jesus Christ; 4. University is the fountain of humanism, intelligence and erudition; it may become only the Babel of pride without the knowledge of God and communication with him; 5. Nowadays the world has become very small because of new scientific technologies; together with material and educational progress, spiritual life should also proceed. Polarization of mankind, rejection of Christianity, polytheism – that is the circle, directing to eschtological termination. [.]
With the entrance to European Union , Christians have become rather sensitive to a lot of challenges of modern life. Pragmatic way of thinking tries to replace Christian values. Is that also the situation at the Faculty of theology at Vytautas Magnus university? The article tries to prove how the Faculty of Theology at Vytautas Magnus university is a spiritual centre not only for the intellectuals of Lithuania but also to other European countries, searching for deeper spiritual life. It helps to implement by a brief look into the historiography of the Faculty, its programmes of studies and scientific research; and on the other hand, its acceptability to Bolonian treaty and evaluations of theologians. The material given allows to make such conclusions: 1. On the initiative of the Conference of Lithuanian Bishops and the leaders of Vytautas Magnus university and with the approval of Vatican Congregation of Catholic studies, it has become an academic part of Vytautas Magnus university, where priests, seminarians, monks , nuns and lay people are able to study; 2. Ecumenic contacts are treated with special attention, because it is impossible for some Christians to feel themselves as children of God and others to be like orphans; 3. With the entering to European Union, intellectual perspectives have become much wider, that is why Christian faith needs to have a very firm backround – the teaching of Jesus Christ; 4. University is the fountain of humanism, intelligence and erudition; it may become only the Babel of pride without the knowledge of God and communication with him; 5. Nowadays the world has become very small because of new scientific technologies; together with material and educational progress, spiritual life should also proceed. Polarization of mankind, rejection of Christianity, polytheism – that is the circle, directing to eschtological termination. [.]
The article analyses the historiographic culture of the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy (Turin University) between 1921 and 1961. The first part of the work focuses on the organization of the degree courses offered by the Faculty, the characterizing traits of the students and the impact of national politics within the institution. The second part conducts a quantitative analysis of the degree theses in History discussed at the Faculty during the chosen period, in order to study the presence of the different disciplines in the life of the Faculty. Finally, the work reflects on the particular interest that the subject History of the Risorgimento has caused in the students.
The first section of the paper discusses the market situation of veterinary medicines, examines related laws and the principle of medicines selection in veterinary. The second chapter describes the collected data on human medicines and which medicines are mostly used by veterinarian in Lithuania. A survey was conducted on veterinarians about the human medicines usage in their practice. An overview of the use of human medicines for animals was also carried out at the private veterinary clinic "X" in Kaunas. It was identified what medicines are used for these diseases most commonly in the clinic "X".
The first section of the paper discusses the market situation of veterinary medicines, examines related laws and the principle of medicines selection in veterinary. The second chapter describes the collected data on human medicines and which medicines are mostly used by veterinarian in Lithuania. A survey was conducted on veterinarians about the human medicines usage in their practice. An overview of the use of human medicines for animals was also carried out at the private veterinary clinic "X" in Kaunas. It was identified what medicines are used for these diseases most commonly in the clinic "X".
During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.
During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.
During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.
During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.
During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.
The thesis presents challenges facing the aging society. One such challenge is ensuring healthy and dignified old age. Its importance is demonstrated by the abundance of recommendations, programs, guidelines, and strategies related to the quality of life of the elderly. The National Science Program Healthy Aging is one of the documents defining the problems of the aging society. Its content emphasizes the contribution of science in solving these problems. In this context, the emphasis is put not only on scientific decisions but also on their dissemination to the target audience – the elderly. This promotes the importance of inter-institutional interaction. The thesis singles out the interaction between the higher education institutions and organizations intended for the elderly as one of the preconditions for the implementing of the idea of healthy aging. It presupposes the need to assess the integration of scientific solutions into the education of the elderly and the potential of such organizations of the context of healthy aging.
