Suchergebnisse

Approaching bioelectrochemical systems to real facilities within the framework of CO2 valorization and biogas upgrading -- Water Energy Nexus in the Gulf: A Complex Network of Multi-Level Interdependencies -- A risk assessment approach for water-energy systems -- Estimating the declining discount rate for the economic evaluation of projects in the energy and water sectors -- Towards resilience-informed decision making in critical infrastructure networks -- Short-term forecasting of tank water levels serving urban water distribution networks with ARIMA models -- Energy balance in the water cycle in Italy: state of the art and perspectives -- Water Energy Nexus: evalutation of the enviromental impact in the national and international scenarios -- Water scarcity and shale gas prospects in Tunisia – potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on regional water stress -- "Energy performance of Italian urban water systems" -- Analysis of the Economic Net Benefit of Green Infrastructure by Comparing the Water-retentive Block and the Normal Block -- Levering industry and professional qualifications over water efficiency and water-energy nexus in buildings -- WEFSiM: A Model for Water-Energy-Food Nexus Simulation and Optimization -- Assessment of rain harvesting and RES desalination for meeting water needs in an Island in Greece -- Grounding Nexus Governance: de-nexused developments in Nepal -- Maximizing water-food-energy nexus synergies at Basin Scale -- Visualizing CO2 to Account for Emission Obligation in Power Systems -- Selection of key characteristics for crops to deal with climate change through quality function deployment -- Combined electrodialysis and photo-electro-chlorination for energy efficient control of brine water -- Hydrogen production in electro membrane bioreactors -- Use of high-valent metal species produced by the Fenton (-like) reactions in water treatment -- Photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds by visible light-illuminated g-C3N4-AQ in combination with Fe(III) -- Microalgae-based processes as an energy efficient platform for water reclamation and resource recovery -- "Ozonation in the Framework of Sustainable Future Water Management" -- Pilot study for Spiral wound -pvdf supported UF membranes for brackish water desalination system -- Energy monitoring of a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Salerno, Campania region (Southern Italy) -- Sulfate radicals-based technology as a promising strategy for wastewater management -- Fluoxetine and pirimicarb abatement by ecofriendly electro-Fenton process -- Diversity and performance of sulphate reducing bacteria in acid mine drainage remediation systems -- Sustainable materials for affordable point-of-use water purification -- Self-forming dynamic membrane: a review -- Influence of membrane flux, ultrasonic frequency and recycle ratio in the hybrid process USAMe -- Using Water-Energy nexus as greenhouse gas emissions mitigation tool in wastewater treatment plants -- Corrosion behavior of carbon steel in the presence of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilm in reclaimed water -- Development of Pilot-Scale Photocatalytic Reactor Employing Novel TiO2 Epoxy Grains for Wastewater Treatment -- Evaluation of fungal white-rot strains for assisting in algal harvest in wastewater -- Event scale modelling of experimental green roofs runoff in a Mediterranean environment -- Advanced technologies for satellite monitoring of water resources -- Tannery wastewater treatment after biological pretreatment by using electrochemical oxidation -- Numerical modelling of integrated OMBR-NF hybrid system for simultaneous wastewater reclamation and brine management -- Climate, soil moisture and drainage layer properties impact on green roofs in a Mediterranean environment -- Orthophosphate vs bicarbonate for buffering the acidification in a bromide enhanced ozonation of ammonia nitrogen -- New approach with fluidized bed reactor using low-cost pyrophillite/alumina composite membrane for industrial wastewater treatment -- Impact of seasonality on quorum quenching efficacy and stability for biofouling control in membrane bioreactors -- Surface modification of RO desalination membrane using ZnO nanoparticles of different morphologies to mitigate fouling -- Nutrient removal and biomass production by immobilized Chlorella vulgaris -- Treatment of printed circuit board wastewater containing copper and nickel ions by fluidized-bed homogeneous granulation process -- Investigation of the synthesis and adsorption kinetics of biochar-supported Fe3-xMnxO4 for imidacloprid pesticide removal -- A kinetic study of calcium carbonate granulation through fluidized-bed homogeneous process for removal of calcium-hardness from raw and tap waters -- Destruction of selected pharmaceuticals with peroxydisulfate (Pds): An influence of Pds activation methods -- Non-destructive in-situ fouling monitoring in membrane processes -- Preparation of TiO2/SiO2 ceramic membranes via sol-gel dip coating for the treatment of produced wastewater -- Multicriteria evaluation of novel technologies for organic micropollutants removal in advanced water reclamation schemes for indirect potable reuse -- Environmental or economic considerations in photo-Fenton processes: what choice has the most notable benefits for large scale applications? -- Optimization of energy consumption in activated sludge process using deep learning selective modeling -- Electrochemical sensors for emerging contaminants: diclofenac preconcentration and detection on paper-based electrodes -- Optimization of the wastewater treatment plant: from energy saving to environmental impact mitigation -- Influence of microalgae-bacteria consortium on the pathogens removal (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) in domestic wastewater -- Fuzzy-assisted ultrafiltration of wastewater from milk industries -- Performance of Electro-Fenton water treatment technology in decreasing zebrafish embryotoxicity elicited by a mixture of organic contaminants -- "An overview of photocatalytic drinking water treatment" -- Solar Light Initiated Photoinactivation of E.coli: Influence of Natural Organic Matter -- Molecular size distribution profiles of organic matrix in reverse osmosis concentrate under oxidative and non-oxidative conditions -- Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of Humic Acids using Copper Doped TiO2 -- Hyperspectral Monitoring of a Constructed Wetland as a Tertiary Treatment in a Wastewater Treatment Plant for Domestic Sewage -- Applicability of WQI and scientific communication for conservation of River Ganga System in India -- Techno-economic feasibility of membrane bioreactor (MBR) -- Electrochemical wastewater treatment with SnO2-based electrodes: a review -- Statistical analysis of the quality indicators of the Danube River water (in Romania) -- Statistical analysis of the water quality of the major rivers in India -- Methane and hydrogen production from cotton wastes in dark fermentation process under anaerobic and microaerobic conditions -- Microalgae production coupled with simulated black water treatment -- Waterborne diseases in Sebou watershed -- Chances and barriers of wastewater heat recovery from a multidisciplinary perspective -- Mine water in the closure of a coal basin: From waste to potential resources -- Water Pollution by Polyclorinated Biphenyls from the Energy Sector of Armenia -- Semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of orange peel waste: preliminary results -- Nonwoven wet wipes can be hazardous substances in wastewater systems – evidences from a field measurement campaign in Berlin, Germany -- Wastewater to energy: Relating granule size and biogas production of UASB reactors treating municipal wastewater -- CO2 bio-fixation by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using different periodic CO2 dosing strategies -- A suggestion on nutrient removal/recovery from source separated human urine using clinoptilolite combined with anaerobic processing -- Niches for Bioelectrochemical systems in wastewater treatment plants -- Degradation of Gaseous VOCs by Ultrasonication: Effect of Water Recirculation and Ozone Addition -- Optimal Chlorination Station Scheduling in an Operating Water Distribution Network Using GANetXL -- Utilization of microalgae cultivated in municipal wastewater for CO2 fixation from power plant flue gas and lipid production -- Techno-economic Assessment of Combined Heat and Power Units Fueled by Waste Vegetable Oil for Wastewater Treatment Plants: a Real Case Study -- Eco-LCA of Biological Wastewater Treatments Focused on Energy Recovery -- Optimization of nutrient recovery from synthetic swine wastewater using Response Surface Methodology -- Enzymatic pre-treatment of chicken manure for improved biogas yield -- Integration of liquid-liquid membrane contactors and electrodialysis for ammonia recovery from urban wastewaters -- Remediation of water contaminated by Pb(II) using virgin coniferous wood biochar as adsorbent -- A simplified model to simulate a bioaugmented anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass -- Dissolved oxygen perturbations: a new strategy to enhance the removal of organic micropollutants in activated sludge process -- PFOA and PFOS removal processes in activated sludge reactor at laboratory scale -- Selectrodialysis and ion-exchange resins as integration processes for copper and zinc recovery from metallurgical streams containing arsenic -- Microalgae cultivation for pretreatemnt of pharmaceutical wastewater associated with microbial fuel cell and Biomass feed stock production -- Embryotoxicity and molecular alterations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in early zebrafish larvae -- Biological Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Using Green Microalgae and Activated Sludge as Combined Culture -- Fouling morphologies on the ion-exchange membranes in reverse electridialysis with effluent from sewage treatment plant -- Co-composting Biosolids and Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste or C

Cotutela Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya i University of Carthage, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (INSAT-Tunisia) ; Phosphorus in wastewater is mainly present as inorganic phosphate forms and is commonly removed through chemical co-precipitation using Al(III) and Fe(III) salts. However, precipitation is expensive and generates a waste to be disposed. If the recovery of phosphorus is the target objective the solution could be based on the integration of specific chemical processes or physico-chemical treatment process to recover phosphorous as pure mineral phases or supported onto low-cost inorganic sorbents. Recovery of phosphate from diluted streams has been evaluated by integration of a pre-concentration step using P-selective sorbents to provide concentrated effluents of phosphate (e.g. from 0.1 to 2 g P-PO43-/L) typically at alkaline pH values due to the use of alkaline solutions in the regeneration step (e.g 1% NaOH). In this study, phosphorus recovery as hydroxyapatite (Hap) from alkaline phosphate concentrates (0.25 to 1 g P-PO43-/L) using calcium chloride solutions in batch reactors was evaluated. When pH was kept constant in alkaline values (from 8 to 11.5), Hap precipitation efficiency was improved. At pH 11.5, higher phosphorus precipitation rate was registered but lower degree of crystallinity was observed. The increase of the total initial phosphate concentration lead to the formation of Hap powders with higher degree of crystallinity and crystal diameter, but also lower mean particle size. Afterwards, the detrimental effects of the presence of magnesium (II) in synthetic brines on hydroxyapatite precipitation were also evaluated. Two synthetic brines with Mg/Ca molar ratios of 2.2 and 3.3 were continuously fed to reach a Ca/P molar ratio of ~1.67 to promote Hap formation. For both brines, inhibition of Hap precipitation and formation of the amorphous mineral phases of Ca-, Mg- and Ca/Mg-phosphates were observed at pH >9.5. Mg(II) severely inhibited phosphate precipitation, allowing the formation of amorphous calcium phosphate from meta-stable clusters due to Mg(II) incorporation into Ca-phosphate. In the experiments at pH 8, the formation of stable nanometre-sized pre-nucleation clusters promoted nucleation inhibition, even in supersaturated solutions. On the other hand, phosphate P(V) recovery by using low-cost reactive inorganic materials with improved efficiency in terms of equilibrium and kinetics has been also evaluated. The integration of powder inorganic adsorbents fly ashes and zeolitic materials for selective removal of phosphate provided phosphorus (P) containing by-products with fertilizing properties. Fly ash samples from two different coal power stations and with different CaO(s) content (Los Barrios (FA-LB)) and (Teruel (FA-TE)) were evaluated on phosphate removal from aqueous solutions. P(V) recovery, in the expected pH conditions (6 to 9) of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) secondary effluents, proceeds as combination of the dissolution of CaO(s) and formation of brushite (CaHPO4(s)) onto the fly ash particles avoiding the formation of more insoluble Ca-phosphates as hydroxyapatite with a limited fertilizing properties. Removal kinetics data were well described as diffusion-based process and the CaO(s) dissolution was discarded as the rate-controlling step. A powder zeolitic material synthetized from fly ash (NaP1-NA) and its calcium modified form (CaP1-NA) were also studied as sorbent materials for the recovery phosphate from treated waste water effluents. The sorption capacity of both zeolites on the expected pH for waste water effluents (pH from 7 to 9) was slightly dependent on pH. The stability of the loaded phosphate zeolites samples as fertilizer was evaluated by extraction experiments. Finally, the performance of Ca-activated powder zeolite (CaP1) on removing P(V) was evaluated by integrating the sorption step and the solid phase recovery by using an hybrid sorption-ultrafiltration system using a hollow fibre module. ; El fósforo presente en las aguas residuales, mayoritariamente en formas inorgánicas, es eliminado a través de co-precipitación con sales de Al (III) y Fe (III) sales suponiendo un coste en reactivos y la imposibilidad de recuperarlo. Con objeto de desarrollar procesos de recuperación de P (V) para cumplir con los requisitos legislativos futuros se ha evaluado la integración de los procesos químicos de precipitación en reactores agitados o sobre adsorbentes inorgánicos selectivos a aniones fosfato. Una primera alternativa evaluada ha sido la recuperación de fosfato en forma de hidroxiapatita (HAp) utilizando concentrados alcalinos (0.2 -2 g P-PO43-/L a pH 12) obtenidos en procesos de desorción de adsorbentes y resinas de intercambio y utilizando disoluciones de Ca(II). La eficiencia del proceso de precipitación de HAp incrementa con el incremento de pH (de 8 a 11.5). siendo máxima a pH 11,5 pero con una pérdida de cristalinidad. El incremento de la concentración inicial de fosfato favorece la formación de Hap con un incremento del tamaño de los cristales y de la cristalinidad. Se evaluaron los efectos de la presencia de magnesio (II) en los concentrados de cloruro de calcio en la precipitación de Hap utilizando dos salmueras sintéticas con relaciones molares Mg/Ca de 2,2 y 3,3. La presencia de Mg (II) inhibe la precipitación de HAp favoreciendo la formación de fases de fosfato de calcio, fosfato de magnesio y fosfato de calcio y magnesio en general amorfas debido a incorporación de iones Mg(II) a valores de pH > 9,5. A valores de pH 8 la precipitación supuso, la formación de clusters estables de pre-nucleación de tamaño nanométrico que promueven la inhibición de la nucleación, incluso en disoluciones sobresaturadas. Una segunda vía de recuperación de fosfato se basó en el uso de adsorbentes inorgánicos reactivos ricos en Ca(II), como cenizas volantes y zeolitas sintetizadas a partir de cenizas volantes, para su valorización directa como fuentes de fertilización de liberación controlada. Se han evaluado dos muestras de cenizas volantes de plantas de combustión de carbón que se caracterizan por diferentes contenidos de CaO (s). La recuperación de P(V) en las condiciones esperadas de pH, en efluentes de tratamiento secundarios de estaciones de depuración, tiene lugar a través de una disolución de CaO (s) y la formación de brushita (CaHPO4(s)) sobre la partículas de las cenizas volantes evitando la formación de fosfatos de calcio más insolubles como como Hap. El proceso de extracción de P(V) se describe por un proceso con una cinética controlada por difusión de los iones fosfato en la partícula de adsorbente y donde la reacción de disolución de CaO (s) no es la etapa de control de la velocidad de recuperación de P(V). En una segunda fase se evaluaron una zeolita sódica sintetizada a partir de cenizas volantes (NaP1-NA) y su forma cálcica (CaP1-NA) comprobándose que su capacidad de adsorción está influenciada por el pH y mostrando máximas capacidades de adsorción a pH 8. El proceso va acompañado por la adsorción inicial de los iones fosfato y la formación de precipitados de brushita como en el caso de las cenizas volantes. Los ensayos de disponibilidad de P(V) en las muestras de cenizas volantes y de zeolitas utilizando ensayos de especiación y fraccionamiento indicaron que podrían ser utilizadas como fertilizantes de liberación controlada de P(V). Por último, el rendimiento del proceso de adsorción de P(V) con las muestras de zeolitas activadas con Ca (CAP1) se evaluó mediante la integración de la etapa de sorción y la recuperación de fase zeolita mediante el uso de un sistema de híbrido de adsorción y separación por membranas de ultrafiltración usando módulos de fibra hueca. ; Postprint (published version)

Cotutela Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya i University of Carthage, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (INSAT-Tunisia) ; Phosphorus in wastewater is mainly present as inorganic phosphate forms and is commonly removed through chemical co-precipitation using Al(III) and Fe(III) salts. However, precipitation is expensive and generates a waste to be disposed. If the recovery of phosphorus is the target objective the solution could be based on the integration of specific chemical processes or physico-chemical treatment process to recover phosphorous as pure mineral phases or supported onto low-cost inorganic sorbents. Recovery of phosphate from diluted streams has been evaluated by integration of a pre-concentration step using P-selective sorbents to provide concentrated effluents of phosphate (e.g. from 0.1 to 2 g P-PO43-/L) typically at alkaline pH values due to the use of alkaline solutions in the regeneration step (e.g 1% NaOH). In this study, phosphorus recovery as hydroxyapatite (Hap) from alkaline phosphate concentrates (0.25 to 1 g P-PO43-/L) using calcium chloride solutions in batch reactors was evaluated. When pH was kept constant in alkaline values (from 8 to 11.5), Hap precipitation efficiency was improved. At pH 11.5, higher phosphorus precipitation rate was registered but lower degree of crystallinity was observed. The increase of the total initial phosphate concentration lead to the formation of Hap powders with higher degree of crystallinity and crystal diameter, but also lower mean particle size. Afterwards, the detrimental effects of the presence of magnesium (II) in synthetic brines on hydroxyapatite precipitation were also evaluated. Two synthetic brines with Mg/Ca molar ratios of 2.2 and 3.3 were continuously fed to reach a Ca/P molar ratio of ~1.67 to promote Hap formation. For both brines, inhibition of Hap precipitation and formation of the amorphous mineral phases of Ca-, Mg- and Ca/Mg-phosphates were observed at pH >9.5. Mg(II) severely inhibited phosphate precipitation, allowing the formation of amorphous calcium phosphate from meta-stable clusters due to Mg(II) incorporation into Ca-phosphate. In the experiments at pH 8, the formation of stable nanometre-sized pre-nucleation clusters promoted nucleation inhibition, even in supersaturated solutions. On the other hand, phosphate P(V) recovery by using low-cost reactive inorganic materials with improved efficiency in terms of equilibrium and kinetics has been also evaluated. The integration of powder inorganic adsorbents fly ashes and zeolitic materials for selective removal of phosphate provided phosphorus (P) containing by-products with fertilizing properties. Fly ash samples from two different coal power stations and with different CaO(s) content (Los Barrios (FA-LB)) and (Teruel (FA-TE)) were evaluated on phosphate removal from aqueous solutions. P(V) recovery, in the expected pH conditions (6 to 9) of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) secondary effluents, proceeds as combination of the dissolution of CaO(s) and formation of brushite (CaHPO4(s)) onto the fly ash particles avoiding the formation of more insoluble Ca-phosphates as hydroxyapatite with a limited fertilizing properties. Removal kinetics data were well described as diffusion-based process and the CaO(s) dissolution was discarded as the rate-controlling step. A powder zeolitic material synthetized from fly ash (NaP1-NA) and its calcium modified form (CaP1-NA) were also studied as sorbent materials for the recovery phosphate from treated waste water effluents. The sorption capacity of both zeolites on the expected pH for waste water effluents (pH from 7 to 9) was slightly dependent on pH. The stability of the loaded phosphate zeolites samples as fertilizer was evaluated by extraction experiments. Finally, the performance of Ca-activated powder zeolite (CaP1) on removing P(V) was evaluated by integrating the sorption step and the solid phase recovery by using an hybrid sorption-ultrafiltration system using a hollow fibre module. ; El fósforo presente en las aguas residuales, mayoritariamente en formas inorgánicas, es eliminado a través de co-precipitación con sales de Al (III) y Fe (III) sales suponiendo un coste en reactivos y la imposibilidad de recuperarlo. Con objeto de desarrollar procesos de recuperación de P (V) para cumplir con los requisitos legislativos futuros se ha evaluado la integración de los procesos químicos de precipitación en reactores agitados o sobre adsorbentes inorgánicos selectivos a aniones fosfato. Una primera alternativa evaluada ha sido la recuperación de fosfato en forma de hidroxiapatita (HAp) utilizando concentrados alcalinos (0.2 -2 g P-PO43-/L a pH 12) obtenidos en procesos de desorción de adsorbentes y resinas de intercambio y utilizando disoluciones de Ca(II). La eficiencia del proceso de precipitación de HAp incrementa con el incremento de pH (de 8 a 11.5). siendo máxima a pH 11,5 pero con una pérdida de cristalinidad. El incremento de la concentración inicial de fosfato favorece la formación de Hap con un incremento del tamaño de los cristales y de la cristalinidad. Se evaluaron los efectos de la presencia de magnesio (II) en los concentrados de cloruro de calcio en la precipitación de Hap utilizando dos salmueras sintéticas con relaciones molares Mg/Ca de 2,2 y 3,3. La presencia de Mg (II) inhibe la precipitación de HAp favoreciendo la formación de fases de fosfato de calcio, fosfato de magnesio y fosfato de calcio y magnesio en general amorfas debido a incorporación de iones Mg(II) a valores de pH > 9,5. A valores de pH 8 la precipitación supuso, la formación de clusters estables de pre-nucleación de tamaño nanométrico que promueven la inhibición de la nucleación, incluso en disoluciones sobresaturadas. Una segunda vía de recuperación de fosfato se basó en el uso de adsorbentes inorgánicos reactivos ricos en Ca(II), como cenizas volantes y zeolitas sintetizadas a partir de cenizas volantes, para su valorización directa como fuentes de fertilización de liberación controlada. Se han evaluado dos muestras de cenizas volantes de plantas de combustión de carbón que se caracterizan por diferentes contenidos de CaO (s). La recuperación de P(V) en las condiciones esperadas de pH, en efluentes de tratamiento secundarios de estaciones de depuración, tiene lugar a través de una disolución de CaO (s) y la formación de brushita (CaHPO4(s)) sobre la partículas de las cenizas volantes evitando la formación de fosfatos de calcio más insolubles como como Hap. El proceso de extracción de P(V) se describe por un proceso con una cinética controlada por difusión de los iones fosfato en la partícula de adsorbente y donde la reacción de disolución de CaO (s) no es la etapa de control de la velocidad de recuperación de P(V). En una segunda fase se evaluaron una zeolita sódica sintetizada a partir de cenizas volantes (NaP1-NA) y su forma cálcica (CaP1-NA) comprobándose que su capacidad de adsorción está influenciada por el pH y mostrando máximas capacidades de adsorción a pH 8. El proceso va acompañado por la adsorción inicial de los iones fosfato y la formación de precipitados de brushita como en el caso de las cenizas volantes. Los ensayos de disponibilidad de P(V) en las muestras de cenizas volantes y de zeolitas utilizando ensayos de especiación y fraccionamiento indicaron que podrían ser utilizadas como fertilizantes de liberación controlada de P(V). Por último, el rendimiento del proceso de adsorción de P(V) con las muestras de zeolitas activadas con Ca (CAP1) se evaluó mediante la integración de la etapa de sorción y la recuperación de fase zeolita mediante el uso de un sistema de híbrido de adsorción y separación por membranas de ultrafiltración usando módulos de fibra hueca. ; Postprint (published version)

Since October, Egypt has joined most of the international community in calling for a ceasefire in Gaza. With Egypt being the only Arab country to border Gaza, Cairo's stakes are high. The longer Israel's war on the besieged enclave continues, the threats to Egypt's economy, national security, and political stability will become more serious.Located along the Gaza-Egypt border is Rafah, a 25-square-mile city that until recently was home to 300,000 Palestinians. Now approximately 1.4 million Palestinians are sheltering in Rafah because of the Israeli military's wanton destruction of Gaza City, Khan Younis, and other parts of the Strip. Having asserted that four Hamas battalions are now in Rafah, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has declared that deploying Israeli forces to this Palestinian city is necessary for his country to defeat Hamas amid this war. As of writing, Israel's military is preparing to launch a campaign for Rafah.Officials in Cairo fear that Israeli military operations in Rafah could result in a large number of Palestinians entering the Sinai. "An Israeli offensive on Rafah would lead to an unspeakable humanitarian catastrophe and grave tensions with Egypt," said European Union foreign policy chief Josep Borrell on February 10.Not only could such a scenario fuel massive amounts of friction between Cairo and Tel Aviv, but it could also severely heighten tensions between the Egyptian public and President Abdel Fatah el-Sisi's government. It's easy to imagine a mass expulsion of Palestinians from Gaza into Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, which would amount to essentially a "Nakba 2.0," triggering widespread unrest in Egypt if the government in Cairo is widely seen by Egyptians as playing a role in permitting, if not facilitating, such an ethnic cleansing of Palestinians from Gaza. Along with economic considerations, this is one of the main reasons why Cairo has articulated that Israel depopulating Gaza of Palestinians and forcing them into Egypt is a red line that Tel Aviv must not cross."The biggest concern for Cairo is related to the fate of the [Palestinians in Gaza] forcibly evacuated by the Israelis and who might find a 'safe haven' in Sinai. An uncontrolled influx of Palestinians into the [Sinai] Peninsula would be an enormous burden on Egypt, which would have to manage a problematic situation from a political and security point of view, as well as having to justify internally to its own public opinion an imposition that came from outside," Giuseppe Dentice, head of the Middle East and North Africa Desk at the Italian Center for International Studies, told RS."It is no coincidence that Cairo has reinforced the border with Gaza, closed the Rafah crossing, and warned Israel that any unilateral action involving a forced exodus of the Strip's inhabitants to Egyptian territory could jeopardize not only bilateral relations, but the preconditions for peace and stability guaranteed in the [Camp David Accords]," added Dentice.On February 15, Maxar Technologies, a Colorado-headquartered space technology company, captured satellite images showing Egypt's construction of a wall roughly two miles west of the Egypt-Gaza border. The following day, the London-based Sinai Foundation for Human Rights said that this construction "is intended to create a high-security gated and isolated area near the borders with the Gaza Strip, in preparation for the reception of Palestinian refugees in the case of [a] mass exodus."What might happen to the Camp David Accords?On February 11, two Egyptian officials and one Western diplomat told the Associated Press that Cairo might suspend the 1979 Camp David Accords if Israeli troops wage an incursion into Rafah. A day later, Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry denied such reports about his government's plans to freeze the peace treaty with Israel, yet he emphasized that Egypt's continued adherence to the 1979 deal would depend on Tel Aviv reciprocating. Alarming to Egyptian officials were Netanyahu's statements late last year about the Israeli military taking control of the Philadelphi Corridor (a nine-mile-long demilitarized buffer zone between Gaza and Egypt which was established in accordance with Egypt and Israel's peace treaty) because such a move on Israel's part would be a breach of the Camp David Accords.Are Egyptian officials serious about possibly freezing the historic peace deal? Or does such talk amount to empty threats issued for political purposes at home, as well as pursuing certain Egyptian aims vis-à-vis Washington and Tel Aviv? Mouin Rabbani, a political analyst and co-editor of Jadaliyya, told RS that if these statements from anonymous Egyptian officials are geared toward a domestic audience but Cairo doesn't follow through, Sisi's government could have a "potentially serious problem on its hands."Ahmed Aboudouh, an associate fellow with the Chatham House and a nonresident fellow with the Atlantic Council, doubts that Egypt would go as far as suspending the Camp David Accords. "In the end, Egypt is unlikely to take the first step to tear the treaty up unilaterally," he said.But what Egypt is doing is embracing "discursive strategic posturing" whereby Cairo uses "rhetorical escalation" and directs messages at three audiences, Aboudouh told RS. First is the domestic audience to say that Cairo is standing up for Egypt's core security interests as well as the Palestinian cause. The second is Washington to relay the Egyptian government's anger at the Biden administration for not stopping Israeli actions that threaten to displace Palestinians into the Sinai. Third is to Netanyahu, generals in the Israeli Defense Forces, and the Israeli intelligence community.Gordon Gray, a former U.S. Ambassador to Tunisia, also discounts recent suggestions that Cairo would suspend its peace treaty with Israel for three main reasons. "First, Egypt does not seek military confrontation — even an inadvertent one — with Israel. Second, Egypt does not want to risk losing U.S. military assistance ($1.3 billion annually), which was granted as a direct result of the Camp David Accords. Finally, while Egypt abhors the Israeli military campaign in Gaza, it shares Israel's views about the threat Hamas poses," said Gray in an interview with RS.What would come from Egypt freezing the treaty?Despite many experts believing that Egypt would not freeze the Camp David Accords, that potential scenario should be considered. There are important questions to raise about what it could lead to in terms of region-wide ramifications, as well as Cairo's relationships with Western capitals. But it's difficult to predict how events would unfold if Egypt took that step because there would be so many unknown variables in play.Egypt could act in different ways after suspending the peace treaty with Israel. Rabbani asked, "Would it simply declare the peace treaty suspended and leave it at that or would it stop implementing provisions of that treaty?"Regardless, any freezing of the Camp David Accords by Egypt would inevitably bring a layer of instability to Egyptian-Israeli relations never seen since Jimmy Carter's administration, which — with help from Iran, Morocco, and Romania — brought Egypt's then-President Anwar Sadat and Israel's then-Prime Minister Menachim Begin together in northern Maryland's Catoctin Mountains to sign the peace treaty in September 1978. The response from Washington would likely be extreme, particularly given how central Egyptian-Israeli peace has been to U.S. foreign policy agendas in the Middle East for almost half a century while surviving a host of regional crises, including Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and all the previous Gaza wars."The U.S. is certain to act true to form and retaliate against Egypt without holding Israel in any way accountable for producing this crisis, and Washington may well cease foreign assistance to Egypt, which is a direct function of its peace treaty with Israel. The EU will probably announce it is launching an investigation of the Egyptian school curriculum or some other nonsensical initiative," Rabbani told RS.Irrespective of how Egypt approaches its relationship with Israel, the fact that officials in Cairo are suggesting a potential freeze of the Camp David Accords speaks volumes about the Gaza war's impact on Israel's diplomatic standing in the Arab world. With the probability of more Arab countries joining the Abraham Accords in the foreseeable future having essentially dropped to zero, the pressing question is not which Arab government might be next to normalize with Tel Aviv. The focus has shifted to questions about how Arab countries already in the normalization camp, such as Egypt, will manage their formalized relationships with Israel at a time in which Israeli behavior in Gaza is widely seen across the Arab-Islamic world as genocidal.

U.S. President Joe Biden's brief trip to the Middle East, comprising just a few hours in Tel Aviv, will be remembered in this tragic chapter in the recent history of the Middle East for two main reasons. Firstly, because of the almost exaggerated reaffirmation of the alliance with Israel, and secondly, because of the metaphorical slap he received for the abrupt cancellation of a summit in Amman that was organized and canceled within just a few hours, due to the heightened tension after the Ahli Hospital massacre in Gaza. (A rearranged conference was held in Cairo last Saturday; 31 countries were represented, as was the UN.) The cancellation was a humiliation for the president and American diplomacy, but also a sign of a change of direction, and the beginning of a new order in the power equation in the Middle East.Let's start with the reasons behind the American request to meet at short notice with Jordanian King Abdullah, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, and the Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas. The purpose of the summit revolved around the idea of getting as many Palestinians out of the Gaza Strip as possible. This idea — which, in short, involves emptying the enclave to aid the military goal of eliminating Hamas and its infrastructure — came from Israel, but won the Biden administration's support in Washington. To begin carrying this out, Israeli authorities ordered more than a million Palestinians from Gaza's north to move to the south — primarily toward the cities of Khan Younis and Rafah, Gaza's gateway to Egypt, which the authorities in Cairo have kept shut.Danny Ayalon, a former Israeli deputy foreign minister, made the following remarks in an interview with Marc Lamont Hill on Al Jazeera in English on Oct. 15: "[We're not telling Gazans to] go to the beaches, go drown yourselves, God forbid … There is a huge expanse, almost endless space in the Sinai desert, just on the other side of Gaza. The idea is … for them to leave over to [sic] the open areas where we, and the international community, will prepare the infrastructure … Tent cities, with food and with water … just like for the refugees of Syria that fled the butchering of [Syrian President Bashar al-] Assad a few years ago to Turkey." To be refugees or fugitives: that is what Ayalon, and indeed Israel, is offering to 2 million Palestinians.The majority of Gaza's population is, in fact, composed of descendants of Palestinians who took refuge on the southern coast of Mandate Palestine, in the area of Gaza's commercial port, forced out of their homes in places like Jaffa, Majdal, and present-day Ashkelon. Even then, waiting for them — like nearly all the refugees of 1948 — were tents and tent cities. Anyone familiar with the name given to the Nakba's refugees, the "people of the tents," knows that to propose a tent city in Sinai is to remind them, as if necessary, of what they were forced to become."This proposal cannot be accepted, and not only by the Palestinians. It dives into the most significant change in the Middle East in the last century, the birth of the State of Israel and the Nakba. This change is etched in the history of neighboring countries, first and foremost Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. The uprooting of Palestinians to Sinai would be a burden on the Arab countries' shoulders — a burden they cannot bear, as was declared loud and clear in the statements issued by all the Arab leaders after Blinken's visit. They all focused on the Palestinian refugee issue, rejecting any possibility of a new population transfer from Palestine.Hypothetically, even if Blinken had received suggestions from Israel to propose, during his diplomatic tour of the region, a transfer of the Palestinian population to Sinai, the firm stance of all Arab interlocutors would have convinced the U.S. administration that it could go no further. Blinken made clear in an interview with Randa Abul Azm of Al-Arabiya that the United States would not support a transfer. "We've heard, and I've heard directly from Palestinian Authority President Abbas and from virtually every other leader that I've talked to in the region, that that idea is a nonstarter, and so we do not support it. We believe that people should be able to stay in Gaza, their home." King Abdullah expounded on the reason for the refusal on Tuesday at a press conference in Berlin with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, where he referred to refugees as "a red line." The next day, the Egyptian president said the same to Scholz at a journalists' gathering in Cairo. Finally, after his quick return from Amman to Ramallah after the attack on Al-Ahli Hospital in Gaza, Abbas clarified that Palestinians will not leave their country. Abbas, a veteran refugee from Safed, has all the experience to determine that, for the Palestinians, Nakba 2.0 is the fear that has been hovering over them in recent months and years, and is a chapter in their history that they refuse to live again at all costs.Blinken's diplomatic whirlwind tour of major Arab capitals, from Cairo to Riyadh, Abu Dhabi, and Amman, in which he attempted to formulate an exit strategy for the Israelis from Gaza, effectively failed even before the mass killings at Al-Ahli Hospital. From the very moment Al Jazeera began broadcasting the horrific images of the dead in the hospital compound, another element entered the game: the emotional and political reaction of the Arab street, of the people and societies looking at a story that is already etched in their personal biographies and national history.There were immediate, spontaneous demonstrations in the streets of Amman, Tunisia, Beirut, and Cairo. Governments were careful not to prohibit the protests, instead settling for restricting them, because they know very well that everything is different since the Arab Spring of 2011. Through the history of rebellions and revolutions, anyone who has gone out into the streets has internalized the following: a regime can fall. Everyone knows this, including the rulers.The surprising momentum of the events following the hospital bombing led to the hasty cancellation of the summit. For the Arab players, it was impossible to meet with the United States about the issue of refugees while the Americans are increasingly perceived as clinging to their alliance with Israel. On the other hand, the events shifted the discussion from the refugee question to an immediate demand for a ceasefire — not humanitarian corridors, but an immediate cessation of hostilities. The Arab states are demanding an end to the war, as is the UN.As has already happened in the region's history, the wind rising from Gaza blows beyond the narrow boundaries of the enclave, with all the dangers involved. For example, Sisi does not want to go down as the first president in the history of the Egyptian republic to allow Nakba 2.0, and certainly not before the Egyptian elections this December, which are supposed to consolidate his rule. King Abdullah heads a state with a significant Palestinian presence, not only numerically but also in terms of economic weight. And above all, relations between Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the Hashemite Kingdom have always been chilly and at times very complicated. The question of preserving the holy sites of Islam and Christianity in the Old City of Jerusalem is, among other things, at the heart of a fierce diplomatic clash between Jordan and the Netanyahu-led extreme right-wing coalition that has unfolded in recent years.Even Saudi Arabia, although it has begun the process of normalizing its relations with Israel, is no longer the same country that offered a peace plan 20 years ago in exchange for security, out of sensitivity to its alliance with the United States. The deepening presence of China in the Middle East, which during the COVID-19 pandemic consolidated its economic ties with many of the Persian Gulf coastal countries, is one of the main factors in the game today, first and foremost because China has managed to mediate a surprising reconciliation between the two biggest competitors in the region, Saudi Arabia and Iran.In other words, the United States' leeway for action is shrinking. The role of Washington, which clings so closely to Israel, is in danger of being tested at a critical moment when the Middle East will no longer be what it was. It seems that the United States does not have a sufficient understanding of the region, just as the $100 million offered by Biden as aid to the Palestinians at the end of his visit to Israel certainly does not suffice: each of Gaza's reconstruction plans, after five Israeli military operations in the past 15 years, is estimated at billions of dollars.This article was republished with permission from +972 Magazine..

This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU's (African Union's) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only "about" data, but which "is" data. According to an article by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), "At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge." Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is "trust" – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. "This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy", says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect 2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect 3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa) project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly), have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high-performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during 17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management. ; Department of Science & Innovation (DSI); National Research Foundation (NRF)

Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma represent global health problems for all age groups. Asthma and rhinitis frequently coexist in the same subjects. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) was initiated during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999 (published in 2001). ARIA has reclassified ARas mild/moderate-severe and intermittent/persistent. This classification closely reflects patients' needs and underlines the close relationship between rhinitis and asthma. Patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are confronted with various treatment choices for the management of AR. This contributes to considerable variation in clinical practice, and worldwide, patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are faced with uncertainty about the relative merits and downsides of the various treatment options. in its 2010 Revision, ARIA developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of AR and asthma comorbidities based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in more than 50 countries of the world. Ten years after the publication of the ARIAWorld Health Organization workshop report, it is important to make a summary of its achievements and identify the still unmet clinical, research, and implementation needs to strengthen the 2011 European Union Priority on allergy and asthma in children. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130:1049-62.) ; Stallergenes ; ALK-Abello ; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) ; MSD ; Novartis ; Nycomed/Takeda ; PHADIA/Thermo Fischer ; 3M ; AstraZeneca ; GlaxoSmithKline ; Merck Frosst ; Altair ; Amgen ; Asmacure ; Boehringer-Ingelheim ; Genentech ; Pharmaxis ; Schering ; Wyeth ; Ache ; Brazilian Research Council ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa da Bahia ; Fundacao Ciencia e Tecnologia ; Sociedade Portuguesa de Alergologia e Immunologia Clinica ; Abdi Ibrahim ; OrionPharma ; Nasonebs ; Merck ; McNeal ; Chiesi ; Nycomed ; Air Liquid Healthcare ; Mundipharma ; Almirall ; Kyorin ; Teva ; UK National Health Service ; Aerocrine ; AKL Ltd ; PREDICTA ; Swiss National Science Foundation ; MeDALL ; Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA 2LEN) ; Christine Kuthe Center for Allergy Research and Education ; Faes Farma ; Bial ; Johnson Johnson ; Sanofi ; HAD treasurer ; Innovative Medicine Initiative (EU) ; Helse Sor-Ost RHF (Southern and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority) ; MEDA ; Alcon ; ISTA ; Thermo-Fisher ; Airsonett ; Medical Research Council ; Moulton Charitable Trust ; AB Science ; Canadian Institutes for Health Research ; AllerGen NCE ; Merck/Schering-Plough ; Circassia ; University Hospital ; Medical School of Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Mexico ; Children's Research Foundation (Ireland) ; Danone ; Food Standards Agency (United Kingdom) ; European Union (EU) ; DTG ; Netherlands Asthma Foundation ; Merck-Sharp-Dohme, Mexico ; Allerquim Mexico ; Abbott ; Apotex ; HRA ; MedImmune ; Schering-Plough ; Proctor Gamble ; Sunovion (Sepracor) ; Phadia ; Servier ; CSC JohnsonJohnson ; Oxygen Plus ; New Medics ; European Respiratory Society ; Societe de Pneumologie de Langue Francaise Asthma ; Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Labor ; Altana ; Takeda ; UCB ; Uriach advisory board ; NAPP ; Royal College of GPs Clinical Champion in Allergy ; Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) ; AnseII ; Bayer Schering ; OST ; Fujisawa ; IHAL ; Henkel ; Kryolan ; Leti ; MSO ; Procter and Gamble ; Sanofi-Aventis ; Scientific Advisory Board for the German Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology ; German Federal Ministry of Consumer Protection ; European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation (ECARF) ; Hop Arnaud Villeneuve, Dept Resp Dis, Univ Hosp, Montpellier, France ; INSERM, U1018, CESP Ctr Res Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Resp & Environm Epidemiol Team, Villejuif, France ; McMaster Univ, Dept Clin Epidemiol & Biostat & Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Med Univ Warsaw, Dept Prevent Environm Hazards & Allergol, Warsaw, Poland ; Univ Hosp Montpellier, Hop Arnaud Villeneuve, INSERM, U657, Montpellier, France ; Catholic Univ, Fac Med, Res Ctr Resp Med CIMER, Cordoba, Argentina ; Univ Genoa, Sch Specializat, Genoa, Italy ; Univ Ghent, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, Upper Airways Res Lab, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium ; CNR, Inst Translat Pharmacol, Rome, Italy ; Univ Naples 2, Naples, Italy ; Univ Laval, Inst Univ Cardiol & Pneumol Quebec, Quebec City, PQ, Canada ; Univ Genoa, Dept Internal Med, DIMI, I-16126 Genoa, Italy ; Creighton Univ, Dept Med, Div Allergy & Immunol, Omaha, NE 68178 USA ; Univ Fed Bahia, ProAR Nucleo Excelencia Asma, Salvador, BA, Brazil ; CNPq, Salvador, BA, Brazil ; Univ Amsterdam, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Univ Porto, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Informat & Decis Sci, P-4100 Oporto, Portugal ; Univ Porto, Sch Med, CINTESIS, P-4100 Oporto, Portugal ; Hosp S Joao & Inst, Dept Allergy, Oporto, Portugal ; Hosp CUF Porto, Oporto, Portugal ; Erasmus MC, Dept Internal Med, Sect Allergol, Rotterdam, Netherlands ; Univ Washington, Sch Med, Seattle, WA USA ; Helsinki Univ Hosp, Dept Allergy, Skin & Allergy Hosp, Helsinki, Finland ; GARD ARIA Coordinator, Geneva, Switzerland ; Med Univ Lodz, Dept Internal Med Asthma & Allergy, Barlicki Univ Hosp, Lodz, Poland ; Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Div Allergy & Immunol, Tampa, FL 33612 USA ; James A Haley Vet Hosp, Tampa, FL USA ; Univ Oslo, Oslo Univ Hosp, Dept Paediat, Oslo, Norway ; CIBERES, IDIBAPS, Hosp Clin, Rhinol Unit,ENT Dept, Barcelona, Spain ; CIBERES, IDIBAPS, Hosp Clin, Smell Clin,ENT Dept, Barcelona, Spain ; Univ Chicago, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ; Alfred Hosp, Dept Allergy Immunol & Resp Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia ; Monash Univ, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia ; Teikyo Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Resp Med & Allergol, Tokyo 173, Japan ; EFA European Federat Allergy & Airways Dis Patien, Brussels, Belgium ; Univ Athens, Dept Allergy, Pediat Clin 2, Athens, Greece ; Nippon Med Sch, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan ; Univ Aberdeen, Dept Primary Care Resp Med, Aberdeen, Scotland ; Woodbrook Med Ctr, Loughborough, Leics, England ; Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland ; Univ Manitoba, Fac Med, Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ; Univ N Carolina, Sch Pharm, Chapel Hill, NC USA ; Celal Bayar Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pulmonol, Manisa, Turkey ; Allergy & Asthma Inst, Islamabad, Pakistan ; Med Univ Graz, Dept Dermatol, Graz, Austria ; Showa Univ, Sch Med, Div Allergol & Resp Med, Tokyo 142, Japan ; Transylvania Univ, Fac Med, Brasov, Romania ; Int Union TB & Lung Dis Union, Paris, France ; Univ Zurich, Swiss Inst Allergy & Asthma Res SIAF, Davos, Switzerland ; Minist Hlth, Publ Hosp Med Serv, Antananarivo, Madagascar ; INSERM, EPAR U707, Paris, France ; Univ Paris 06, EPAR, UMR S, Paris, France ; Hosp Quiron Bizkaia, Dept Allergy & Immunol, Erandio Bilbao, Spain ; Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Fac Hlth Sci, Div Pulmonol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa ; WHO, Collaborating Ctr Asthma & Rhinitis, Montpellier, France ; Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dept Oncol Hematol & Resp Dis, Modena, Italy ; Ctr Hosp Univ Rabta, Serv Pneumol Allergol, Tunis, Tunisia ; Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Pulmonol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Hop Mami, Ariana, Tunisia ; Bangladesh Lung Fdn, Dhaka, Bangladesh ; Natl Inst Dis Chest & Hosp, Dhaka, Bangladesh ; Charite, Dept Dermatol, Allergy Ctr Charite, D-13353 Berlin, Germany ; Univ Med Ctr, Dept Dermatol & Allergy, Bonn, Germany ; Odense Univ Hosp, Dept Dermatol, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark ; Odense Univ Hosp, Allergy Ctr, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark ; Univ Tennessee, Ctr Hlth Sci, Memphis, TN 38163 USA ; Univ Verona, Dept Paediat, I-37100 Verona, Italy ; Univ Laval, Fac Med, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada ; Hop Malbaie, La Malbaie, PQ, Canada ; Univ Leicester, Inst Lung Hlth, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England ; Royal Brompton Hosp, Dept Paediat Resp Med, London SW3 6LY, England ; Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Natl Heart & Lung Inst, Sect Allergy & Clin Immunol, London, England ; Ctr Med Docente La Trinidad Caracas, Dept Immunol, Caracas, Venezuela ; Univ Austral Chile, Fac Med, Dept Pediat, Valdivia, Chile ; Univ Fed Sao Joao del Rei, Hlth Sci Ctr, Hlth Sci Postgrad Program, Divinopolis, Brazil ; Univ Cartagena, Immunol Res Inst, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia ; So Calif Res, Mission Viejo, CA USA ; Metropolitan Univ Barranquilla, Allergy & Immunol Lab, Barranquilla, Colombia ; IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy ; Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Dept Thorac Surg, Rome, Italy ; Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Publ Hlth & Primary Care, Leiden, Netherlands ; Capital Inst Pediat, Asthma Clin, Natl Cooperat Grp Pediat Res Asthma, Beijing, Peoples R China ; Capital Inst Pediat, Educ Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China ; Ctr Asthma Res & Educ, Beijing, Peoples R China ; Hop Arnaud Villeneuve, Univ Hosp, Allergy Unit, Montpellier, France ; Univ Hosp, Dept Allergol, Sch Med CEU San Pablo Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Georgian Natl Univ, AIETI Med Sch, SEU Clin, Med Ctr, Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia ; Univ Genoa, Dept Internal Med, IRCCS Azienda Osped Univ San Martino, I-16126 Genoa, Italy ; Univ Montpellier I, Primary Care Dept, Montpellier, France ; Nova SE Univ, Coll Osteopath Med, Davie, FL USA ; Univ Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, England ; Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Resp Dis, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark ; Tech Univ Munich, Dept Dermatol & Allergy Biederstein, Munich, Germany ; TUM, Div Environm Dermatol, Munich, Germany ; TUM, Allergy Helmholtz Ctr, Munich, Germany ; Univ Hosp Strasbourg, Chest Dis Dept, Div Pulmonol Asthma & Allergol, Strasbourg, France ; Univ Med & Pharm Iuliu Hatieganu, Dept Allergy, Med Clin 3, Romanian Soc Allergy & Clin Immunol, Cluj Napoca, Romania ; McMaster Univ, AllerGen NCE, Dept Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; McMaster Univ, AllerGen NCE, Michael G DeGroote Sch Med, Div Clin Immunol & Allergy,Fac Hlth Sci, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Univ Versailles St Quentin, Hop Foch, UPRES EA 220, Suresnes, France ; Ctr Hosp Reg Annecy, Serv Pneumol, Annecy, France ; Univ Ss Cyril & Methodius, Univ Clin Pulmonol & Allergy, Skopje, Macedonia ; Georgia Hlth Sci Univ, Augusta, GA USA ; Ctr Hosp Univ Beni Messous, Serv Pneumoallergol, Algiers, Algeria ; Vilnius Univ, Fac Med, Collaborating Ctr GA2LEN, Vilnius, Lithuania ; Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Natl Heart & Lung Inst, London, England ; Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Winston Salem, NC USA ; Ain Shams Univ, Childrens Hosp, Pediat Allergy & Immunol Unit, Cairo, Egypt ; Egyptian Soc Pediat Allergy & Immunol, Cairo, Egypt ; Soc Marocaine Malad Resp, Casablanca, Morocco ; Ctr Resp Dis & Allergy, Casablanca, Morocco ; Vilnius Univ, Fac Med, Vilnius, Lithuania ; Univ Milan, Sch Med, Melloni Hosp, Milan, Italy ; Educ Hlth, Warwick, England ; Dokkyo Med Univ, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan ; WHO, Country Off Georgia, Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia ; Clin Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru ; Univ Nuevo Leon UANL, Hosp Univ, Fac Med, Monterrey, Mexico ; Ctr Allergy & Immunol, Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia ; Clin Hosp Univ Chile, Dept Med, Immunol & Allergol Div, Santiago, Chile ; Univ Hosp Leuven, Dept Otorhinolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Louvain, Belgium ; Cent Reg Denmark, Ctr Publ Hlth & Qual Improvement, Aarhus, Denmark ; Allergy Ctr Vienna W, Vienna, Austria ; Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Cork, Dept Paediat & Child Hlth, Cork, Ireland ; Univ Southampton, Fac Med, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England ; Univ Paris 11, Serv Pneumol, Hop Antoine Beclere, AP HP,INSERM,U999, Clamart, France ; Salvador Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina ; Univ St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland ; Univ Paris, APHP, Ctr Asthme & Allergies, Grp Hosp Trousseau La Roche Guyon, F-75252 Paris, France ; Hacettepe Univ, Sch Med, Pediat Allergy & Asthma Unit, Ankara, Turkey ; George Washington Univ, Sch Med, Washington, DC USA ; Inst Asthma & Allergy, Chevy Chase, MD USA ; Hacettepe Univ Hosp, Dept Chest Dis, Adult Allergy Unit, Ankara, Turkey ; Charite, Inst Social Med Epidemiol & Hlth Econ, D-13353 Berlin, Germany ; McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Hotel Dieu France, Serv Pneumol & Reanimat Med, Beirut, Lebanon ; Univ St Joseph, Fac Med, Beirut, Lebanon ; Natl Med Ctr, Seoul, South Korea ; Seoul Natl Univ, Seoul, South Korea ; Korea Asthma Allergy Fdn, Seoul, South Korea ; Ctr Hosp Univ, Serv Malad Resp, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire ; Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, GRIAC Res Inst, Beatrix Childrens Hosp,Dept Pediat Pulmonol & Ped, Groningen, Netherlands ; Med Univ Lodz, Dept Immunol Rheumatol & Allergy, Lodz, Poland ; Karolinska Inst, Dept Clin Sci & Educ, Stockholm, Sweden ; Karolinska Inst, Sachs Childrens Hosp, Stockholm, Sweden ; Vilnius Univ, Ctr Pulmonol & Allergol, Vilnius, Lithuania ; Vilnius Univ Hosp Santariskiu Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania ; Hosp Med Sur, Dept Allergy, Mexico City, DF, Mexico ; Univ Med & Pharm, Thanh Pho Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam ; Hop Sacre Coeur Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada ; Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada ; Guangzhou Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, State Key Lab Resp Dis, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China ; Univ Tennessee, Coll Med, Memphis, TN USA ; Univ Dundee, Ninewells Hosp, Asthma & Allergy Res Grp, Dundee, Scotland ; Dubai Hlth Author, Sharjah, U Arab Emirates ; Univ Sharjah, Sharjah, U Arab Emirates ; Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Div Clin Immunol & Allergy, Jackson, MS 39216 USA ; Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Arizona Resp Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA ; Univ Arizona, Inst BIO5, Tucson, AZ USA ; Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, NRITLD, Tehran, Iran ; Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Chron Resp Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran ; Charite, Dept Dermatol & Allergy, D-13353 Berlin, Germany ; Maputo Cent Hosp, Dept Peadiat, Maputo, Mozambique ; Eduardo Mondlane Univ, Fac Med, Maputo, Mozambique ; Childrens Hosp La Fe, Unit Pediat Allergy & Pneumol, Valencia, Spain ; Karolinska Inst, Inst Environm Med, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden ; Karolinska Univ Hosp, Astrid Lindgren Childrens Hosp, Stockholm, Sweden ; Univ Calif San Diego, Allergy & Asthma Med Grp, San Diego, CA 92103 USA ; Univ Calif San Diego, Res Ctr, San Diego, CA 92103 USA ; IMSS, Dept Allergy & Clin Immunol, Ctr Med Nacl Siglo 21, Mexico City, DF, Mexico ; Univ Aachen, Dept Dermatol, Aachen, Germany ; Inst Pneumol Marius Nasta, Bucharest, Romania ; Tishreen Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, WHO EMRO Collaborating Ctr Training & Res Chron R, Latakia, Syria ; CUF Descobertas Hosp, Immunoallergy Dept, Lisbon, Portugal ; Univ Padua, Dept Pediat, Food Allergy Referral Ctr Veneto Reg, Padua, Italy ; Mustapha Hosp, Algiers, Algeria ; Sci Ctr Childrens Hlth RAMS, Moscow, Russia ; Hosp Hospitaller Bros Buda, Budapest, Hungary ; Charite, Allergie Ctr Charite ECARF, Dept Dermatol Venerol & Allergy, D-13353 Berlin, Germany ; German Red Cross Hosp Westend, Berlin, Germany ; Jagiellonian Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pulmonol, Krakow, Poland ; Kinshasa Univ, ENT Dept, Kinshasa, Zaire ; Chiba Univ Hosp, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, Chiba, Japan ; Nippon Med Sch, Dept Otolaryngol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan ; Ctr Hosp Univ Pediat Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso ; Marmara Univ, Div Pediat Allergy & Immunol, Istanbul, Turkey ; Mem Hlth Grp, Istanbul, Turkey ; Charles Univ Prague, Fac Med Plzen, Dept Immunol & Allergol, Prague, Czech Republic ; MESSERLI Res Inst, Vienna, Austria ; Med Univ Vienna, Univ Vet Med Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; Univ Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; Ajou Univ, Sch Med, Suwon 441749, South Korea ; NICE, Paris, France ; Soc Pneumol Langue Francaise, Paris, France ; Krankenhaus Hietzing, Karl Landsteiner Inst Expt & Clin Pneumol, Dept Pulm Med, Vienna, Austria ; Alexanders Univ Hosp, Clin Allergy & Asthma, Sofia, Bulgaria ; Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, GRIAC Res Inst, Dept Pulmonol, Groningen, Netherlands ; Univ Cape Town, Lung Inst, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa ; Groote Schuur Hosp, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa ; Leiden Univ, Dept Pulmonol, Med Ctr, Leiden, Netherlands ; Grosshansdorf Clin, Grosshansdorf, Germany ; Hop Prive Athis Mons, Serv Pneumol, Athis Mons, France ; Helsinki Univ Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Skin & Allergy Hosp, Helsinki, Finland ; Tech Univ Munich, CKCARE, Dept Dermatol Allergy Biederstein, Munich, Germany ; Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med & Publ Hlth, Madison, WI USA ; Med Univ Silesia, Dept & Clin Internal Dis Allergol & Clin Immunol, Katowice, Poland ; Complesso Integrato Columbus, Allergy Unit, Rome, Italy ; IRCCS Oasi Maria SS, Troina, Italy ; Son Pisa Primary Care Ctr, IB Salut Balear Hlth Serv, Int Primary Care Resp Grp, Palma de Mallorca, Spain ; Hosp Luz, Immunoallergy Dept, Lisbon, Portugal ; Univ Missouri, Kansas City Sch Med, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA ; Childrens Mercy Hosp, Kansas City, MO USA ; Emek Med Ctr, Afula, Israel ; Technion Israel Inst Technol, Rappaport Fac Med, Haifa, Israel ; Ctr Med Docente La Trinidad, Dept Allergy & Clin Immunol, Caracas, Venezuela ; UCL, Royal Natl TNE Hosp, London, England ; Univ Zurich Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Allergy Unit, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland ; Univ Edinburgh, Sch Med, Ctr Populat Hlth Sci, Allergy & Resp Res Grp, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, Div Allergy Clin Immunol & Rheumatol, São Paulo, Brazil ; Natl Ctr Cardiol & Internal Med, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan ; Ctr ACI Immunoflow, Czech Initiat Asthma, Prague, Czech Republic ; GAAPP, Vienna, Austria ; Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol CREAL, Barcelona, Spain ; Pontificia Univ Catolica RGS, Sch Med, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil ; Univ Nevada, Sch Med, Reno, NV 89557 USA ; Hosp Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res IMIM, Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain ; Univ Pompeu Fabra UPF, Barcelona, Spain ; Jagiellonian Univ, Coll Med, Krakow, Poland ; Coimbra Univ Hosp, Immunoallergy Dept, Coimbra, Portugal ; Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Ctr Appl Genom, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ; Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland ; Univ Laval, Fac Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Laval, PQ, Canada ; Med Univ Vienna, Christian Doppler Lab Allergy Res, Div Immunopathol, Dept Pathophysiol & Allergy Res,Ctr Pathophysiol, Vienna, Austria ; Hosp Clin Barcelona, Dept Pneumol, Allergy Unit, Immunoallergia Resp Clin, Barcelona, Spain ; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain ; CIBERES, Barcelona, Spain ; Univ Paris 13, Bobigny, France ; Avicenne Hosp, AP HP, Bobigny, France ; Vilnius Univ, Fac Med, Dept Paediat, Vilnius, Lithuania ; Lithuanian Natl Council Childs Hlth, Vilnius, Lithuania ; Terveystalo Turku, Allergy Clin, Turku, Finland ; Univ Turku, Dept Lung Dis & Clin Immunol, Turku, Finland ; Univ Ghent, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium ; Catholic Univ Louvain, Univ Hosp Mt Godinne, Yvoir, Belgium ; Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, Dept Primary & Community Care, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Siriraj Hosp, Fac Med, Dept Pediat, Bangkok, Thailand ; CNR, IBIM, Palermo, Italy ; Clin Physiol IFC, Pisa, Italy ; Natl Univ Singapore, Yong Loo Lin Sch Med, Singapore 117595, Singapore ; Floridsdorf Allergy Ctr FAZ, Vienna, Austria ; Med Univ Vienna, Dept Dermatol, DIAID, Vienna, Austria ; Bradford Teaching Hosp Fdn Trust, Bradford Inst Hlth Res, Bradford, W Yorkshire, England ; Olmsted Med Ctr, Dept Res, Rochester, MN USA ; Univ Minnesota, Dept Family & Community Hlth, Rochester, MN USA ; Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Cyprus Int Inst Environm & Publ Hlth Assoc, Limassol, Cyprus ; Cyprus Univ Technol, Limassol, Cyprus ; Univ Cape Town, Red Cross War Mem Childrens Hosp, Dept Paediat & Child Hlth, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa ; Catholic Univ Cordoba, Sch Med, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, Cordoba, Argentina ; Guangzhou Med Univ, Guangzhou Inst Resp Dis, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China ; Guangzhou Med Univ, State Key Lab Resp Dis, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China ; Univ Clin Resp & Allerg Dis, Golnik, Slovenia ; Charite, Network Excellence, Global Allergy & Asthma European Network GA2LEN, D-13353 Berlin, Germany ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, Div Allergy Clin Immunol & Rheumatol, São Paulo, Brazil ; Web of Science

Part 1. Global -- 1. International Boundaries, Biological Borders, and the Public Governance of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are we Entering a Whole New Era? (Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly) -- 2. Pandemic Geopolitics in the Anthropocene (Simon Dalby) -- 3. COVID-19 and the Science of where (Michael F. Goodchild) -- 4. Coronavirus and Conservation: Environmental Repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic (Helen D. Hazen) -- 5. Pandemic Geopolitics and the Bordering of COVID-19: Academic and Lay Geographies of the Pandemic and Policies to Contain and Mitigate the Novel Coronavirus (Virginie Mamadouh) -- 6. Rethinking Distance and Presence Conceptions in Times of COVID-19 and post-COVID-19: The Search for a New Educational Literacy (Paulo Quadros) -- Part 2. States, Cities and COVID-19 -- 7. The Swedish COVID-19 Enigma/Exception (Sebastian Abrahamsson and Richard Ek) -- 8. Insularity in a Connected World? The COVID-19 Pandemic in Iceland (Karl Benediktsson, Benjamin D. Hennig, Anne-Cécile Mermet, and Sigríður Haraldsdóttir) -- 9. Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Small Island: The Isle of Man Case Study (Sharon C. Cobb) -- 10. Medical Philately and the World of COVID-19 Postage Stamps: Issues of Truth, Health and Wealth (Stanley D. Brunn) -- 11. The COVID-19 Pandemic in Ukraine: A Mosaic of Regional Patterns and Voices of Social Disparity (Eugenia Maruniak and Olena Dronova) -- 12. COVID-19 Policy in Uzbekistan: Slipping Back Toward Authoritarianism? (Reuel Hanks and Dilshod Achilov) -- 13. The Pandemic in Belarus in 2020-21: COVID-19 in the Shadow of Politics (Ales Kirkevich and Alena Makouskaya) -- 14. COVID-19, the Stay-Home Discourse and a 'New' Geographic Haven (Mohamed Salah Eddine Madiou) -- 15. COVID-19 Geopolitics in Southeast Asia: Regional and National Health (in)Securities in Times of Pandemic (Carl Grundy-Warr) -- 16. Three Challenges Facing Guatemala's COVID-19 Crisis: Mobility, Violence and Governance (Trudy Mercadal) -- 17. COVID-19 Waves and Politics in Costa Rica (Ivan Molina) -- 18. Societal Perceptions of the Saudi Government's Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic (Mark C. Thompson) -- 19. Tackling Challenges of COVID-19: An Assessment of the Convergence-Divergence Debates from the Global South-India (M. Satish Kumar and Aditya Singh) -- 20. Health Geography of COVID-19: An Exploratory Analysis of the Pandemic During its First Phase in the Compact Cities of Barcelona and Madrid, Spain (Montserrat Pallares-Barbera, Simón Sánchez-Moral, Rafael Vicente-Salar, and Alfonso Arellano) -- 21. Three impacts of COVID-19 in Pakistan society: Home Confinement, Social Survey Data and Maps Showing Diffusion (Tahir Awan, Tehreem Raza Ch, and Mavia Mumtaz) -- Part 3. Political impacts: Laws, Borders, Diplomacy, Elections, Peacekeeping -- 22. Peacekeeping Operations: Challenges and Opportunities in the Midst of Health Crises (Jessica Di Salvatore) -- 23. Travel Restrictions and Border Security Measures on the Canada–U.S. Border During the COVID-19 Pandemic—Does Law Matter in a Crisis? (Roger S. Fisher) -- 24. Forgotten Ones: Rhetoric of Migration and Tourism Governance in South Africa in the Sedentary Epoch of COVID-19 (Samuel Umoh Uwem and Oyewo Adetola Elizabeth) -- 25. From European Union Student Mobility to Lockdown: "Virtual Study Mobility" in the COVID-19 Era and a Case Study of Transnational Law in an International Classroom Delivered Online (Cherry James, John Koo, and Emmanouela Mylonaki) -- 26. Vaccination Nation: Vaccine Diplomacy and the U.S. Vaccine Rollout (Shaun J. Johnson) -- 27. Changing COVID-19 Border Restrictions and Borderland Resilience: The Finnish-Swedish Border Case (Eeva-Kaisa Prokkola and Juha Ridanpää) -- 28. Free Movement of Persons and Goods in the European Union During COVID-19 (Lehte Roots) -- 29. Intertwined Geographies of the Pandemic and the U.S. Presidential Election of 2020: COVID-19 Prevalence and Donald Trump (Ryan Weichelt, J. Clark Archer, Robert Shepard, Robert Watrel, and Jill Archer) -- Part 4. Communication, Branding and the Media -- 30. Affective Immediately: Reading the Semiotic Landscape of COVID-19 in Lincoln, Nebraska (James E. Baker) -- 31. Local Newspaper Coverage of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Two Major Texas Cities: A Visual Comparison of Houston and El Paso (Sarah A. Blue and Mary Stycos) -- 32. COVID-19 as the Great (un)equalizer: The Framing of Women in Media Coverage in China, the Middle East, and the U.S. (Mari A. DeWees and Amy C. Miller) -- 33. Place-Branding for Immigrant and Refugee Integration and Receptivity Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Responses of U.S. Cities in the "Welcoming America" Network (Paul N. McDaniel, Rajit H. Das, and Darlene Xiomara Rodriguez) -- 34. Lost in Translation: Reporting About COVID-19 Pandemic by Community Vernacular Radio Stations in Rural Kenya (Lilliane Atieno Oloo and Daniel Ochieng' Orwenjo) -- 35. Examining Effective Communication during COVID-19 Through Prime Minister's Speeches: The Case of Malaysia (Teresa Wai See Ong) -- 36. Trump and the Coronavirus: The Triumph of Incompetence (Barney Warf) -- Part 5. Communications: Websites, Social Media -- 37. Presenting, Representing, and Misrepresenting COVID-19 in the five Central Asian States: The Political Underpinnings of Official State Coronavirus Websites in Authoritarian Regimes (Ryan P. Cabana) -- 38. The Role of User-Generated Content Data for Collaborative Learning: Identifying Tourism Hot Topics During the Pandemic (Nuria Recuero Virto) -- 39. The Impact of COVID-19 and use of Geo-Tagged User Data in Territories without Planning: The Case of São Tomé and Príncipe (Nagayamma Aragão and Carlos Smaniotto Costa) -- 40. Social Distancing and Politeness: Hungarian Emailing Practices During the Coronavirus Epidemic (Ágnes Domonkosi and Zsófia Ludányi) -- 41. Application of GIS in Vaccine Distribution During COVID-19 (Jing Wu) -- Part 6. Cartoons and Cartooning -- 42. More than a Message: Public Health Advocacy, Political Cartooning and COVID-19 Challenges in Pakistan (Ayesha Ashfaq and Joseph Russomanno) -- 43. What's so Funny about COVID-19? How some Comic Strip Artists have Approached or Avoided a Sensitive Subject (Thomas L. Bell) -- 44. Visualizing the Unspeakable in Thought: A Multi-Model Discourse Analysis of Cartoons as a Device for Communicating (Maxwell Mpotsiah) -- Part 7. Maps and Mapping -- 45. One Year of COVID-19: Mapping the Spread of a Global Pandemic (Benjamin D. Hennig) -- 46. Mapping Silenced Spaces During Increased Overdose and COVID-19: Opportunities for Danger and Harm Reduction in Southern Appalachia (Lesly-Marie Buer, Bayla Ostrach, Sam Armbruster, and Erin Major) -- 47. COVID-19 in Tunisia: Mapping and Documenting the Impacts on those on the Margins (Betty Rouland and Marouen Taleb) -- 48. Mapping the COVID-19 Spatial Behaviors and Narratives of Women in an Architecture School in the Midwest USA" (Mania T. Taher) -- 49. Increased use of Maps During the COVID-19 pandemic: An example from Morocco (Abdallah Zouhauri) -- Part 7. Cultures: Diffusion and Social Well-Being) -- 50. The Way from the Leading Position to the Last: Geodemographic Analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Czechia (Dagmar Dzúrová, Klára Hulíková Tesárková, Pavlína Netrdová, and Lukáš Brůha) -- 51. COVID-19 Deaths in México: A Spatiotemporal Analysis (Oscar Gerardo Hernández-Lara, José R. Díaz-Garayúa, and Kevin A. Butler) -- 52. Impacts of COVID-19 on Nigerian Culture (Ibrahim Badamasi Lambu) -- 53. Research Frontiers on COVID-19 Issues in Brazilian Context (Paulo Quadros) -- 54. Geography, Factors and Consequences of COVID-19 Diffusion in Russia (Stepan Zemtsov and Vyacheslav Baburin) -- Part 9. Mobility and Immobility -- 55. Effects of COVID-19 on Urban Mobility and Public Space use in Kumasi, Ghana (Clifford Amoako, Kwasi Kwafo Adarkwa, and Michael Poku-Boansi) -- 56. Impact of COVID-19 on Nepal's Labour Migration (Sadikshya Bhattarai and Jeevan Baniya) -- 57. Voting with their Feet: Coronavirus Pandemic Refugees and the Future of American Cities (James H. Johnson, Jr.) -- 58. Exploring Human Mobilities in the COVID-19 Era in Urban and Rural Canada (K. Bruce Newbold, Curtis Towle, and Kaylah Vrabic) -- 59. Rearranging Mobilities and Immobilities and Placeremaking During COVID-19: Governing the Pandemic Situation through (im)mobilities in South Korea (HaeRan Shin) -- Part 10. Inequalities and Divides) -- 60. Pandemic and Education: Persistent Deepening of Educational Inequalities in Argentina as a Consequence of COVID-19 (Gustavo Javier Annessi and Paola Demirta) -- 61. COVID-19 and the Comorbidities of Spatial Inequality and Colonial Legacy: Two Caribbean Cases – Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago (April K. Baptiste and Hubert Devonish) -- 62. Digital Inequalities in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel and Germany (Elisabeth Sommerlad and Yossi David) -- Part 11. Marginalized Groups: Refugees, Silences, Gender, Racism, Survival -- 63. Beyond the Ecumene: Roma Genesis, Community and Survival in the COVID-19 World (Krasimir Asenov) -- 64. Ethnic Minorities in Poland in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Threats, Stigma and Forms of (in)visibility (Bartłomiej Chromik, Joanna Maryniak, and Justyna Olko) -- 65. Everyday Morbid Geography: Street life and COVID-19 State Regulation in Manila and Hanoi (José Edgardo A. Gomez, Jr., Redento B. Recio, Ha Minh Hai Thai, and Phuong Thu Nguyen) -- 66. Undocumented Migrants and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Similar and Dissimilar COVID-19 Stories Comparing Finland and Iran (Jussi S. Jauhiainen and Davood Eyvazlu) -- 67. 'If I don't Sell Food, How Would I eat?' Negotiating Street Vendor Livelihoods in the Context of COVID-19 Lockdowns in Urban Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos (Jennifer C. Langill, Binh N. Nguyen, and Sarah Turner) -- 68. Impact of COVID-19 on Local Planning Practices: Focusing on Tactical Urbanism, Slow Streets and low-Income Communities in Oakland, Los Angeles, San Francis.

The events in Niger over the past few months have been alarming to watch. What began as a military coup now risks spiraling into a wider war in West Africa, with a group of juntas lining up to fight against a regional force threatening to invade and restore democratic rule in Niamey.The junta have explicitly justified their coup as a response to the "continuous deterioration of the security situation" plaguing Niger and complained that it and other countries in the Sahel "have been dealing for over 10 years with the negative socioeconomic, security, political and humanitarian consequences of NATO's hazardous adventure in Libya." Even ordinary Nigeriens backing the junta have done the same. The episode thus reminds us of an iron rule of foreign interference: Even military interventions considered successful at the time have unintended effects that cascade long after the missions formally end.The 2011 Libyan adventure saw the U.S., French and British governments launch an initially limited humanitarian intervention to protect civilians that quickly morphed into a regime change operation, unleashing a torrent of violence and extremism across the region.There was little dissent at the time. As Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's forces battled anti-government rebels, politicians, the press and anti-Gaddafi Libyans painted an overly simplistic picture of unarmed protesters and other civilians facing imminent if not already unfolding genocide. Only years later would a UK House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee report publicly determine, echoing the conclusions of other post-mortems, that charges of an impending civilian massacre were "not supported by the available evidence" and that "the threat to civilians was overstated and that the rebels included a significant Islamist element" that carried out numerous atrocities of its own.Sens. John McCain (R-Ariz.), Joe Lieberman (I-Conn.), and John Kerry (D-Mass.) all called for a no-fly zone. "I love the military ... but they always seem to find reasons why you can't do something rather than why you can," complained McCain. The American Enterprise Institute's Danielle Pletka said it would be "an important humanitarian step." The now-defunct Foreign Policy Initiative (FPI) think tank gathered a who's who of neoconservatives to repeatedly urge the same. In a letter to then-President Barack Obama, they quoted back Obama's Nobel Peace Prize speech in which he argued that "inaction tears at our conscience and can lead to more costly intervention later."Then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, reportedly instrumental in persuading Obama to act, was herself swayed by similar arguments. Friend and unofficial adviser Sidney Blumenthal assured her that, once Gaddafi fell, "limited but targeted military support from the West combined with an identifiable rebellion" could become a new model for toppling Middle Eastern dictators. Pointing to the similar, deteriorating situation in Syria, Blumenthal claimed that "the most important event that could alter the Syrian equation would be the fall of Gaddafi, providing an example of a successful rebellion." (Despite Gaddafi's ouster, the Syrian civil war continues to this day, and its leader Bashar al-Assad is still in power).Likewise, columnist Anne-Marie Slaughter urged Clinton to think of Kosovo and Rwanda, where "even a small deployment could have stopped the killing," and insisted U.S. intervention would "change the image of the United States overnight." In one email, she dismissed counter-arguments:"People will say that we will then get enmeshed in a civil war, that we cannot go into another Muslim country, that Gaddafi is well armed, there will be a million reasons NOT to act. But all our talk about global responsibility and leadership, not to mention respect for universal values, is completely empty if we stand by and watch this happen with no response but sanctions."Despite grave and often-stated reservations, Obama and NATO got UN authorization for a no-fly zone. Clinton was privately showered with email congratulations, not just from Blumenthal and Slaughter ("bravo!"; "No-fly! Brava! You did it!"), but even from then-Bloomberg View Executive Editor James Rubin ("your efforts ... will be long remembered"). Pro-war voices like Pletka and Iraq War architect Paul Wolfowitz immediately began moving the goalposts by discussing Gaddafi's ouster, suggesting escalation to prevent a U.S. "defeat," and criticizing those saying Libya wasn't a vital U.S. interest.NATO's undefined war aims quickly shifted, and officials spoke out of both sides of their mouths. Some insisted the goal wasn't regime change, while others said Gaddafi "needs to go." It took less than three weeks for FPI Executive Director Jamie Fly, the organizer of the neocons' letter to Obama, to go from insisting it would be a "limited intervention" that wouldn't involve regime change, to professing "I don't see how we can get ourselves out of this without Gaddafi going."After only a month, Obama and NATO allies publicly pronounced they would stay the course until Gaddafi was gone, rejecting the negotiated exit put forward by the African Union. "There is no mission creep," NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen insisted two months later. Four months after that, Gaddafi was dead — captured, tortured and killed thanks in large part to a NATO airstrike on the convoy he was traveling in.The episode was considered a triumph. "We came, we saw, he died," Clinton joked to a reporter upon hearing the news. Analysts talked about the credit owed to Obama for the "success." "As Operation Unified Protector comes to a close, the alliance and its partners can look back at an extraordinary job, well done," wrote then-U.S. Permanent Representative to NATO Ivo Daalder and then-Supreme Allied Commander in Europe James Stavridis in October 2011. "Most of all, they can see in the gratitude of the Libyan people that the use of limited force — precisely applied — can affect real, positive political change." That same month, Clinton traveled to Tripoli and declared "Libya's victory" as she flashed a peace sign."It was the right thing to do," Obama told the UN, presenting the operation as a model that the United States was "proud to play a decisive role" in. Soon discussion moved to exporting this model elsewhere, like Syria. Hailing the UN for having "at last lived up to its duty to prevent mass atrocities," then-Human Rights Watch Executive Director Kenneth Roth called to "extend the human rights principles embraced for Libya to other people in need," citing other parts of the Middle East, the Ivory Coast, Myanmar and Sri Lanka.Others disagreed. "Libya has given [the mandate of 'responsibility to protect'] a bad name," complained Indian UN Ambassador Hardeep Singh Puri, echoing the sentiments of other diplomats angry that a UN mandate for protecting civilians had been stretched to regime change.It soon became clear why. Gaddafi's toppling not only led hundreds of Tuareg mercenaries under his employ to return to nearby Mali but also caused an exodus of weapons from the country, leading Tuareg separatists to team up with jihadist groups and launch an armed rebellion in the country. Soon, that violence triggered its own coup and a separate French military intervention in Mali, which quickly became a sprawling Sahel-wide mission that only ended nine years later with the situation, by some accounts, worse than it started. According to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the majority of the more than 400,000 refugees in the Central Sahel were there because of the violence in Mali.Mali was far from alone. Thanks to its plentiful and unsecured weapons depots, Libya became what UK intelligence labeled the "Tesco" of illegal arms trafficking, referring to the British supermarket chain. Gaddafi's ouster "opened the floodgates for widespread extremist mayhem" across the Sahel region, retired Senior Foreign Service officer Mark Wentling wrote in 2020, with Libyan arms traced to criminals and terrorists in Niger, Tunisia, Syria, Algeria and Gaza, including not just firearms but also heavy weaponry like antiaircraft guns and surface-to-air missiles. By last year, extremism and violence was rife throughout the region, thousands of civilians had been killed and 2.5 million people had been displaced.Things are scarcely better in "liberated" Libya today. The resulting power vacuum produced exactly what Iraq War critics predicted: a protracted (and forever close-to-reigniting) civil war involving rival governments, neighboring states using them as proxies, hundreds of militias and violent jihadists. Those included the Islamic State, one of several extremist groups that made real Clinton's pre-intervention fear of Libya "becoming a giant Somalia." By the 2020 ceasefire, hundreds of civilians had been killed in Libya, nearly 900,000 needed humanitarian assistance, half of them women and children, and the country had become a lucrative hotspot for slave trading.Today, Libyans are unambiguously worse off than before NATO intervention. Ranked 53rd in the world and first in Africa by the 2010 UN Human Development Index, the country had dropped fifty places by 2019. Everything from GDP per capita and the number of fully functioning health care facilities to access to clean water and electricity sharply declined. Far from improving U.S. standing in the Middle East, most of the Arab world opposed the NATO operation by early 2012.Only five years later, Clinton, once eager to claim credit, distanced herself from the decision to intervene. "It didn't work," Obama admitted bluntly as he prepared to leave office, publicly deeming the country "a mess" and, privately, "a shit show." The New York Times collected the damning verdicts of those involved: "We made it worse"; "Gaddafi is laughing at all of us from his grave"; "by God, if we can't succeed here, it should really make one think about embarking on these kind of efforts."Libya offers numerous cautionary tales about well-meaning U.S. military interventions, from the way they rapidly escalate beyond their initial goals and limited nature, to their penchant for unforeseen knock-on effects that are hard to control and snowball disastrously. As Obama's "success" in the country now threatens to spark a regional war in Niger that could even drag the United States into the fighting, it should remind us that the consequences of military action and rejection of negotiated solutions last much longer than, and look very different years after, the initial period of triumphalism.

This study examined advertising, exhibiting multilingual structures to reach the Nigerian audience. Halliday's mood system and morphological processes served as the theoretical configurations for analyzing textual elements of advertisements. These contextual terminologies permitted quantitative and qualitative approaches to thrive in order to culminate the investigation. Thus, the analysis showed political motifs, religious spheres, royal domains, musical settings, and friendship environment, as the fascinating panaceas to motivate readers. English, Yorùbá, and Hausa languages were functional facilities to mesmerize consumers. However, the advertisements displayed textual interruptions: FEBUHARI, FELABRATION, OBIdiently, and ATIKUlating, being strong prerequisites in persuasive designs. Creativity indicates the logically-minded behavior of publicists in blending grammatical structures of different languages together, yielding a unified whole, generating novel semantic values for regurgitation. It seems indisputable that such textual constructs have the capability to influence lexicographers, increase word-stock(s) of languages, and projecting the advertising industry as possessing cerebral proficiencies in linguistics' advancement. ; tdalamu@aul.edu.ng ; Taofeek O. Dalamu earned a PhD from the University of Lagos, Nigeria, under a methodical supervision of Prof. Adeyemi Daramola, with specialization in Systemic Functional Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, and Digital Humanities in relation, mostly, to advertising communications. Currently, Dr. Dalamu is a member of International Systemic Functional Linguistics Association, and teaches English courses at Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria. This scholar has a variety of 32 publications in reputable international journals across the globe. See: www.hq.ssrn.com/taofeekdalamu/papers, www.researchgate.net.cdn/taofeekdalamu, www.academia.com/taofeekdalamuuniversityoflagos. ; Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria ; Akinnaso, N. N. 2015. The politics of language planning in education in Nigeria. Word 41 (3): 337-367. Retrieved on 12 June 12 2018 from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00437956.1990.11435827?src=recsys. ; Alt, F., Evers, C. & Schmidt, A. 2009. Pervasive computing group users' view on context-sensitive car advertisements. Pervasive Computing 9-16. ; Ang, I. 1991. Desperately Seeking the Audience. London: Routledge. ; Arora, N., Dreze, X., Ghose, A., Hess, J., Iyengar, R., Jing, B., Joshi, Y., Kumar, V., Lurie, N., Neslin, S., Sajeesh, S., Su, M., Syam, N., Thomas, J. & Zhang J. 2008. Putting one-to-one marketing to work: Personalization, customization, and choice. Science and Business Media, Marketing Letters 19: 305-321. ; Awobuluyi, O. 2010. Linguistics and Nation Building: The Prof. Emeritus Ayo Bamgbose Personality Lecture. Ibadan: DB Martoy Books. ; Bakshy, E., Eckles, D. & Yan, R. 2012. Social Influence in Social Advertising: Evidence from Field Experiments, 146-166. http://weigend.com/files/teaching/stanford/2014/bakshy13.pdf. ; Barker, M. & Beezer, A. (eds.) 1992. Reading into Cultural Studies. London: Routledge. ; Benda, J. 1969. The Treason of the Intellectuals. New York: Norton. ; Bloor, T. & Bloor, M. 2013. The Functional Analysis of English. Abingdon: Oxon, Routledge. ; Bogart, L. 1995. Strategy in Advertising. Chicago: NTC Books. ; Braun-Latour, K. A., Latour, M. S., Pickrell, J. E. & Loftus, E. F. 2004. How and when advertising can influence memory for consumer experience. Journal of Advertising 33(4): 7-25. ; Brierley, S. The Advertising Handbook. London: Routledge. ; Brzozowska, D. & Chłopicki, W. (eds.) 2015. Culture's Software: Communication Styles. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. ; Cook, G. 1992. The Discourse of Advertising. New York: Routledge. ; Dalamu, T. O. 2017a. A functional approach to advertisement campaigns in Anglo-Nigerian Pidgin. Studies in Linguistics 44: 155-185. ; Dalamu, T. O. 2017b. Maternal ideology in an MTN® advertisement: Analyzing socio-semiotic reality as a campaign for peace. Journal of Language and Education 3(4): 16-26. DOI:10.17323/2411-7390-2017-3-4-16-26. ; Dalamu, T. O. 2018a. Exploring advertising text in Nigeria within the framework of cohesive influence. Styles of Communication 10(1): 74-97. ; Dalamu, T. O. 2018b. Euphemism: The commonplace of advertising culture. Acta Scientiarum. Language and Culture 40(2): 1-15. ; Dalamu, T. O. 2018c. English language development in Nigerian society: A derivative of advertising communications. Complutense Journal of English Studies 26: 263-286. ; Dalamu, T. O. 2018d. Advertising communication: Constructing meaning potential through disjunctive grammar. Anagramas Rumbos y Sentidos De La Communicación 17(33): 73-104. ; Dalamu, T. O. 2019a. Halliday's mood system: A scorecard of literacy in the English grammar in an L2 situation. Revista de Estudos da Linguagem 27(1): 241-274. ; Dalamu, T. O. 2019b. A Discourse Analysis of Language Choice in MTN® and Etisalat® Advertisements in Nigeria. Beau Bassin: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. ; Dalamu, T. O. 2019c. Textual artifact of advertising: A thrust of Halliday's mood system resources. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada 19(3): 407-454. ; Dalamu, T. O. 2020. Discoursing children characteristics of Zenith Bank®, Nigeria, Advertising: An expression of clause as representation. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 16(1): 333-365. ; Dash, N. 2008. Context and contextual word meaning. SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 5(2): 21-31. ; De Pelsmacker, P., Geuens, M. & Leuven, V. 2002. Media Context and Advertising Effectiveness: The Role of Context Appreciation and Context-Ad Similarity. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.198.6804&rep=rep1&type=pdf. ; Dellaert, B. & Stremersch, S. 2005. Marketing mass-customized products: Striking a balance between utility and complexity. Journal of Marketing Research XLII: 219-227. ; De Voe, M. 1956. Effective Advertising Copy. New York: Macmillan. ; Diessel, H. n.d. Morphological Processes. http://www.personal.uni-ena.de/~x4diho/INTRO_Morphological_processes.pdf. ; Dixon, R. & Aikhenvald, A. 2002. Word: A typological framework. In: R. Dixon & A. Aikhenvald, A. (eds.), Word: A Cross-Linguistic Typology, 1-4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Edegoh, L., Nwanolu, I. & Ezeh, N. 2013. Audience assessment of the use of models in billboard advertising: A study of consumers of Amstel Malt in Onitsha, Nigeria. International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities 6(1): 217-227. ; Emenanjo, N. E. (ed.) 1990. Multilingualism, Minority Languages and Language Policy. Agbor: Central Books Limited. ; Emodi, L. N. 2011. A semantic analysis of the language of advertising. African Research Review: An International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia 5(4): 316-326. ; Ervin-Tripp, S. 1994. Context in language. In: D. Slobin, J. Gerhardt, A. Kyratzis & J. Guo (eds.), Social Interactions, Social Context, and Language. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ; Fiske, J. 1987. Television Culture. London: Methuen. ; Fiske, J. 1989. Understanding Popular Culture. London: Unwin Hyman. ; Fontaine, L. 2013. Analyzing English Grammar: A Systemic Functional Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Forceville, C. 1996. Pictorial Metaphor in Advertising. New York: Routledge. ; Gieszinger, S. 2001. The History of Advertising Language. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. ; Piller, F. & Muller, M. 2004. A new marketing approach to mass customization. International Journal Computer Integrated Manufacturing 17(7): 583-593. ; Goddard, A. 2011. The Language of Advertising. London: Routledge. ; Gordon, C. 2014. Contextualization cues. Key Concepts in Intercultural Dialogue 57. http://centerforinterculturaldialogue.org. ; Graber, P. 2001. Context in Text: A Systemic Functional Analysis of the Parable of the Sower [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Emory University, Atlanta, GA. http://www.isfla.org/Systemics/Print/Theses/PhilipGraberDiss.pdf. ; Gramsci, A. 1971. The Prison Notebook. New York: International Publishers. ; Greenwald, A. & Leavitt, C. 1984. Audience involvement in advertising: Four levels. Journal of Consumer Research I(1): 581-592. ; Grossberg, R., Nelson, C. & Treichler, P. (ed.) 1993. Cultural Studies. London: Routledge. ; Hall, S., Hobson, D., Lowe, A. & Willis, P. (eds.) 1980. Culture, Media, Language. London: Unwin Hyman. ; Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic. London: Edward Arnold. ; Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen, M. I. M. C. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Hodder Arnold. ; Halliday, M. A. K . & Matthiessen, M. I. M. C. 2014. Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ; Harris, R. & Seldon, A. 1962. Advertising and the Public. London: Andre Deutsch. ; Hawthorn, J. (ed.) 1987. Propaganda, Persuasion and Polemic. London: Edward Arnold. ; Hesselgrave, D. 1995. Contextualization that is authentic and relevant. International Journal of Frontier Missions 12(3): 115-119. ; Hopkins, C. 2003. Scientific Advertising. Sedona: Carl Galletti. ; Howard, D. & Walton, P. (eds.) 1983. Language, Image, Media. New York: St. Martin's. ; Igboanusi, H. (ed.) 2001. Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan: Enicrownfit Publishers. ; Issitt, J. & Jackson, D. 2013. What Does it Mean to Be a Public Intellectual? https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/system/files/resources/12_march_presentation.pdf. ; Jackson, H. & Ze Amvela, E. 2000. Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. London: Continuum. ; Kannan, K. & Tyagi, S. 2013. Use of language in advertisements. English for Specific Purposes World 37(3): 2013. http://www.esp-world.info. ; Kaplan, R. B., Baldauf A. Jr. & Richard, B. 2007. Language Planning and Policy in Africa, vol. 2: Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria and Tunisia. Bristol: Channel View Publications Ltd/Multilingual Matters. ; Kövecses, Z. 2005. Metaphor in Culture: Universality and Variation. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University. ; Lakoff, R. 1982. Persuasive discourse and ordinary conversation, with examples from advertising. In: D. Tannen (ed.), Analyzing Discourse: Text and Talk, 239-311. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press. ; Linghong, Z. 2006. The linguistic features of English advertising. CELEA Journal 29: 1.http://www.celea.org.cn/teic/65/65-71.pdf. ; Maalej, Z. 2001. Processing pictorial metaphor in advertising: A cross-cultural perspective. Academic Research 1: 19-42. ; Machin, D. (ed.) 2014. Visual Communication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ; Malaviya, P. 2007. The Moderating Influence of Advertising Context on Ad Repetition Effects. http://www18.georgetown.edu/data/people/pm289/publication-40242.pdf. ; Malmkjaer, K. (ed.) 2004. The Linguistics Encyclopedia. London: Routledge. ; Mindtree n.d. Winning in the Age of Personalization Global Survey Compares Consumer Expectations Against Industry Initiatives. http://www.mindtree.com/personalization/global/pdf/mindtree-survey-report-personalization-global.pdf. ; Morgan, J. & Welton, P. 1986. See What I Mean: An Introduction to Visual Communication. London: Edward Arnold. ; Morley, D. 1992. Television Audiences and Cultural Studies. London: Routledge. ; Myers, G. 1994. Words in Ads. London: Arnold. ; Ogilvy, D. 2013. The Confessions of an Advertising Man. Harpenden, Herts: Southbank Publishing. ; Ojelade, K. & Ezenandu, P. E. (eds.) 2010. Language and National Development: A Book in Honor of Prince Adebisi Adedotin Bepo. Abeokuta: Palletspat Konsepts. ; Ozo-mekuri, N. (ed.) 2010. Language, Policy, Planning & Management in Nigeria: A Festschrift for Ben O. Elugbe. Port Harcourt: M & J Grand Orbit Communications Ltd. ; Perez-Sobrino, P. 2017. Multimodal Metaphor and Metonymy in Advertising. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Post, M. 2009. The Phonology and Grammar of Galo 'Words'. http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/17852/1/Post_Phonology%26Grammar.pdf. ; Rank, H. 1988. Persuasion Analysis: A Companion to Composition. Park Forest, IL: Counter-Propaganda Press. ; Read, D. & Loewenstein, G. 1995. Diversification bias: Explaining the discrepancy in variety seeking between combined and separated choices. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied I(1): 34-49. ; Robert, S. 2013. Language of Advertising: A Study of Nigeria's Nation Newspaper and Newswatch Magazine. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v2n3p61. ; Said, E. W. 1994. Representations of the Intellectual: The 1993 Reith Lectures. New York: Vintage Books. ; Sanusi, B. & Oloyede, D. 2014. Audience perception of the role of advertising on product positioning and brand loyalty in the Nigerian GSM market. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management 3: 6. http://www.arabianjbmr.com/pdfs/KD_VOL_3_6/24.pdf. ; Sapir, E. 1921. Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace. ; Scott, W. D. 1985. The Theory of Advertising: A Simple Exposition of the Principles of Psychology in Their Relation to Successful Advertising. New York: Garland Publishing. ; Sells, P. & Gonzalez, S. 2003. The Language of Advertising. http://www.york.ac.uk/language/staff/academic-research/peter-sells. ; Skorupa, P. & Dubovičienė, T. 2015. Linguistic characteristics of commercial and social advertising slogans. COACTIVITY: Philology, Educology 23(2): 108-118. ; Spaulding, E. & Perry, C. 2013. Making it Personal: Rules for Success in Product Customization. http://www.bain.com/Images/BAIN_BRIEF_Making_it_personal.pdf. ; Syam, N., Ruan, R. & Hess, J. 2005. Informs customized products: A competitive analysis. Marketing Science 24(4): 569-584. ; Thompson, G. 2014. Introducing Functional Grammar. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ; Toolan, M. 1988. The language of press advertising. In: M. Ghadessy (ed.), The Register of Written English: Situational Factors and Linguistic Factors, 52-64. London: Francis Pinter. ; Vaičenonienė, J. 2006. The language of advertising: Analysis of English and Lithuanian advertising texts. Studies about languages 9: 43-55. ; Van Dijk, T. A. 2010. Discourse and Context: A Sociocognitive Approach. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ; Vasiloaia, M. 2009. Linguistic features of the language of advertising. Economy, Transdisciplinarity, Cognition 1. http://www.ugb.ro/etc/etc2009no1/s0804%20%282%29.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2016. ; Wang, C., Zhang, P., Choi, R. & Díeredita, M. 2002. Understanding consumers' attitude toward advertising. Eighth Americas Conference on Information Systems. Human-Computer Interaction Studies in MIS, 1143-1148. ; Whiteman, L. 1997. Contextualization: The Theory, the Gap, the Challenge. http://www.internationalbulletin. org/issues/1997-01/1997-01-002-whiteman.pdf. ; Williamson, J. 1978. Decoding Advertising: Ideology and Meaning in Advertising. New York: Marion Boyars. ; Willis, P. 1990. Common Culture: Symbolic Work at Play in the Everyday Cultures of the Young. Milton Keyes: Open University Press. ; Yule, G. 1985. The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Zapata, B. A. 2000. Handbook of General and Applied Linguistics. Trebajo de Ascenso sin publicar – erida, Venezuela: Escuela de Idiomas Modernos, Universidad de Los Andes. ; Zapata, B. A. 2007. Types of Word and Word Formation Processes in English. http://webdelprofesor.ula.ve/humanidades/azapata/materias/english_4/unit_1_types_of_words_and_word_formation_processes.pdf. ; Zipporah-Meru, M. & Mberia, H. 2014. The effects of celebrity endorsement in advertisements. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 3(5): 178-118. ; 29 (2/2020) ; 4 ; 26