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Objective: During the interwar period, the healthcare system in Europe experienced a dramatic transformation. It was perceived that preventive medicine was no less important than curative medicine. Moreover, without proper prevention of the so-called social diseases, all later therapeutic measures were expensive and ineffective. The former battle against the consequences was replaced by measures targeting the causes. The fight against social diseases involved a state-owned strategy and a broad arsenal of measures. The University's scholars also took part in this process. Our study revealed that the significance of the disease prevention in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Stephen Bathory was well understood. Moreover, the treatment was not segregated from hygiene as strictly as it is today. Many hygienists as well as clinicians contributed to the development of preventive mechanisms. The broad specialization of doctors enabled them to see not only biomedical, but also social and economic aspects of a disease. Hygienists and doctors encouraged cooperation and coordination of their activities with the central and local authorities as well as education of the local population. The progress of medical science in Europe and the World, as well as the Soviet ideology in Eastern Europe distracted doctors from the search for the etiology of social illness. Biomedical treatment had become much more effective, and the development of social hygiene research in Eastern Europe had experienced stagnation. For ideological reasons the disease etiology in the Soviet bloc could not be associated with social factors. Social hygiene in the Soviet Union was highly politicized; it could only be interpreted in a frame of Soviet models. The healthcare system that had been created in the Soviet Union was named as the best in the world. The actual medical statistics were concealed from the public, since their logical interpretation could reveal the social causes of illnesses and the disadvantages of the soviet system. Sometimes we must return to basic ideas to improve current public health mechanisms. It is worth reconsidering fundamental questions, i.e. what public health is and how to achieve it. The breadth of the approach of the interwar Vilnius hygienists and doctors, the sensitivity to the social origins of diseases and persistence in combating them by all possible means could serve as an example for today's doctors. At that time, hygienists approached the idea that the highest goal of prevention was to create a healthy environment, healthy living and working conditions. Although today we live in a much safer environment than those individuals did, new threats are emerging because of changing technology and lifestyle. The broad approach of physicians remains equally important in order not only to combat individual precedents, but also to overcome the preconditions for emerging precedents. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reveal the theoretical patterns of hygiene and public health established by the hygienists of the Vilnius Hygiene Department as well as the attempts to apply them in practice. Methods: The study was conducted by analyzing the primary and secondary historical sources using the comparative method. A lot of data from the Lietuvos Centrinis Valstybės Archyvas (Lithuanian Central State Archives) that had been used in this research were published for the first time. According to the original archival data, an analysis of the scientific publications of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Stephen Bathory was made to find out the priorities of the research carried out at that time. Conclusions: The complicated economic conditions, the lack of support from the local and central government as well as the imperfections in health legislation of that time hindered the full implementation of the hygienist strategies of the University of Stephen Bathory. However, the activities of the Department of Hygiene of Stephen Bathory University had a significant impact on the development of hygiene science as well as medical practice in the Vilnius region during the Interwar period (1919–1939).

Objective: During the interwar period, the healthcare system in Europe experienced a dramatic transformation. It was perceived that preventive medicine was no less important than curative medicine. Moreover, without proper prevention of the so-called social diseases, all later therapeutic measures were expensive and ineffective. The former battle against the consequences was replaced by measures targeting the causes. The fight against social diseases involved a state-owned strategy and a broad arsenal of measures. The University's scholars also took part in this process. Our study revealed that the significance of the disease prevention in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Stephen Bathory was well understood. Moreover, the treatment was not segregated from hygiene as strictly as it is today. Many hygienists as well as clinicians contributed to the development of preventive mechanisms. The broad specialization of doctors enabled them to see not only biomedical, but also social and economic aspects of a disease. Hygienists and doctors encouraged cooperation and coordination of their activities with the central and local authorities as well as education of the local population. The progress of medical science in Europe and the World, as well as the Soviet ideology in Eastern Europe distracted doctors from the search for the etiology of social illness. Biomedical treatment had become much more effective, and the development of social hygiene research in Eastern Europe had experienced stagnation. For ideological reasons the disease etiology in the Soviet bloc could not be associated with social factors. Social hygiene in the Soviet Union was highly politicized; it could only be interpreted in a frame of Soviet models. The healthcare system that had been created in the Soviet Union was named as the best in the world. The actual medical statistics were concealed from the public, since their logical interpretation could reveal the social causes of illnesses and the disadvantages of the soviet system. Sometimes we must return to basic ideas to improve current public health mechanisms. It is worth reconsidering fundamental questions, i.e. what public health is and how to achieve it. The breadth of the approach of the interwar Vilnius hygienists and doctors, the sensitivity to the social origins of diseases and persistence in combating them by all possible means could serve as an example for today's doctors. At that time, hygienists approached the idea that the highest goal of prevention was to create a healthy environment, healthy living and working conditions. Although today we live in a much safer environment than those individuals did, new threats are emerging because of changing technology and lifestyle. The broad approach of physicians remains equally important in order not only to combat individual precedents, but also to overcome the preconditions for emerging precedents. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reveal the theoretical patterns of hygiene and public health established by the hygienists of the Vilnius Hygiene Department as well as the attempts to apply them in practice. Methods: The study was conducted by analyzing the primary and secondary historical sources using the comparative method. A lot of data from the Lietuvos Centrinis Valstybės Archyvas (Lithuanian Central State Archives) that had been used in this research were published for the first time. According to the original archival data, an analysis of the scientific publications of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Stephen Bathory was made to find out the priorities of the research carried out at that time. Conclusions: The complicated economic conditions, the lack of support from the local and central government as well as the imperfections in health legislation of that time hindered the full implementation of the hygienist strategies of the University of Stephen Bathory. However, the activities of the Department of Hygiene of Stephen Bathory University had a significant impact on the development of hygiene science as well as medical practice in the Vilnius region during the Interwar period (1919–1939).

In this article it is aimed to tell about a person, which was unduly forgotten in the history of the Vilnius University, though among his other activities, he did a lot to support and help the astronomers, coming to Paris and London from Vilnius. A former jesuit, talented preacher, professor of Rhetorics and other disciplines in Vilnius academy, Remigian Korwin Kossakowski (1730–1780) wrote a lot of letters to Vilnius (and perhaps to Warsaw too), from 1774 on, while working in Paris as the representative of the National Comission of Education of the Commonwealth of Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The letters which are kept in Vilnius university library, mainly addressed to the astronomers Marcin Poczobut and Andrzej Strzecki (1737–1797) are mainly connected with the scientific journey of Strzecki in 1778 to Paris and London and the circumstances of election of Poczobut as a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris. Letters are filled with digressions, reminding of gawenda literary genre, providing the researcher with data on the details of everyday life in the second half of XVIII century, political and ideological views of the addressee, his nostalgy for the Grand Duchy and Poland and his exceptional gift of expressing his feelings. The style of these letters show us that the human who wrote them was well educated, highly critical, curious and well-spoken, and the contents testify the not so well known side of the history of science relations between Vilnius, Warsaw and Paris.

In this article it is aimed to tell about a person, which was unduly forgotten in the history of the Vilnius University, though among his other activities, he did a lot to support and help the astronomers, coming to Paris and London from Vilnius. A former jesuit, talented preacher, professor of Rhetorics and other disciplines in Vilnius academy, Remigian Korwin Kossakowski (1730–1780) wrote a lot of letters to Vilnius (and perhaps to Warsaw too), from 1774 on, while working in Paris as the representative of the National Comission of Education of the Commonwealth of Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The letters which are kept in Vilnius university library, mainly addressed to the astronomers Marcin Poczobut and Andrzej Strzecki (1737–1797) are mainly connected with the scientific journey of Strzecki in 1778 to Paris and London and the circumstances of election of Poczobut as a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris. Letters are filled with digressions, reminding of gawenda literary genre, providing the researcher with data on the details of everyday life in the second half of XVIII century, political and ideological views of the addressee, his nostalgy for the Grand Duchy and Poland and his exceptional gift of expressing his feelings. The style of these letters show us that the human who wrote them was well educated, highly critical, curious and well-spoken, and the contents testify the not so well known side of the history of science relations between Vilnius, Warsaw and Paris.

In this article it is aimed to tell about a person, which was unduly forgotten in the history of the Vilnius University, though among his other activities, he did a lot to support and help the astronomers, coming to Paris and London from Vilnius. A former jesuit, talented preacher, professor of Rhetorics and other disciplines in Vilnius academy, Remigian Korwin Kossakowski (1730–1780) wrote a lot of letters to Vilnius (and perhaps to Warsaw too), from 1774 on, while working in Paris as the representative of the National Comission of Education of the Commonwealth of Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The letters which are kept in Vilnius university library, mainly addressed to the astronomers Marcin Poczobut and Andrzej Strzecki (1737–1797) are mainly connected with the scientific journey of Strzecki in 1778 to Paris and London and the circumstances of election of Poczobut as a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris. Letters are filled with digressions, reminding of gawenda literary genre, providing the researcher with data on the details of everyday life in the second half of XVIII century, political and ideological views of the addressee, his nostalgy for the Grand Duchy and Poland and his exceptional gift of expressing his feelings. The style of these letters show us that the human who wrote them was well educated, highly critical, curious and well-spoken, and the contents testify the not so well known side of the history of science relations between Vilnius, Warsaw and Paris.

In this article it is aimed to tell about a person, which was unduly forgotten in the history of the Vilnius University, though among his other activities, he did a lot to support and help the astronomers, coming to Paris and London from Vilnius. A former jesuit, talented preacher, professor of Rhetorics and other disciplines in Vilnius academy, Remigian Korwin Kossakowski (1730–1780) wrote a lot of letters to Vilnius (and perhaps to Warsaw too), from 1774 on, while working in Paris as the representative of the National Comission of Education of the Commonwealth of Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The letters which are kept in Vilnius university library, mainly addressed to the astronomers Marcin Poczobut and Andrzej Strzecki (1737–1797) are mainly connected with the scientific journey of Strzecki in 1778 to Paris and London and the circumstances of election of Poczobut as a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris. Letters are filled with digressions, reminding of gawenda literary genre, providing the researcher with data on the details of everyday life in the second half of XVIII century, political and ideological views of the addressee, his nostalgy for the Grand Duchy and Poland and his exceptional gift of expressing his feelings. The style of these letters show us that the human who wrote them was well educated, highly critical, curious and well-spoken, and the contents testify the not so well known side of the history of science relations between Vilnius, Warsaw and Paris.

Culturally, the post-incunabula is one of the most interesting categories of books – the book as a source of knowledge and a material object. Understanding of the ancient book as a practical thing allows viewing many other features of book ordinance (binding, printing, title page, marginalia, illustrations, etc.). Invention of printing in 15th century evoked the revolution in information culture, greatly increasing the number of books in circulation. The intellectual influence of the Renaissance culture had an impact on this transformation. The regenerative culture was unable to reflect these times in books. For the first time, the printing of books of that period manifested as a powerful means of agitation, education and fight for spiritual and political ideas. In the beginning of 16th century, books were the most glaring monuments of the Great Epoch. Necessity to examine them comprehensively is beyond any doubts. The post-incunabula are the books printed from 1 January 1501 to 1 January 1551, the books attributable to the oldest and the most valuable prints of the world. The post-incunabula are the books of the transitive period with the features both of manuscripts and modern books. In the practice of international book science, a particular attention is given to studies of incunabula. Among the researches of the book history, the studies of incunabula take a great place, herewith giving less attention to investigations of the post-incunabula. The aim of the present research is to ascertain the changes of formal features of the post-incunabula present in Vilnius University Library. The chosen theme is one of the least investigated sections of the book history, thus, presently, new investigations are very relevant. The paper aims at answering to uneasy questions by setting the following objectives: 1. To present the historic epoch and circumstances determining transformation of books; 2. To analyse the epochal features of incunabula and post-incunabula; 3. To discuss the concept "post-incunabula" and other theoretical aspects; 4. To establish the dating of the concept "post-incunabula" in different regions, tendencies of its use, and its features; 5. To present the structure and specifics of formation of the VUL catalogue; 6. To perform an empirical analysis the VUL collection. For the Master's Thesis we applied the research method of comparative analysis of scientific literature. The empirical investigation was done by analysing the bibliographical inventory of VUL catalogue of post-incunabula. The research revealed that there was no unified opinion about the beginning and the end of the post-incunabula dating as that was the period when a book contained the elements both of incunabula and a modern book, which were combined together. Practically, the post-incunabula of the VUL distinguish insubstantially for their formal features; especially this applies to the books published within 2-3 decades of the 16th century. Only during the next decades, features of modern books became more and more visible. However, in 4-5 decades of the 16th century, the features characteristic of the incunabula, which did not vanish during the period of post-incunabula of 50 years-long, were still observable. A book banished the features of incunabula in 17th century. The post-incunabula can be considered to be modernising incunabula. Changing thinking of society, new ideas, progress of science and increased demand of books promoted printers to replace the old manuscript book with publications printed faster and more convenient for people to read. The period of post-incunabula from 1501 to 1551 is a transitory period of the book history, a combination of an old (manuscript) book and a modern one. The collection of the VUL post-incunabula reflects the change of formal features from incunabula to the beginning of formation of a modern book.

Culturally, the post-incunabula is one of the most interesting categories of books – the book as a source of knowledge and a material object. Understanding of the ancient book as a practical thing allows viewing many other features of book ordinance (binding, printing, title page, marginalia, illustrations, etc.). Invention of printing in 15th century evoked the revolution in information culture, greatly increasing the number of books in circulation. The intellectual influence of the Renaissance culture had an impact on this transformation. The regenerative culture was unable to reflect these times in books. For the first time, the printing of books of that period manifested as a powerful means of agitation, education and fight for spiritual and political ideas. In the beginning of 16th century, books were the most glaring monuments of the Great Epoch. Necessity to examine them comprehensively is beyond any doubts. The post-incunabula are the books printed from 1 January 1501 to 1 January 1551, the books attributable to the oldest and the most valuable prints of the world. The post-incunabula are the books of the transitive period with the features both of manuscripts and modern books. In the practice of international book science, a particular attention is given to studies of incunabula. Among the researches of the book history, the studies of incunabula take a great place, herewith giving less attention to investigations of the post-incunabula. The aim of the present research is to ascertain the changes of formal features of the post-incunabula present in Vilnius University Library. The chosen theme is one of the least investigated sections of the book history, thus, presently, new investigations are very relevant. The paper aims at answering to uneasy questions by setting the following objectives: 1. To present the historic epoch and circumstances determining transformation of books; 2. To analyse the epochal features of incunabula and post-incunabula; 3. To discuss the concept "post-incunabula" and other theoretical aspects; 4. To establish the dating of the concept "post-incunabula" in different regions, tendencies of its use, and its features; 5. To present the structure and specifics of formation of the VUL catalogue; 6. To perform an empirical analysis the VUL collection. For the Master's Thesis we applied the research method of comparative analysis of scientific literature. The empirical investigation was done by analysing the bibliographical inventory of VUL catalogue of post-incunabula. The research revealed that there was no unified opinion about the beginning and the end of the post-incunabula dating as that was the period when a book contained the elements both of incunabula and a modern book, which were combined together. Practically, the post-incunabula of the VUL distinguish insubstantially for their formal features; especially this applies to the books published within 2-3 decades of the 16th century. Only during the next decades, features of modern books became more and more visible. However, in 4-5 decades of the 16th century, the features characteristic of the incunabula, which did not vanish during the period of post-incunabula of 50 years-long, were still observable. A book banished the features of incunabula in 17th century. The post-incunabula can be considered to be modernising incunabula. Changing thinking of society, new ideas, progress of science and increased demand of books promoted printers to replace the old manuscript book with publications printed faster and more convenient for people to read. The period of post-incunabula from 1501 to 1551 is a transitory period of the book history, a combination of an old (manuscript) book and a modern one. The collection of the VUL post-incunabula reflects the change of formal features from incunabula to the beginning of formation of a modern book.

Aim of the study: to evaluate Kaunas University of Medicine residents preparation for a practical activity and work in health care institutions. Objectives: 1. the evaluation of description of residential studies programs; 2. the evaluation of structure of medical standards; 3. the evaluation of resident's opinion of their preparation for practical activity. Methods: The object of analysis: KMU programs of residency studies; medical standards; KMU doctors graduated in 2006. Methods of analysis: the analysis of scientific literature; the analysis of documents; questionnaire; the analysis of statistical data using the program SPSS 12. Results: 1. There was 28 residency studies programs evaluated, that had clear and equal for all programs structure. The constitution and content of programs were clearly described. There was no security of common internal residency programs quality politics and procedures. Some inaccuracy was found in sixteen residency programs. 2. Seven professional qualifications did not have certified medical standards. The standards had equal and clear structure. The residency programs were organized according to these standards. 3. 53, 8 % of residents got to know the medical standards, they also better knew their specialty diseases (p=0,029). Medical residents of traditional profile better knew the symptoms of their specialty diseases (Fisher exact test p=0,027). 36, 5 % of residents assumed that they had enough experience in communication with patients. Diagnose and heal tumors could 19, 2 %, do surgery 15 %. Approximately 65 % of respondents evaluated well the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. Only 25 % could forecast heal results independently. 34, 6 % of respondents spared maximum time for their studies and tried hardest, they stated, they could independently make tests, decisions while healing. The same amount of respondents thought that their specialty was considered to be prestigious. Those residents, who spared more time for their studies and tried harder, better evaluated the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. 48, 1 % of respondents were satisfied with their studies. Those residents, who better evaluated lecturers (p<0,001) and environment (p=0,027) were more satisfied. Asked where they would like to work after graduating from the university, 30,8 % said they would choose not healing sphere, 32,6 % would choose the second level of HCI in Lithuanian cities. 63, 5 % of respondents think about leaving to foreign countries. Conclusions: 1. The programs of KMU residential studies were created and prepared for all professional qualifications and conformed to higher education residential programs and their principles. 2. The medical standards were structured, easily written, certified with Health service minister order and were available for all medical professions, but were certified not with all professional qualifications. 3. The residents, who spared more time for studies, statistically could better evaluate their knowledge, qualification, and preparation for practical activity; however the majority (65, 4 %) did not pay much time for their studies. In the residents opinion their theoretical knowledge was good, but there was lack of practical skills.

Aim of the study: to evaluate Kaunas University of Medicine residents preparation for a practical activity and work in health care institutions. Objectives: 1. the evaluation of description of residential studies programs; 2. the evaluation of structure of medical standards; 3. the evaluation of resident's opinion of their preparation for practical activity. Methods: The object of analysis: KMU programs of residency studies; medical standards; KMU doctors graduated in 2006. Methods of analysis: the analysis of scientific literature; the analysis of documents; questionnaire; the analysis of statistical data using the program SPSS 12. Results: 1. There was 28 residency studies programs evaluated, that had clear and equal for all programs structure. The constitution and content of programs were clearly described. There was no security of common internal residency programs quality politics and procedures. Some inaccuracy was found in sixteen residency programs. 2. Seven professional qualifications did not have certified medical standards. The standards had equal and clear structure. The residency programs were organized according to these standards. 3. 53, 8 % of residents got to know the medical standards, they also better knew their specialty diseases (p=0,029). Medical residents of traditional profile better knew the symptoms of their specialty diseases (Fisher exact test p=0,027). 36, 5 % of residents assumed that they had enough experience in communication with patients. Diagnose and heal tumors could 19, 2 %, do surgery 15 %. Approximately 65 % of respondents evaluated well the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. Only 25 % could forecast heal results independently. 34, 6 % of respondents spared maximum time for their studies and tried hardest, they stated, they could independently make tests, decisions while healing. The same amount of respondents thought that their specialty was considered to be prestigious. Those residents, who spared more time for their studies and tried harder, better evaluated the knowledge, qualification and preparation for practical activity they got. 48, 1 % of respondents were satisfied with their studies. Those residents, who better evaluated lecturers (p<0,001) and environment (p=0,027) were more satisfied. Asked where they would like to work after graduating from the university, 30,8 % said they would choose not healing sphere, 32,6 % would choose the second level of HCI in Lithuanian cities. 63, 5 % of respondents think about leaving to foreign countries. Conclusions: 1. The programs of KMU residential studies were created and prepared for all professional qualifications and conformed to higher education residential programs and their principles. 2. The medical standards were structured, easily written, certified with Health service minister order and were available for all medical professions, but were certified not with all professional qualifications. 3. The residents, who spared more time for studies, statistically could better evaluate their knowledge, qualification, and preparation for practical activity; however the majority (65, 4 %) did not pay much time for their studies. In the residents opinion their theoretical knowledge was good, but there was lack of practical skills.

This text (which inspired the appearance of a new rubric in the journal Studies of Lithuania s History, named "University studies") is dedicated to the discussion "What are University studies?" or more precisely: what can consolidate different faculties and sciences? For this reason the concept of general University education was created and started to implement. This study aimed to analyze the documents and to reftect the whole process. The University seeks to find solutions what modules and how many credits can help to break through very specialized study programmes implemented by the thirteen faculties, which become separate institutions united only by the Senate. The imposed limits do not allow to fully use the University's potential. In this paper, the solution is searched basing on several theoretical principles. The most important are the insight of different paradigms of universities' development and the idea of modern university's purpose formulated by Yehuda Elkana who visited Vilnius University in 2004, which emphasize social responsibility, democracy and dialogue. The principle of the openness of universities is important for two reasons: university shares modern scientific ideas with society and gives arguments to society in the solution of socially important problems. This also allows keeping to the traditional university's values - the search of existential values and modem scientism. It enables to answer the question of the mentioned discussion at Vilnius University. Not only the existential meaning or scientific depth, universal education or universal acknowledgement is important. lt is also important to have a universal possibility to choose from the maximum variety of study programmes. This answers the previous question of what module, or modules, of general university education could be applied.

This text (which inspired the appearance of a new rubric in the journal Studies of Lithuania s History, named "University studies") is dedicated to the discussion "What are University studies?" or more precisely: what can consolidate different faculties and sciences? For this reason the concept of general University education was created and started to implement. This study aimed to analyze the documents and to reftect the whole process. The University seeks to find solutions what modules and how many credits can help to break through very specialized study programmes implemented by the thirteen faculties, which become separate institutions united only by the Senate. The imposed limits do not allow to fully use the University's potential. In this paper, the solution is searched basing on several theoretical principles. The most important are the insight of different paradigms of universities' development and the idea of modern university's purpose formulated by Yehuda Elkana who visited Vilnius University in 2004, which emphasize social responsibility, democracy and dialogue. The principle of the openness of universities is important for two reasons: university shares modern scientific ideas with society and gives arguments to society in the solution of socially important problems. This also allows keeping to the traditional university's values - the search of existential values and modem scientism. It enables to answer the question of the mentioned discussion at Vilnius University. Not only the existential meaning or scientific depth, universal education or universal acknowledgement is important. lt is also important to have a universal possibility to choose from the maximum variety of study programmes. This answers the previous question of what module, or modules, of general university education could be applied.

This text (which inspired the appearance of a new rubric in the journal Studies of Lithuania s History, named "University studies") is dedicated to the discussion "What are University studies?" or more precisely: what can consolidate different faculties and sciences? For this reason the concept of general University education was created and started to implement. This study aimed to analyze the documents and to reftect the whole process. The University seeks to find solutions what modules and how many credits can help to break through very specialized study programmes implemented by the thirteen faculties, which become separate institutions united only by the Senate. The imposed limits do not allow to fully use the University's potential. In this paper, the solution is searched basing on several theoretical principles. The most important are the insight of different paradigms of universities' development and the idea of modern university's purpose formulated by Yehuda Elkana who visited Vilnius University in 2004, which emphasize social responsibility, democracy and dialogue. The principle of the openness of universities is important for two reasons: university shares modern scientific ideas with society and gives arguments to society in the solution of socially important problems. This also allows keeping to the traditional university's values - the search of existential values and modem scientism. It enables to answer the question of the mentioned discussion at Vilnius University. Not only the existential meaning or scientific depth, universal education or universal acknowledgement is important. lt is also important to have a universal possibility to choose from the maximum variety of study programmes. This answers the previous question of what module, or modules, of general university education could be applied.

This text (which inspired the appearance of a new rubric in the journal Studies of Lithuania s History, named "University studies") is dedicated to the discussion "What are University studies?" or more precisely: what can consolidate different faculties and sciences? For this reason the concept of general University education was created and started to implement. This study aimed to analyze the documents and to reftect the whole process. The University seeks to find solutions what modules and how many credits can help to break through very specialized study programmes implemented by the thirteen faculties, which become separate institutions united only by the Senate. The imposed limits do not allow to fully use the University's potential. In this paper, the solution is searched basing on several theoretical principles. The most important are the insight of different paradigms of universities' development and the idea of modern university's purpose formulated by Yehuda Elkana who visited Vilnius University in 2004, which emphasize social responsibility, democracy and dialogue. The principle of the openness of universities is important for two reasons: university shares modern scientific ideas with society and gives arguments to society in the solution of socially important problems. This also allows keeping to the traditional university's values - the search of existential values and modem scientism. It enables to answer the question of the mentioned discussion at Vilnius University. Not only the existential meaning or scientific depth, universal education or universal acknowledgement is important. lt is also important to have a universal possibility to choose from the maximum variety of study programmes. This answers the previous question of what module, or modules, of general university education could be applied.

The relevance and importance of University and Business Collaboration (UBC) in this dissertation has been analysed at individual academic faculty and business employee level focusing on academic staff readiness to deliver online learning services. Very important issue was pointed out by Davey (2013) study that academic staff needs to be involved more by receiving greater personal benefits from their universities in terms of increasing university business collaboration. According to Kotha et al., (2013) it is not simple for business organizations to combine elements of their existing knowledge with new elicited distant knowledge. Promotion of University and Business Collaboration has a broader framework with strong integrated academic staff role. First of all interdisciplinary aspect should be admitted by covering education science and business areas as academic staff readiness is analysed in the framework of changing university mission, which is influenced by economic change as well. The study is significant because it will outcome by creating a university-business collaboration framework and disclose the academic staff readiness for online services delivery to business strengthening the UBC. Reccomendation for university, business and government has been prepared.