Suchergebnisse

When discussing the priorities and leverage in urban development, we usually use such concepts as "economic potential", "financial investment", "a great quantity of constructions", etc. However, the final result should in fact strive for human happiness, health, love for your city, wish to live there. The urban structure of a city always contains a system of open green spaces. These areas are important not only from green spaces. These areas are important not only from ecological and aesthetical point of view, but also for social communication as well as raising the economic value of plots. The paper, giving an example of contemporary development of the resort of Palanga, deals with tendencies and problems resulting from the privatization process and great mistakes in locating urbanized plots in the areas of the Lithuanian seaside. The areas, which in the Master Plan are foreseen for new parks, forests and hydroparks, started to be used for construction of private buildings. Generally, in Lithuania not only resort areas, but also any open spaces and even outer wood areas suffer from a bad tendency to treat them exceptionally as potential plots for building construction. In the case of Palanga we meet with the danger of continuous urbanization of the seaside, what consequently means decrease of the quality of the resort as well as fall in land prices in future. Progressive examples from foreign countries and the European Union directives are given, where the quantity of green areas in a city is considered as one of the most important criteria of its modernity and quality. The paper is based on a continuous experience of the author and on the recent work at Institute of Architecture and Contruction on the impact of land privatization on land prices and urban development. Reasonable balance between private and public interests is nesessary, and we still lack it.

When discussing the priorities and leverage in urban development, we usually use such concepts as "economic potential", "financial investment", "a great quantity of constructions", etc. However, the final result should in fact strive for human happiness, health, love for your city, wish to live there. The urban structure of a city always contains a system of open green spaces. These areas are important not only from green spaces. These areas are important not only from ecological and aesthetical point of view, but also for social communication as well as raising the economic value of plots. The paper, giving an example of contemporary development of the resort of Palanga, deals with tendencies and problems resulting from the privatization process and great mistakes in locating urbanized plots in the areas of the Lithuanian seaside. The areas, which in the Master Plan are foreseen for new parks, forests and hydroparks, started to be used for construction of private buildings. Generally, in Lithuania not only resort areas, but also any open spaces and even outer wood areas suffer from a bad tendency to treat them exceptionally as potential plots for building construction. In the case of Palanga we meet with the danger of continuous urbanization of the seaside, what consequently means decrease of the quality of the resort as well as fall in land prices in future. Progressive examples from foreign countries and the European Union directives are given, where the quantity of green areas in a city is considered as one of the most important criteria of its modernity and quality. The paper is based on a continuous experience of the author and on the recent work at Institute of Architecture and Contruction on the impact of land privatization on land prices and urban development. Reasonable balance between private and public interests is nesessary, and we still lack it.

When discussing the priorities and leverage in urban development, we usually use such concepts as "economic potential", "financial investment", "a great quantity of constructions", etc. However, the final result should in fact strive for human happiness, health, love for your city, wish to live there. The urban structure of a city always contains a system of open green spaces. These areas are important not only from green spaces. These areas are important not only from ecological and aesthetical point of view, but also for social communication as well as raising the economic value of plots. The paper, giving an example of contemporary development of the resort of Palanga, deals with tendencies and problems resulting from the privatization process and great mistakes in locating urbanized plots in the areas of the Lithuanian seaside. The areas, which in the Master Plan are foreseen for new parks, forests and hydroparks, started to be used for construction of private buildings. Generally, in Lithuania not only resort areas, but also any open spaces and even outer wood areas suffer from a bad tendency to treat them exceptionally as potential plots for building construction. In the case of Palanga we meet with the danger of continuous urbanization of the seaside, what consequently means decrease of the quality of the resort as well as fall in land prices in future. Progressive examples from foreign countries and the European Union directives are given, where the quantity of green areas in a city is considered as one of the most important criteria of its modernity and quality. The paper is based on a continuous experience of the author and on the recent work at Institute of Architecture and Contruction on the impact of land privatization on land prices and urban development. Reasonable balance between private and public interests is nesessary, and we still lack it.

When discussing the priorities and leverage in urban development, we usually use such concepts as "economic potential", "financial investment", "a great quantity of constructions", etc. However, the final result should in fact strive for human happiness, health, love for your city, wish to live there. The urban structure of a city always contains a system of open green spaces. These areas are important not only from green spaces. These areas are important not only from ecological and aesthetical point of view, but also for social communication as well as raising the economic value of plots. The paper, giving an example of contemporary development of the resort of Palanga, deals with tendencies and problems resulting from the privatization process and great mistakes in locating urbanized plots in the areas of the Lithuanian seaside. The areas, which in the Master Plan are foreseen for new parks, forests and hydroparks, started to be used for construction of private buildings. Generally, in Lithuania not only resort areas, but also any open spaces and even outer wood areas suffer from a bad tendency to treat them exceptionally as potential plots for building construction. In the case of Palanga we meet with the danger of continuous urbanization of the seaside, what consequently means decrease of the quality of the resort as well as fall in land prices in future. Progressive examples from foreign countries and the European Union directives are given, where the quantity of green areas in a city is considered as one of the most important criteria of its modernity and quality. The paper is based on a continuous experience of the author and on the recent work at Institute of Architecture and Contruction on the impact of land privatization on land prices and urban development. Reasonable balance between private and public interests is nesessary, and we still lack it.

When discussing the priorities and leverage in urban development, we usually use such concepts as "economic potential", "financial investment", "a great quantity of constructions", etc. However, the final result should in fact strive for human happiness, health, love for your city, wish to live there. The urban structure of a city always contains a system of open green spaces. These areas are important not only from green spaces. These areas are important not only from ecological and aesthetical point of view, but also for social communication as well as raising the economic value of plots. The paper, giving an example of contemporary development of the resort of Palanga, deals with tendencies and problems resulting from the privatization process and great mistakes in locating urbanized plots in the areas of the Lithuanian seaside. The areas, which in the Master Plan are foreseen for new parks, forests and hydroparks, started to be used for construction of private buildings. Generally, in Lithuania not only resort areas, but also any open spaces and even outer wood areas suffer from a bad tendency to treat them exceptionally as potential plots for building construction. In the case of Palanga we meet with the danger of continuous urbanization of the seaside, what consequently means decrease of the quality of the resort as well as fall in land prices in future. Progressive examples from foreign countries and the European Union directives are given, where the quantity of green areas in a city is considered as one of the most important criteria of its modernity and quality. The paper is based on a continuous experience of the author and on the recent work at Institute of Architecture and Contruction on the impact of land privatization on land prices and urban development. Reasonable balance between private and public interests is nesessary, and we still lack it.

When discussing the priorities and leverage in urban development, we usually use such concepts as "economic potential", "financial investment", "a great quantity of constructions", etc. However, the final result should in fact strive for human happiness, health, love for your city, wish to live there. The urban structure of a city always contains a system of open green spaces. These areas are important not only from green spaces. These areas are important not only from ecological and aesthetical point of view, but also for social communication as well as raising the economic value of plots. The paper, giving an example of contemporary development of the resort of Palanga, deals with tendencies and problems resulting from the privatization process and great mistakes in locating urbanized plots in the areas of the Lithuanian seaside. The areas, which in the Master Plan are foreseen for new parks, forests and hydroparks, started to be used for construction of private buildings. Generally, in Lithuania not only resort areas, but also any open spaces and even outer wood areas suffer from a bad tendency to treat them exceptionally as potential plots for building construction. In the case of Palanga we meet with the danger of continuous urbanization of the seaside, what consequently means decrease of the quality of the resort as well as fall in land prices in future. Progressive examples from foreign countries and the European Union directives are given, where the quantity of green areas in a city is considered as one of the most important criteria of its modernity and quality. The paper is based on a continuous experience of the author and on the recent work at Institute of Architecture and Contruction on the impact of land privatization on land prices and urban development. Reasonable balance between private and public interests is nesessary, and we still lack it.

The researchers from Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian economics confirmed that classification of Lithuanian regions by rurality into 5 groups is a more comprehensive method to reveal economic and social differences of the regions than the method used by the government at the present by classifying regions in to the problematic and non-problematic regions (Melnikienė et al., 2011). The object of the research – municipalities of different rurality degree. The objective of this paper – to analyze population density and demographic situation from 2011 to 2018 changes in municipalities of different rurality degree in Lithuania. Our research has revealed, that on average rural municipalities cover area 10 times larger than urban municipalities and 1,2 times larger than semi-urban municipalities. Taking into account population density, natural population change, net migration, old-age dependency ratio in 2011 and 2018, it was found that 10 municipalities are improving, 19 municipalities - unchanged and 16 municipalities - worsening.

The researchers from Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian economics confirmed that classification of Lithuanian regions by rurality into 5 groups is a more comprehensive method to reveal economic and social differences of the regions than the method used by the government at the present by classifying regions in to the problematic and non-problematic regions (Melnikienė et al., 2011). The object of the research – municipalities of different rurality degree. The objective of this paper – to analyze population density and demographic situation from 2011 to 2018 changes in municipalities of different rurality degree in Lithuania. Our research has revealed, that on average rural municipalities cover area 10 times larger than urban municipalities and 1,2 times larger than semi-urban municipalities. Taking into account population density, natural population change, net migration, old-age dependency ratio in 2011 and 2018, it was found that 10 municipalities are improving, 19 municipalities - unchanged and 16 municipalities - worsening.

The researchers from Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian economics confirmed that classification of Lithuanian regions by rurality into 5 groups is a more comprehensive method to reveal economic and social differences of the regions than the method used by the government at the present by classifying regions in to the problematic and non-problematic regions (Melnikienė et al., 2011). The object of the research – municipalities of different rurality degree. The objective of this paper – to analyze population density and demographic situation from 2011 to 2018 changes in municipalities of different rurality degree in Lithuania. Our research has revealed, that on average rural municipalities cover area 10 times larger than urban municipalities and 1,2 times larger than semi-urban municipalities. Taking into account population density, natural population change, net migration, old-age dependency ratio in 2011 and 2018, it was found that 10 municipalities are improving, 19 municipalities - unchanged and 16 municipalities - worsening.

The researchers from Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian economics confirmed that classification of Lithuanian regions by rurality into 5 groups is a more comprehensive method to reveal economic and social differences of the regions than the method used by the government at the present by classifying regions in to the problematic and non-problematic regions (Melnikienė et al., 2011). The object of the research – municipalities of different rurality degree. The objective of this paper – to analyze population density and demographic situation from 2011 to 2018 changes in municipalities of different rurality degree in Lithuania. Our research has revealed, that on average rural municipalities cover area 10 times larger than urban municipalities and 1,2 times larger than semi-urban municipalities. Taking into account population density, natural population change, net migration, old-age dependency ratio in 2011 and 2018, it was found that 10 municipalities are improving, 19 municipalities - unchanged and 16 municipalities - worsening.

The greatest problems of the Lithuania country is facing are economic and social: there is an economic recession in the country; the country has lost its eastern markets for agricultural and industriaI products; the standard of living has declined after the political changes; and the crime rate is high. In terms of social development, rural disposable household income is lower than in Lithuania urban areas. In that respect, over-dependence on agriculture is equally a serious problem in rural areas demanding for a diversification of rural activities and employment opportunities. This will be increasingly important when the agriculture and processing sectors become more ef'ficient. Moreover, basic living conditions are comparatively poorer in rural areas than in the cities, and a tendency to ageing of rural population can be a threat to economic vitality. Social and economic changes taking places in Lithuania countryside are changing the problem of gender dimension. The goal of this research was to show the main aspects of leadership in the rural areas of Lithuania in the context oftoday's trade and gender dimension and integration. The main problems in rural areas are related to the current agrarian reform; people are motivated to start private farming, but they do not have enough resources. Rural people have also lost many of the social and communal services main- tained by big state and collective farms. The proportion of women in the totallabour force is high at 48 percent. However, forms of occupational sex segregation can be seen. In rural areas women are mainly involved in unskilled work in the fields, cowsheds, pig or poultry farms, or in social services. A special problem in rural areas is that the privatization of state and collective farms has led to the loss ofthe social services they supplied. If kindergartens are closed, it is difficult for women to have paid employment outside the home There is a great difference in the age structure of men and women in rural areas; in the oldest age group (over 65 years) there are many more women than meno The level of education is far lower in rural than in urban areas, and the educationallevel of rural women is lower than that of rural meno Although there is now more migration from cities to rural areas than vice versa, young and unmarried women have a tendency to move from rural areas to cities, or foreign countries. The greatest problems for rural women are economic and caused by unemployment or a heavy work load. Other problems are the lack of district hospitals, matemity clinics and pharmacies in rural areas and the fact that transportation costs to regional centres are high. It is al so problematic that there are no extension services in home economics, home management or in new job opportunities such as rural entrepreneurship or agrotourism. In addition, discrimination against women in employrnent persists. The transition period in society has been particularly difficult for women because of the threat ofunemployment and the diminishing social services (such as kindergardens). The statistical data show, that women representation in alllevels of govemmental structures of Lithuania Repub- lic is insufficient. Quite big gap between man and women possibilities, seekingprofessional career, and in gender equality in general is noticeable. This study assesses female and male leadership in Lithuania rural areas through analysis of interviews with govemment officials and recognized local leaders. Findings of previous community studies, which suggested that structural characteristics of communities influence their leadership patterns, have been incorporated into this study of gender. Key and action informant data were collected in all regions of rural Lithuania which differ in levels of urban presence and pressure. The findings revealed that men dominated rural leadership positions and were recognized as leaders more often than women, but that the gender ratios ofleaders, as well as the types ofwomen leaders who emer- ged, varied by site.

The greatest problems of the Lithuania country is facing are economic and social: there is an economic recession in the country; the country has lost its eastern markets for agricultural and industriaI products; the standard of living has declined after the political changes; and the crime rate is high. In terms of social development, rural disposable household income is lower than in Lithuania urban areas. In that respect, over-dependence on agriculture is equally a serious problem in rural areas demanding for a diversification of rural activities and employment opportunities. This will be increasingly important when the agriculture and processing sectors become more ef'ficient. Moreover, basic living conditions are comparatively poorer in rural areas than in the cities, and a tendency to ageing of rural population can be a threat to economic vitality. Social and economic changes taking places in Lithuania countryside are changing the problem of gender dimension. The goal of this research was to show the main aspects of leadership in the rural areas of Lithuania in the context oftoday's trade and gender dimension and integration. The main problems in rural areas are related to the current agrarian reform; people are motivated to start private farming, but they do not have enough resources. Rural people have also lost many of the social and communal services main- tained by big state and collective farms. The proportion of women in the totallabour force is high at 48 percent. However, forms of occupational sex segregation can be seen. In rural areas women are mainly involved in unskilled work in the fields, cowsheds, pig or poultry farms, or in social services. A special problem in rural areas is that the privatization of state and collective farms has led to the loss ofthe social services they supplied. If kindergartens are closed, it is difficult for women to have paid employment outside the home There is a great difference in the age structure of men and women in rural areas; in the oldest age group (over 65 years) there are many more women than meno The level of education is far lower in rural than in urban areas, and the educationallevel of rural women is lower than that of rural meno Although there is now more migration from cities to rural areas than vice versa, young and unmarried women have a tendency to move from rural areas to cities, or foreign countries. The greatest problems for rural women are economic and caused by unemployment or a heavy work load. Other problems are the lack of district hospitals, matemity clinics and pharmacies in rural areas and the fact that transportation costs to regional centres are high. It is al so problematic that there are no extension services in home economics, home management or in new job opportunities such as rural entrepreneurship or agrotourism. In addition, discrimination against women in employrnent persists. The transition period in society has been particularly difficult for women because of the threat ofunemployment and the diminishing social services (such as kindergardens). The statistical data show, that women representation in alllevels of govemmental structures of Lithuania Repub- lic is insufficient. Quite big gap between man and women possibilities, seekingprofessional career, and in gender equality in general is noticeable. This study assesses female and male leadership in Lithuania rural areas through analysis of interviews with govemment officials and recognized local leaders. Findings of previous community studies, which suggested that structural characteristics of communities influence their leadership patterns, have been incorporated into this study of gender. Key and action informant data were collected in all regions of rural Lithuania which differ in levels of urban presence and pressure. The findings revealed that men dominated rural leadership positions and were recognized as leaders more often than women, but that the gender ratios ofleaders, as well as the types ofwomen leaders who emer- ged, varied by site.

The greatest problems of the Lithuania country is facing are economic and social: there is an economic recession in the country; the country has lost its eastern markets for agricultural and industriaI products; the standard of living has declined after the political changes; and the crime rate is high. In terms of social development, rural disposable household income is lower than in Lithuania urban areas. In that respect, over-dependence on agriculture is equally a serious problem in rural areas demanding for a diversification of rural activities and employment opportunities. This will be increasingly important when the agriculture and processing sectors become more ef'ficient. Moreover, basic living conditions are comparatively poorer in rural areas than in the cities, and a tendency to ageing of rural population can be a threat to economic vitality. Social and economic changes taking places in Lithuania countryside are changing the problem of gender dimension. The goal of this research was to show the main aspects of leadership in the rural areas of Lithuania in the context oftoday's trade and gender dimension and integration. The main problems in rural areas are related to the current agrarian reform; people are motivated to start private farming, but they do not have enough resources. Rural people have also lost many of the social and communal services main- tained by big state and collective farms. The proportion of women in the totallabour force is high at 48 percent. However, forms of occupational sex segregation can be seen. In rural areas women are mainly involved in unskilled work in the fields, cowsheds, pig or poultry farms, or in social services. A special problem in rural areas is that the privatization of state and collective farms has led to the loss ofthe social services they supplied. If kindergartens are closed, it is difficult for women to have paid employment outside the home There is a great difference in the age structure of men and women in rural areas; in the oldest age group (over 65 years) there are many more women than meno The level of education is far lower in rural than in urban areas, and the educationallevel of rural women is lower than that of rural meno Although there is now more migration from cities to rural areas than vice versa, young and unmarried women have a tendency to move from rural areas to cities, or foreign countries. The greatest problems for rural women are economic and caused by unemployment or a heavy work load. Other problems are the lack of district hospitals, matemity clinics and pharmacies in rural areas and the fact that transportation costs to regional centres are high. It is al so problematic that there are no extension services in home economics, home management or in new job opportunities such as rural entrepreneurship or agrotourism. In addition, discrimination against women in employrnent persists. The transition period in society has been particularly difficult for women because of the threat ofunemployment and the diminishing social services (such as kindergardens). The statistical data show, that women representation in alllevels of govemmental structures of Lithuania Repub- lic is insufficient. Quite big gap between man and women possibilities, seekingprofessional career, and in gender equality in general is noticeable. This study assesses female and male leadership in Lithuania rural areas through analysis of interviews with govemment officials and recognized local leaders. Findings of previous community studies, which suggested that structural characteristics of communities influence their leadership patterns, have been incorporated into this study of gender. Key and action informant data were collected in all regions of rural Lithuania which differ in levels of urban presence and pressure. The findings revealed that men dominated rural leadership positions and were recognized as leaders more often than women, but that the gender ratios ofleaders, as well as the types ofwomen leaders who emer- ged, varied by site.

The greatest problems of the Lithuania country is facing are economic and social: there is an economic recession in the country; the country has lost its eastern markets for agricultural and industriaI products; the standard of living has declined after the political changes; and the crime rate is high. In terms of social development, rural disposable household income is lower than in Lithuania urban areas. In that respect, over-dependence on agriculture is equally a serious problem in rural areas demanding for a diversification of rural activities and employment opportunities. This will be increasingly important when the agriculture and processing sectors become more ef'ficient. Moreover, basic living conditions are comparatively poorer in rural areas than in the cities, and a tendency to ageing of rural population can be a threat to economic vitality. Social and economic changes taking places in Lithuania countryside are changing the problem of gender dimension. The goal of this research was to show the main aspects of leadership in the rural areas of Lithuania in the context oftoday's trade and gender dimension and integration. The main problems in rural areas are related to the current agrarian reform; people are motivated to start private farming, but they do not have enough resources. Rural people have also lost many of the social and communal services main- tained by big state and collective farms. The proportion of women in the totallabour force is high at 48 percent. However, forms of occupational sex segregation can be seen. In rural areas women are mainly involved in unskilled work in the fields, cowsheds, pig or poultry farms, or in social services. A special problem in rural areas is that the privatization of state and collective farms has led to the loss ofthe social services they supplied. If kindergartens are closed, it is difficult for women to have paid employment outside the home There is a great difference in the age structure of men and women in rural areas; in the oldest age group (over 65 years) there are many more women than meno The level of education is far lower in rural than in urban areas, and the educationallevel of rural women is lower than that of rural meno Although there is now more migration from cities to rural areas than vice versa, young and unmarried women have a tendency to move from rural areas to cities, or foreign countries. The greatest problems for rural women are economic and caused by unemployment or a heavy work load. Other problems are the lack of district hospitals, matemity clinics and pharmacies in rural areas and the fact that transportation costs to regional centres are high. It is al so problematic that there are no extension services in home economics, home management or in new job opportunities such as rural entrepreneurship or agrotourism. In addition, discrimination against women in employrnent persists. The transition period in society has been particularly difficult for women because of the threat ofunemployment and the diminishing social services (such as kindergardens). The statistical data show, that women representation in alllevels of govemmental structures of Lithuania Repub- lic is insufficient. Quite big gap between man and women possibilities, seekingprofessional career, and in gender equality in general is noticeable. This study assesses female and male leadership in Lithuania rural areas through analysis of interviews with govemment officials and recognized local leaders. Findings of previous community studies, which suggested that structural characteristics of communities influence their leadership patterns, have been incorporated into this study of gender. Key and action informant data were collected in all regions of rural Lithuania which differ in levels of urban presence and pressure. The findings revealed that men dominated rural leadership positions and were recognized as leaders more often than women, but that the gender ratios ofleaders, as well as the types ofwomen leaders who emer- ged, varied by site.

Fiscal decentralization creates preconditions for a more rapid socio-economic regional development; however, it may lead to financial difficulties in regions. Some municipalities are unable to collect revenues, are lacking funds to finance their main activities and perform functions delegated by the state. Recently the issue of public sector budget management and administration has started causing troubles and become relevant. Problems related to the structure and functioning of local government budgets have not been sufficiently analyzed in economics literature. The role of local government is very important for the life of the state; local government funds make up the biggest part of the public sector funds. It has been noticed recently that local governments have been facing financial difficulties. Regional disparities became evident after Lithuania's accession to the EU because region centres are less attractive and competitive than the major cities, are raising less funds and attracting less investment. Insufficient funding of local governments results in poor urban, transport, community, etc. environment and infrastructure. Research into municipality budgets may give light to the causes of regional disparities. Research aim: to evaluate expenses, revenues and debts of local government budgets in 2002–2010. Data on local government budgets are analysed in the paper. The period of 2002-2010 was chosen because the main political and economic changes happened in Lithuania (accession to the EU, economic rise and decline) and fluctuations and general trends in local government budgets appeared. Local government expenditures, revenues (from taxes, non-taxes and grants) and debts per capita were compared. The dynamics of these financial indicators and the structure of revenues were analysed. Statistical analysis was performed, variation coefficients, the Williamson index and the arithmetic average were calculated. [.]