The aim of this article is to show transformations of social services (social security, health care, education, social care and social work) in the perspective of welfare pluralism. The analysis shows that the development of social services in Western capitalist countries went through three different stages. In the first stage the major provider of social services was voluntary sector (NGO) and only at the end of eighteenth century public social services were established. The rapid growth and extension of publically provided social services in Western societies started after World War II. This period of social services development is characterized by the tendency to transfer the responsibility for social risks from private to public realm and is called the golden age of the welfare state. Since the end of 1970s the conception of welfare state undergoes sharp critique in Western democratic countries. The article claims that the new type of social services system, radically different from the postwar welfare state, is emerging.
The aim of this article is to show transformations of social services (social security, health care, education, social care and social work) in the perspective of welfare pluralism. The analysis shows that the development of social services in Western capitalist countries went through three different stages. In the first stage the major provider of social services was voluntary sector (NGO) and only at the end of eighteenth century public social services were established. The rapid growth and extension of publically provided social services in Western societies started after World War II. This period of social services development is characterized by the tendency to transfer the responsibility for social risks from private to public realm and is called the golden age of the welfare state. Since the end of 1970s the conception of welfare state undergoes sharp critique in Western democratic countries. The article claims that the new type of social services system, radically different from the postwar welfare state, is emerging.
The aim of this article is to show transformations of social services (social security, health care, education, social care and social work) in the perspective of welfare pluralism. The analysis shows that the development of social services in Western capitalist countries went through three different stages. In the first stage the major provider of social services was voluntary sector (NGO) and only at the end of eighteenth century public social services were established. The rapid growth and extension of publically provided social services in Western societies started after World War II. This period of social services development is characterized by the tendency to transfer the responsibility for social risks from private to public realm and is called the golden age of the welfare state. Since the end of 1970s the conception of welfare state undergoes sharp critique in Western democratic countries. The article claims that the new type of social services system, radically different from the postwar welfare state, is emerging.
The aim of this article is to show transformations of social services (social security, health care, education, social care and social work) in the perspective of welfare pluralism. The analysis shows that the development of social services in Western capitalist countries went through three different stages. In the first stage the major provider of social services was voluntary sector (NGO) and only at the end of eighteenth century public social services were established. The rapid growth and extension of publically provided social services in Western societies started after World War II. This period of social services development is characterized by the tendency to transfer the responsibility for social risks from private to public realm and is called the golden age of the welfare state. Since the end of 1970s the conception of welfare state undergoes sharp critique in Western democratic countries. The article claims that the new type of social services system, radically different from the postwar welfare state, is emerging.
Although trafficking in human beings is not a new issue of our society as its history reach ancient times, it becomes especially important because of increasing scope of migration influenced by economic crisis in Europe and worldwide. Thus it is essential to promote awareness raising campaigns in order to decrease the scope, however not less important is assistance for victims of this crime. Assistance and integration for victims of human trafficking are one of the main principles of the EU policy in the counter-trafficking field. One of the most important steps of successful victims integration into society is entering into employment, thus victims of human trafficking (re-)integration into the labour market was chosen as an object of the research. The aim of the research is to study the phenomenon of human trafficking focusing on the social policy measures in victims of human trafficking (re-)integration into the labour market process in Austria, Finland and Lithuania. During the study a scientific literature review of the research object and analysis of secondary data and statistics are done. In order to reveal experts' and victims of human trafficking personal experience in (re-)integration into the labour market process, a qualitative research method was chosen. 11 specialists and 2 victims were questioned by semi-structured interviews in Austria, Finland and Lithuania. The data of the research is analysed by a phenomenology approach. A research reveals that issue of human trafficking is being solved both in legislation and practical level. Austria, Finland and Lithuania implement counter-trafficking policies, meanwhile NGOs of the countries play active role in victims (re-)integration into the labour market process in practice. As it is revealed Austria, Finland and Lithuania are treated as transit and destination countries for victims of human trafficking. Thus an importance of social citizenship in victims (re-)integration into labour market process was turned out. It is also confirmed that welfare state regimes have an impact for social services provision which influences victims of human trafficking (re-)integration into labour market process. After the interviews with experts it was found out that victims (re-)integration would be more successfully if some changes in the legislation level were done, as well as NGOs should receive more support from the Government. Thus a hypothesis that collaboration among governmental institutions and NGOs must be strengthened is confirmed. Finally victims of human trafficking experience show that how effective their integration depends not only on the assistance they receive during the rehabilitation programme, but not less important is their strong will and motivation to seek changes in their lives. Structure of the study: first part is devoted for presentation of the phenomenon of victims of human trafficking in the EU; social citizenship as a prerequisite for assistance and impact of welfare state regime for social provision for victims of human trafficking are discussed in the second part; victims of human trafficking (re-)integration into the labour market in Austria, Finland and Lithuania both in legislation and practical level are presented; finally the last part of the study experts and victims personal experience of the study object is presented.
Although trafficking in human beings is not a new issue of our society as its history reach ancient times, it becomes especially important because of increasing scope of migration influenced by economic crisis in Europe and worldwide. Thus it is essential to promote awareness raising campaigns in order to decrease the scope, however not less important is assistance for victims of this crime. Assistance and integration for victims of human trafficking are one of the main principles of the EU policy in the counter-trafficking field. One of the most important steps of successful victims integration into society is entering into employment, thus victims of human trafficking (re-)integration into the labour market was chosen as an object of the research. The aim of the research is to study the phenomenon of human trafficking focusing on the social policy measures in victims of human trafficking (re-)integration into the labour market process in Austria, Finland and Lithuania. During the study a scientific literature review of the research object and analysis of secondary data and statistics are done. In order to reveal experts' and victims of human trafficking personal experience in (re-)integration into the labour market process, a qualitative research method was chosen. 11 specialists and 2 victims were questioned by semi-structured interviews in Austria, Finland and Lithuania. The data of the research is analysed by a phenomenology approach. A research reveals that issue of human trafficking is being solved both in legislation and practical level. Austria, Finland and Lithuania implement counter-trafficking policies, meanwhile NGOs of the countries play active role in victims (re-)integration into the labour market process in practice. As it is revealed Austria, Finland and Lithuania are treated as transit and destination countries for victims of human trafficking. Thus an importance of social citizenship in victims (re-)integration into labour market process was turned out. It is also confirmed that welfare state regimes have an impact for social services provision which influences victims of human trafficking (re-)integration into labour market process. After the interviews with experts it was found out that victims (re-)integration would be more successfully if some changes in the legislation level were done, as well as NGOs should receive more support from the Government. Thus a hypothesis that collaboration among governmental institutions and NGOs must be strengthened is confirmed. Finally victims of human trafficking experience show that how effective their integration depends not only on the assistance they receive during the rehabilitation programme, but not less important is their strong will and motivation to seek changes in their lives. Structure of the study: first part is devoted for presentation of the phenomenon of victims of human trafficking in the EU; social citizenship as a prerequisite for assistance and impact of welfare state regime for social provision for victims of human trafficking are discussed in the second part; victims of human trafficking (re-)integration into the labour market in Austria, Finland and Lithuania both in legislation and practical level are presented; finally the last part of the study experts and victims personal experience of the study object is presented.
This paper analyzes the development of the welfare regimes of the new European Union member states in the period of 1989–2009. The basic aim of this research is to distinguish main factors, which caused Lithuania to choose a neoliberal social model despite constantly increasing public dissatisfaction with the insufficient coverage of the national social welfare system. It is argued that the strength of the link between the state and society can help to explain the variation of the post-communist welfare regimes. The weak state-society link, which is assessed on the basis of the strength of the civil society and its opportunities to participate in the policy process, "restricted" the influence of Lithuanian citizens on governmental public policies. As a result, Lithuanian social model was influenced by strong business interest groups, dominating neoliberal discourse and intense influence from the neoliberal international financial institutions aimed at creating liberal welfare states. Meanwhile, stronger link between state and society in the Czech Republic, which can be classified to the group of conservative-corporatist welfare states, can explain the resistance of the Czech Republic to the influence of neoliberal external pressure.
This paper analyzes the development of the welfare regimes of the new European Union member states in the period of 1989–2009. The basic aim of this research is to distinguish main factors, which caused Lithuania to choose a neoliberal social model despite constantly increasing public dissatisfaction with the insufficient coverage of the national social welfare system. It is argued that the strength of the link between the state and society can help to explain the variation of the post-communist welfare regimes. The weak state-society link, which is assessed on the basis of the strength of the civil society and its opportunities to participate in the policy process, "restricted" the influence of Lithuanian citizens on governmental public policies. As a result, Lithuanian social model was influenced by strong business interest groups, dominating neoliberal discourse and intense influence from the neoliberal international financial institutions aimed at creating liberal welfare states. Meanwhile, stronger link between state and society in the Czech Republic, which can be classified to the group of conservative-corporatist welfare states, can explain the resistance of the Czech Republic to the influence of neoliberal external pressure.
Thesis research was based on state food and veterinary service veterinarians survey answers. After veterinarians of 32 districts were questioned, animal welfare situation in Lithuania, the most important problems with which veterinarians face during audits, most common companion animal welfare violations and measures which, in veterinarians' opinion, could improve state food and veterinary service work ensuring animal welfare were established. Also animal welfare legislation in Lithuania and Europe union was analysed in thesis, and some legalized measures to ensure animal welfare in other Europe countries.
Thesis research was based on state food and veterinary service veterinarians survey answers. After veterinarians of 32 districts were questioned, animal welfare situation in Lithuania, the most important problems with which veterinarians face during audits, most common companion animal welfare violations and measures which, in veterinarians' opinion, could improve state food and veterinary service work ensuring animal welfare were established. Also animal welfare legislation in Lithuania and Europe union was analysed in thesis, and some legalized measures to ensure animal welfare in other Europe countries.
The object of this master's thesis is public security as a precondition for implementation of welfare state, which in the contemporary context can be held as one of the most relevant political and social topics in the research of national security. In accordance with the thesis' object, the aim of the thesis was formulated: to assess the connection between public security and welfare state, as one of the main common interests of social groups, that is determined by their interdependence and its perspectives, especially in accordance with the Lithuanian context. After carrying out the tasks of the thesis, a conclusion is drawn that public security is a necessary condition for the sustainable national development and that in order to develop an enduring welfare state in Lithuania it is needed to shape a sustainable and stable structure of public security that covers the functioning of state, business and society spheres, coordination of their interests and contribution to the national welfare and security. Also significant in Lithuania's development as a welfare state is the fact that in the long-term universal welfare ensures environment favourable for public security and prevention of manifestations of public insecurity. This reveals the dialectical interdependence of public security and welfare, the equilibrium stability of which is seen as a significant task of national security safeguarding.
The object of this master's thesis is public security as a precondition for implementation of welfare state, which in the contemporary context can be held as one of the most relevant political and social topics in the research of national security. In accordance with the thesis' object, the aim of the thesis was formulated: to assess the connection between public security and welfare state, as one of the main common interests of social groups, that is determined by their interdependence and its perspectives, especially in accordance with the Lithuanian context. After carrying out the tasks of the thesis, a conclusion is drawn that public security is a necessary condition for the sustainable national development and that in order to develop an enduring welfare state in Lithuania it is needed to shape a sustainable and stable structure of public security that covers the functioning of state, business and society spheres, coordination of their interests and contribution to the national welfare and security. Also significant in Lithuania's development as a welfare state is the fact that in the long-term universal welfare ensures environment favourable for public security and prevention of manifestations of public insecurity. This reveals the dialectical interdependence of public security and welfare, the equilibrium stability of which is seen as a significant task of national security safeguarding.
The object of this master's thesis is public security as a precondition for implementation of welfare state, which in the contemporary context can be held as one of the most relevant political and social topics in the research of national security. In accordance with the thesis' object, the aim of the thesis was formulated: to assess the connection between public security and welfare state, as one of the main common interests of social groups, that is determined by their interdependence and its perspectives, especially in accordance with the Lithuanian context. After carrying out the tasks of the thesis, a conclusion is drawn that public security is a necessary condition for the sustainable national development and that in order to develop an enduring welfare state in Lithuania it is needed to shape a sustainable and stable structure of public security that covers the functioning of state, business and society spheres, coordination of their interests and contribution to the national welfare and security. Also significant in Lithuania's development as a welfare state is the fact that in the long-term universal welfare ensures environment favourable for public security and prevention of manifestations of public insecurity. This reveals the dialectical interdependence of public security and welfare, the equilibrium stability of which is seen as a significant task of national security safeguarding.
The object of this master's thesis is public security as a precondition for implementation of welfare state, which in the contemporary context can be held as one of the most relevant political and social topics in the research of national security. In accordance with the thesis' object, the aim of the thesis was formulated: to assess the connection between public security and welfare state, as one of the main common interests of social groups, that is determined by their interdependence and its perspectives, especially in accordance with the Lithuanian context. After carrying out the tasks of the thesis, a conclusion is drawn that public security is a necessary condition for the sustainable national development and that in order to develop an enduring welfare state in Lithuania it is needed to shape a sustainable and stable structure of public security that covers the functioning of state, business and society spheres, coordination of their interests and contribution to the national welfare and security. Also significant in Lithuania's development as a welfare state is the fact that in the long-term universal welfare ensures environment favourable for public security and prevention of manifestations of public insecurity. This reveals the dialectical interdependence of public security and welfare, the equilibrium stability of which is seen as a significant task of national security safeguarding.
The author of the article, by way of applying theoretical analysis and using empirical evidence, as well as by analysing international documents ratified by the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania, the laws in force, and the resolutions of the Government, argues that a prerequisite for the success in building a well fare state is sustainable development of society. The aspiration of sustainable development is a challenge not only to the interaction of the economic, ecological, and social systems, but also to the interaction of sub-systems within said systems. The deficit of sustainable development in the social system destroys the structure of the society, creates prerequisites for the discrimination of some social groups, for the marginalisation of social groups, and for the rise of social exclusion. The increasing level of social exclusion poses a threat to national stability and security, therefore, it is important to timely identify the causes of the rise of social exclusion and, by removing them, to eliminate the preconditions for the formation of crisis situations.
