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The response of Obama´s Administration to Occupy Wall Street movement is an instanceof institutional rhetoric of fear. For this reason, this paper offers a rhetorical approachof some of texts used by Occupy Wall Street and the interaction of this movement andAmerican Government. ; La respuesta de la Administración Obama al movimiento Occupy Wall Street es un claroejemplo de la aplicación de la retórica del miedo. Debido a esto, el presente artículo pretendeofrecer una aproximación retórica de los textos empleados por Occupy Wall Street, ycómo estos interactuaron con la administración norteamericana.

By definition a "wall" is a continuous structure of masonry or other material forming a rampart and built for defensive purposes. Throughout the history of mankind walls have been risen to protect the new cities conquered, like the seven walls protecting the legendary city of Troy, the Great Wall of China, or even the Berlin Wall.This is the case of the wall being built between the frontier of the United States and Mexico.During President's G.W. Bush mandate, the "secure fence act" was signed to law in September 29th 2006, after receiving its approval by the members of the US senate. New operations such as "gatekeeper" and "safeguard" with the purpose of stopping illegal immigration as well as drug traffic, are implementing this same method.It is not a continuous wall along the 3185 km of frontier, but a series of physical walls in strategic points where it is believed this illegal movements mostly took place in the past years, going through cities to inhabited areas. The parts left without wall have what could be called a virtual fence, composed by traffic checkpoints, cameras and even satellites; all to make sure safety is kept within the US territory.The estimated cost of this still going operation is of U$S 7 thousand million for the actual physical fence of 1100 km, adding to that U$S 30 thousand million for the virtual one.But as everything in life, here we have the other side of the coin too. Regardless of having passed the bill into a law, American governors are facing another problem, that arouse after senator's K. Hutchison amendment. This amendment partly reads "…nothing in this paragraph shall require the Secretary of Homeland Security to install fencing, physical barriers, roads, lighting, cameras, and sensors in a particular location along an international border of the United States, if the Secretary determines that the use or placement of such resources is not the most appropriate means to achieve and maintain operational control over the international border at such location…". Meaning that if this amendment takes place the project mentioned before could stop being installed and therefore implemented.Whichever measure is finally taken, the result will still end up being about protecting American citizens, period. The Argentinian/American writer Mr.Oppenheimer proposes three projects in which the money for building the palisade could be spent while promoting cross border relations, such as implementing a regional health cooperation system, or simply investing more in Mexican infrastructure in the south, so people will not have to move towards the more industrialized north area of Mexico, all to realize that if there are no opportunities there, the only chance for survival and having a decent lifestyle is to migrate towards the US pursuing the American dream.Sometimes we take for granted the meaning of some things, but how well do we understand the meaning of a wall? Take a look at the definition given above. We keep on dividing and protecting ourselves, from what? Ourselves? It is not the Barbarians times anymore, nor the Troyans nor the Vikings, it is the twenty first century, every piece of land has been conquered now, there is absolutely no reason to continue making divisions instead of bonds, but money. We are living in exponential times, meaning, by the time that wall is finished, if it ever is, some person in some part of the globe will have already invented a new way to mock the surveillance methods used by the governments.Terrorism and drug traffic might decrease in the south area of the US or even in the US as a whole; but, we are missing the bigger picture here! It is not about the unpaid taxes on the US by illegal immigrants, the drug issues Americans face, or the racism towards the Mexicans, neither about protecting ourselves or our fellow countrymen, it is about protecting humanity as a whole.In conclusion, it is our job as an international society not to let this be just another brick in the wall dividing us humans, it is our job to make the difference, and start promoting instances pro-humanity, because in the end, that is what we all got in common, we may be Americans, Mexicans, or from anywhere else in the world, but all in all we are humans, which makes us all citizens of the same place, Earth; and as a great woman once said "As you grow older, you will discover that you have two hands, one for helping yourself, the other for helping others." It is high time we started using our other hand.*Estudiante de la Licenciatura en Estudios Internacionales.FACS - Universidad ORT Uruguay

¿Cual es en nuestros días el antagonista principal de la gran metáfora hobbesiana? En términos jakobsonianos, el Toro de Wall Street parece situarse mucho más próximo al polo metonímico que al metafórico. Alguien ha venido a equiparar el famoso Toro a Leviatán en un doble sentido: primero, porque ha venido a representar la autonomía de la economía —la fuerza de recuperación interna del mercado tras las fases bajistas de la bolsa—, del mismo modo que Leviatán representó la autonomización de la esfera política respecto a los controles eclesiásticos; y, en segundo lugar, porque como el Estado que encarna Leviatán termina por adquirir atributos sagrados, el Toro, que ha venido a identificarse con el mercado de valores, acaba por ser igualmente reverenciado. ; What is nowadays the main antagonist to the great Hobbesian metaphor? In Jakobsian terms, the Bull of Wall Street seems to be much closer to the metonymical pole than to the metaphorical one. Somebody have equated the famous bull to Leviathan in a dual sense: first, since it has come to represent the empowerment of economy, the strength of the internal recovery phase of the stock market after periodic turmoils, just as Leviathan represented both the state autonomy and its political independece from church control; and, secondly, because if the Leviathan State eventually acquired sacred attributes, the Bull has come too to be identified with the stock market and ending up beeing equally revered.

A review essay on a book by Reyes Mate, Memoria de Auschwitz. Actualidad moral y politica ([Memory of Auschwitz. Moral and Political Activity] Madrid: Trotta, 2003). Adapted from the source document.

Jerusalem has been attracting believers of the three great monotheistic religions for centuries. It has been erected over the time as the most sacred city for a large percentage of the world's population. It is currently attracting hundreds of thousands of international tourists whose main motivation is religious tourism and the visit of sacred places. However, it is a destination very exposed to the political controversy generated by the Palestinian-Israeli conflict for more than 70 years, and it continues to affect the image and competitiveness of the destination within the international panorama. In this article we analyze the causes explaining why Jerusalem is considered the capital of religious tourism worldwide, as well as the possibilities that tourism offers as a strategic argument to impose a certain historical narrative and an adequate climate of coexistence between Palestinian and Israelis communities. ; Jerusalén lleva siglos atrayendo a creyentes de las tres grandes religiones monoteístas. Se ha erigido a lo largo de los siglos como la principal ciudad sagrada para un gran porcentaje de la población mundial. Actualmente atrae a cientos de miles de turistas internacionales cuya motivación principal es el turismo religioso y la visita de los lugares sagrados. Sin embargo, se trata de un destino muy expuesto a la controversia a consecuencia del conflicto palestino-israelí desde hace más de 70 años, y que sigue afectando a la imagen y a la competitividad del destino dentro del panorama internacional. En el presente artículo, analizamos las causas del porqué Jerusalén es considerada la capital del turismo religioso a nivel mundial, así como las posibilidades que el turismo ofrece como argumento estratégico para imponer una determinada narrativa histórica y un clima adecuado de convivencia entre las comunidades palestinas e israelíes.

Presentación de la Dra. Angélica Cuéllar durante la mesa inaugural del evento "A 30 años de la caída del Muro. De esperanzas y desencantos", convocado por la Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, el 8 de octubre de 2019.

Articles published by THE WALL STREET JOURNAL. The aforementioned articles are entitled "Las américas latinas solicitan fuertes empréstitos", "Las finanzas de México están todavía sólidas", and "Un boycott y sus consecuencias". Said articles are related to loan requests that Latin American countries are expected to ask to the United States. The loan amount would reach a sum of 400 million dollars. Letters from Arturo M. Elías, Mexican Consul in New York, requesting information about the religious conflict in Mexico. An article that published statements indicating that despite the religious conflict in Mexico, the financial situation has not been negatively impacted. There is also a comment on the possibility of the American non-recognition of Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles' government. / Artículos publicados en THE WALL STREET JOURNAL intitulados "Las américas latinas solicitan fuertes empréstitos", "Las finanzas de México están todavía sólidas", y "Un boycott y sus consecuencias", relativas a: las solicitudes de empréstitos que países latinoamericanos se espera que hagan a Estados Unidos, que ascenderán a 400 millones de dólares. Cartas de Arturo M. Elías, Cónsul de México en Nueva York, solicitando información sobre el conflicto religioso en México. Artículo con declaraciones indicando que a pesar de la crisis religiosa en México no se ha visto afectada la situación financiera; se comenta el posible retiro del reconocimiento norteamericano al gobierno del Gral. PEC.

David Zayas fills the walls of the Museo de Las Américas with his project, called Murālis, to transgress the traditional identification of this artistic genre with specific spaces for creation and exhibition. This exhibition is thought-provoking, on ecology, politics and Puerto Rican society, not forgetting his recurring dream world. ; David Zayas inunda las paredes del Museo de Las Américas con su proyecto Murālis, con el que transgrede la tradicional identificación de este género artístico con unos espacios de creación y de exhibición determinados. Sin olvidar su recurrente mundo onírico, esta exhibición provoca también reflexiones alrededor de la ecología, la política y la sociedad puertorriqueña.

Ese 9 de noviembre de 1989 el mundo veía atónito cómo los contornos de la realidad se reformaban. La caída del Muro de Berlín fue un acontecimiento que se tornó en el símbolo del fin de la Guerra Fría, del orden internacional vigente, de los sentidos comunes de la población mundial y, por tanto, del breve Siglo XX, como lo pensaría Erik Hobsbawm (2014).