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There is a substantial moralistic streak in U.S. elite attitudes about war against states perceived as evil. Among opinion leaders, death penalty supporters were substantially more likely than opponents to support the 1991 Gulf War, condone the Iraqi death toll, and favor escalating the war to topple Saddam Hussein. These relationships persist after controlling for ideology, nationalism, and instrumental beliefs about force and thus probably result from individual differences in retributiveness and humanitarianism, moral values known to underlie death penalty attitudes. Foreign policy expertise moderated this effect only on the regime change issue, and then only moderately, suggesting that "moral punitiveness" might also influence the thinking of decision makers. President George H. W. Bush evidently felt real moral outrage during the crisis about Iraq's aggression, but he refrained from escalating the war to punish Saddam more severely for it.

In a democratic society, law is an important means to express, manipulate, and enforce moral codes. Demonstrating empirically that law can achieve moral goals is difficult. Nevertheless, public interest groups spend considerable energy and resources to change the law with the goal of changing not only morally-laden behaviors, but also morally-laden cognitions and emotions. Additionally, even when there is little reason to believe that a change in law will lead to changes in behavior or attitudes, groups see the law as a form of moral capital that they wish to own, to make a statement about society. Examples include gay sodomy laws, abortion laws, and Prohibition. In this Chapter, we explore the possible mechanisms by which law can influence attitudes and behavior. To this end, we consider informational and group influence of law on attitudes, as well as the effects of salience, coordination, and social meaning on behavior, and the behavioral backlash that can result from a mismatch between law and community attitudes. Finally, we describe two lines of psychological research—symbolic politics and group identity— that can help explain how people use the law, or the legal system, to effect expressive goals.

Research over the past 10 years has illustrated an important connection between dietary choices, the food systems required to produce them, and the subsequent impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Several recent studies have used data on the GHG contribution of different food types to model the impact of different dietary patterns on GHG emissions; these studies have most commonly compared the average diet for a particular country to healthier dietary options and vegetarian options. We present a systematic review of this research that models different dietary choices and the associated GHG emissions with the main aim in this paper of contrasting the research implications for policy and practice. A database search of CINAHL, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Mednar in July 2014 identified 21 primary studies modeling the GHG emissions related to a dietary pattern published since 1995. Diets containing a higher ratio of plant to animal products were generally associated with lower GHG emissions; however, the results varied across countries and studies, as did the recommendations by the study authors.Some authors proposed leading with health messages that have a dual environmental gain, whereas others proposed messaging around environmental impact. These inconsistencies in recommended approaches to reduce diet-related GHG emissions relate not just to differences in research findings but also to assumptions about community and political support for action, and there is little empirical evidence on community knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intention at present to support these recommendations. The paper concludes with a commentary on the policy implications and the need for further research on how to frame the issue so as to garner community and political support to address the leading recommendations of this research.

The concept of the "image of Lithuania" is widely used by different researchers of communication, public rela­tions, management, history or literature. The historical outlook into this concept reveals the lack of common theoretical background. Thus the idea appears to be have a high lack of concept. It is complicated to speak about any common scientific attitudes towards the subject or about a certain school of research. The more comprehensive exploration into the his­tory of "the image of Lithuania" allows us to identify two of the most important trends of research: wide-ranging analyses of the image of the country in the past and a theoretical explanation of modern public relations campaigns which aim to present Lithuania to foreign countries. The short history of the "image of Lithuania" allows us to speak about the image as part of the national identity or national memory. The image could be acknowledged as a part of certain political ambitions or even be a part of the brand of the state. The creation of the image could be understood as a passive observation or as an active campaign. Image creation, dissemination, maintenance and correction could become a profitable business. ; Analizuodami Lietuvos įvaizdžio sampratą, galime išskirti dvi svarbiausias tyrimų kryptis: senųjų vals­tybės ir jos gyventojų paminėjimų apžvalgas bei teoriškai įprasmintas šiuolaikinių viešųjų ryšių orga­nizatorių pastangas pristatyti Lietuvą pasauliui. Įvairių sričių mokslininkai ir praktikai labai skirtingai supranta pačią įvaizdžio sąvoką, suteikdami jai ir istorinę ar literatūrinę, ir vadybinę ar politinę prasmę. Lietuvos tyrimų erdvėje noriai eksploatuojamas įvaizdis nėra pakankamai konceptualizuotas. Įvaizdyje glūdi didžiulis informacijos iškraipymo ir pri(si)taikymo potencialas, atsiskleidžiantis visuose įvaizdžio gyvavimo tarpsniuose – jį kuriant (ar jam atsirandant), sklindant (ar jį platinant), vartojant, priimant ar atmetant. Įvaizdį reikėtų aiškinti kaip ypatingą komunikacijos vienetą, kurio svarbiausieji bruožai ge­riausiai atsiskleidžia skirtingais būdais analizuojant konkretaus įvaizdžio istorinį tapsmą.

Intro -- Preface -- The Importance of La Niña -- Australians and Their Climate -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Author -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Attitudes to Climate -- Introduction -- Chapter 2: Wastelands, Gardens, Hopes and Visions -- At Home with a New Climate -- Chatting About the Weather -- Soakers and Scorchers -- Colonising the Inland Plains -- Indigenous Weather Knowledge -- Land Hunger -- What About Permanent Change? -- Manipulating the Climate -- Climate and Nation-Building -- Chapter 3: Federated and Fed-Up: Fragility After Fecundity (1895-1905) -- Enter El Niño -- Misery in the West -- Crying Out for Rain -- The 1899-1900 El Niño -- The 1901 Royal Commission -- Climate Science and the Periodicity of Seasons -- The Power of Nature and National Character -- A Brighter Outlook -- Chapter 4: Soaking in Hope: Provident Nature and Grand Schemes (1909-25) -- Beneficial Rains -- The 1909-11 La Niña -- Selling Climate Overseas -- The "Men of Vision" -- Harnessing the Rivers -- The 1916-18 La Niña -- The Power of La Niña -- Chapter 5: The Battle with Drought: Water, the Essential Element (1940-49) -- El Niños of Drought, Debt and Dust -- The Failure of Closer Settlement -- Peopling the Continent -- Rural Reconstruction -- The Social Construction of Drought -- Chapter 6: A Run of Good Seasons (1950-59 and 1970-76) -- A "Remarkable" Recovery -- Seasonal Blessings for a Nation -- A Favourable Outlook -- Rural Revival in the 1970s -- The Miracle of Rain -- Chapter 7: Remembering Rain: The Ghost of Good Seasons Past (1960-69) -- The Punch Inquiry and the 1965-66 El Niño -- Analysing Drought -- Climate-Proofing Australia: The Drive for Irrigation -- Chapter 8: A Change in the Weather: Conservation as the Catch-Cry (1980-90) -- The Big Dry -- Fragile or Resilient? -- Urban Campaigns -- The City and the Bush.

In an increasingly globalized world, anti-immigrant sentiment has become more prevalent. Competitive threat theory suggests that anti-immigrant attitudes increase when adverse economic circumstances intensify competition with immigrants for scarce resources, but past studies using this approach are inconclusive. In this study, we investigate the impact of the Great Recession on perceived immigrant threat&mdash ; an index of seven items measuring attitudes toward immigrants&mdash ; using the 2013 International Social Survey Program survey. Using multilevel models, we analyze responses from 18,433 respondents nested within 22 countries. We create a country-level measure of the Great Recession Index comprised of four dimensions&mdash ; the housing crash, the financial crisis, economic decline, and employment loss&mdash ; and assess its impact on perceived immigrant threat. After controlling for a variety of individual-level and country-level covariates, we find that the Great Recession is positively associated with perceived immigrant threat. We also identify important interaction effects between the Great Recession Index and change in government expenditures, age, educational levels, citizenship, and urbanization. The study contributes to competitive threat theory by showing the effect of the Great Recession in exacerbating anti-immigrant sentiment.

Turnout at the 1997 British General Election fell to a postwar low of 71%, raising worried speculation about long-term decline in political participation. On closer analysis, however, this judgment seems premature. Most of the postwar decline in British turnout occurred between 1950 & 1970, & there is no evidence of long-term decline in general election turnout between 1974 & 1997. The closeness of the electoral competition is a better predictor of national turnout than a secular trend. Close elections produce high turnout, but widely anticipated landslides (as in 1997) produce low turnouts. The 1997 election was also notable for the small ideological gap between the main parties. Analysis of individual voter abstention in 1992 & 1997 reveals that changes from one year to the other in the perceived difference between Labour & the Conservatives is crucial to accounting for the fall in turnout between the two contests. Turnout in 1997 was low because the result was widely anticipated & because relatively few saw important policy differences between the parties, not because British democracy is in crisis. 4 Tables, 1 Figure, 35 References. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; The graduate engineers' attitude towards environmental issues differs profoundly from that of their fellow citizens. This is what we have found out when comparing the answers given by 27,000 graduates to an original survey we conducted in 2011 with those of a representative sample of French people who participated to the "European value survey". The engineers' attitude is also very different from those of business managers and executives. It also differs from those of other master's degree graduates. Contrary to our expectations, the demographic change observed in the profession (growth, place of women, development of new educa- tional tracks) has little influence on the professionals' attitude. The engineers' attitudes toward environmental issues seem to depend more on their professional position than on their individual traits. While the younger generation seems a little bit more pro-environment than their seniors, females do not differ significantly from their male colleagues on that topic. By contrast, we found out that the engineers' attitude towards environment is strongly related to their attitude and values in general and their political, ethical and religious attitude in particular.

International audience ; The graduate engineers' attitude towards environmental issues differs profoundly from that of their fellow citizens. This is what we have found out when comparing the answers given by 27,000 graduates to an original survey we conducted in 2011 with those of a representative sample of French people who participated to the "European value survey". The engineers' attitude is also very different from those of business managers and executives. It also differs from those of other master's degree graduates. Contrary to our expectations, the demographic change observed in the profession (growth, place of women, development of new educa- tional tracks) has little influence on the professionals' attitude. The engineers' attitudes toward environmental issues seem to depend more on their professional position than on their individual traits. While the younger generation seems a little bit more pro-environment than their seniors, females do not differ significantly from their male colleagues on that topic. By contrast, we found out that the engineers' attitude towards environment is strongly related to their attitude and values in general and their political, ethical and religious attitude in particular.

This article analyzes Italy's attempts to adapt its central government machinery to the demands of European policy making since the mid-1980s. It shows how the introduction of a more complex & articulated form of cross-departmental coordination at both the policy formation & the implementation stages of the policy cycle was affected by the Italian institutional culture. Institutional adaptation did come, but was delayed & often distorted by uncertainty over the broader changes to the machinery of government which were taking place over the same period, & by a culture in which cohesion & purpose in public policy goals tended to be sustained more through formal legal definitions of the policy process than through the development of shared attitudes toward the role of programmatic political leadership. 22 References. Adapted from the source document.

The article analyses the media portrayal of publicly named "refugee or migration crisis", after a Syrian migration through the Mediterranean Sea to European countries seeking asylum due to a military conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic. The article presents research data on refugee discourse of the most popular Lithuanian Internet news portals in the period of March 2015–February 2017. The article aims to discuss the parallels between Lithuanian and Western European media depiction of refugees and the "refugee crisis". The article analyzes main topics and their changes in time, as well as identifies the threats constructed in the media, which are related to asylum of refugees and their integration in host countries. In addition, the article discusses the possible influence of such depiction on public attitudes.

The article analyses the media portrayal of publicly named "refugee or migration crisis", after a Syrian migration through the Mediterranean Sea to European countries seeking asylum due to a military conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic. The article presents research data on refugee discourse of the most popular Lithuanian Internet news portals in the period of March 2015–February 2017. The article aims to discuss the parallels between Lithuanian and Western European media depiction of refugees and the "refugee crisis". The article analyzes main topics and their changes in time, as well as identifies the threats constructed in the media, which are related to asylum of refugees and their integration in host countries. In addition, the article discusses the possible influence of such depiction on public attitudes.

The article analyses the media portrayal of publicly named "refugee or migration crisis", after a Syrian migration through the Mediterranean Sea to European countries seeking asylum due to a military conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic. The article presents research data on refugee discourse of the most popular Lithuanian Internet news portals in the period of March 2015–February 2017. The article aims to discuss the parallels between Lithuanian and Western European media depiction of refugees and the "refugee crisis". The article analyzes main topics and their changes in time, as well as identifies the threats constructed in the media, which are related to asylum of refugees and their integration in host countries. In addition, the article discusses the possible influence of such depiction on public attitudes.

The article analyses the media portrayal of publicly named "refugee or migration crisis", after a Syrian migration through the Mediterranean Sea to European countries seeking asylum due to a military conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic. The article presents research data on refugee discourse of the most popular Lithuanian Internet news portals in the period of March 2015–February 2017. The article aims to discuss the parallels between Lithuanian and Western European media depiction of refugees and the "refugee crisis". The article analyzes main topics and their changes in time, as well as identifies the threats constructed in the media, which are related to asylum of refugees and their integration in host countries. In addition, the article discusses the possible influence of such depiction on public attitudes.