Suchergebnisse

Abstract. This paper argues that Foucault's proposed
positive program of practical critique in his later work, which he calls
'critical ontology,' provides a response to his critics. The
goal of critical ontology is to "separate out, from the contingency
that has made us what we are, the possibility of no longer being, doing or
thinking what we are, do, or think." However, it may be objected
that, since Foucault emphasizes going beyond contingencies, it appears
that he is guilty of committing a kind of genetic fallacy. I will defend
Foucault against such a charge by using concepts and practices in child
development as an illustration. The example of child development is
fitting for political theorizing because the development model of
childhood is now central to the practices and policies of healthcare
providers, social workers and educators. Such practices and policies aim
to enhance the abilities of individuals to be both citizens and autonomous
agents. Yet the effects of these policies on individuals are not always
positive. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of
critical ontology for practices grounded in the model of child
development.Résumé. Cet article cherche à
démontrer que le programme positif de critique pratique que
Foucault propose dans ses derniers ouvrages, et qu'il qualifie
d'une "ontologie critique," constitue une réponse
à ses détracteurs. Le but de cette ontologie critique est de
dégager "de la contingence qui nous a fait être ce que
nous sommes la possibilité de ne plus être, faire ou penser
ce que nous sommes, faisons ou pensons". Néanmoins, il est
possible d'objecter que Foucault commet une sorte d'erreur
génétique, puisqu'il insiste sur la
nécessité de dépasser les contingences. Je cherche
à defendre Foucault contre cette accusation en utilisant les
concepts et pratiques du développement des enfants comme
illustration. L'exemple du développement des enfants convient
à la théorie politique puisque le modèle
d'aménagement de l'enfance est maintenant au coeur des
pratiques et des politiques de ceux qui travaillent dans les secteurs de
la santé, de l'aide social, et de l'éducation.
Telles pratiques et politiques ont comme but d'accroître la
capacité des individus d'agir en même temps comme
citoyens et des êtres autonomes. Pourtant, les effets de ces
politiques sur des individus ne sont pas toujours
bénéfiques. L'article se conclut par une analyse des
implications d'une ontologie critique pour des pratiques
fondées sur le modèle du développement des
enfants.

L'événement d'une guerre demeure, après la surprise et l'indignation passées, toujours à comprendre. À la lumière des concepts développés par Hannah Arendt, cet article ambitionne de dépasser le tragique de l'actualité de la guerre en Ukraine pour tenter de l'éclairer d'un point de vue analytique. Outre un retour sur le corpus arendtien décliné autour du concept de totalitarisme, il s'agira de croiser le niveau macro avec le niveau micro, en vue de saisir les linéaments d'une guerre, entre passé et présent. De ce regard croisé émaneront d'autres concepts pertinents d'Hannah Arendt, tels la vérité et le mensonge. In fine , c'est de la profondeur historique du legs d'Hannah Arendt dont il est ici question.

Abstract

Aims
This study aimed to compare reward, relief, and habit treatment-seeking individuals on recent drinking, alcohol use disorder (AUD) phenomenology, and mood. The second aim of the study was to evaluate the predictive validity of reward, relief, and habit profiles.


Method
Treatment-seeking individuals with an AUD (n = 169) were recruited to participate in a medication trial for AUD (NCT03594435). Reward, relief, and habit drinking groups were assessed using the UCLA Reward Relief Habit Drinking Scale. Group differences at baseline were evaluated using univariate analyses of variance. A subset of participants were enrolled in a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled medication trial (n = 102), and provided longitudinal drinking and phenomenology data. The predictive validity of group membership was assessed using linear regression analyses.


Results
At baseline, individuals who drink primarily for relief had higher craving and negative mood than those who drink for reward and habit. Prospectively, membership in the relief drinking group predicted greater alcohol use, greater heavy drinking, and fewer days abstinent compared to those in the reward drinking group. Membership in the relief drinking group also predicted greater alcohol craving, more alcohol-related consequences, and more anxiety symptoms over 12 weeks compared to those in the reward drinking group.


Conclusions
This study provides support for reward and relief drinking motive profiles in treatment-seeking individuals with an AUD. Membership in the relief drinking motive group was predictive of poorer drinking outcomes and more negative symptomology over 12 weeks, indicating that individuals who drink for relief may be a particularly vulnerable sub-population of individuals with AUD.

The people need a substantially larger volume of scientific medical service than they now receive... There is need for a geographical distribution of practitioners and agencies which more closely approximates the medical requirements of the people.... There needs to be better control over the quality of medical service.... The prevailing methods of purchasing medical care have unsatisfactory consequences. They lead to unwise and undirected expenditures, to unequal and unpredictable financial burdens for the indi vidual and the family, to neglect of health and of illness, to inadequate expenditures for medical care and often to unequal remuneration of practi tioners. There needs to be some plan whereby the unequal and sometimes crushing burden of medical expenses can be distributed... Physical facilities are duplicated between the hospitals and the offices of practitioners and are insufficiently utilized in both.... Misdirected expenditures, competition and excessive specialization among practitioners and the absence o f commun ity planning and of integration of services and facilities contribute to exten sive waste [Committee on the Costs of Medical Care, 1932: 32-34].