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Introduction Individuals with visual impairments are at risk for chronic health-related illnesses attributed to low physical activity and low fitness levels. This study aimed to determine device preference of three physical activity–monitoring wearables for youths with visual impairments, taking into account gender and visual impairment level, and to discern beneficial and impeding device components and suggested device changes. Methods For this cross-sectional and descriptive study, a convenience sample of 25 youths and young adult volunteers (16 males, 9 females, aged 9–22, M = 13.80, SD = 3.27) were recruited from a week-long sports camp for youths with visual impairments. Participants were assigned to wear all three wearables at once. Data was collected through demographic questionnaires and evening focus groups and was analyzed using qualitative coding software to determine beneficial and impeding aspects and suggested device changes. Results Responses varied by level of visual impairment, such as with auditory and visual contrast components, and varied slightly by gender, such as with aesthetic components. All responses for beneficial and impeding components and suggested changes fell into coded themes of access to data, comfort, display, data measured, auditory, waterproof, aesthetics, goal-setting, and music. Discussion Beneficial and impeding components helped participants suggest changes to make devices more usable, accessible, easy and enjoyable to wear, and motivating for this population. Limitations include the short device usage time for each participant, financial constraints, and the number of participants who consented. Implications for practitioners Physical activity technology can be developed that is more usable by more members of the general population and that allows more individuals to meet daily and weekly physical activity recommendations and health goals. In terms of reducing health disparities, this technology can mass-target physical activity levels in individuals with visual impairments as part of low-cost health and physical activity promotion interventions and could increase the overall quality of life of at-risk individuals.

Brazil currently ranks as one of the world leaders in food production and exportation. This scenario encourages the development of animal and plant health programs to ensure the production of safe food, helping the country to become an international provider of food for excellence. However, some health problems in dairy production, such as mastitis, have garnered increasing concern. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of bovine mastitis in select properties located in the western Santa Catarina region, to assess the susceptibility profile to antimicrobial agents used for treatment and to check for the presence of genes (icaA and icaD) associated with biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. In 148 milk samples collected, 72.97% had bacterial growth (n = 108). Among the isolated microorganisms, 21.62% (n = 32) were classified as Staphylococcus aureus, 18.91% (n = 28) as Staphylococcus sp. coagulase negative, 7.43% (n = 11) as Corynebacterium sp., 6.76% (n = 10) as Staphylococcus sp. coagulase positive, 5.41% (n = 8) as Nocardia sp. and 12.83% (n = 19) classified in different bacterial genera. Among the isolates submitted for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, it was observed that 8.95% (n = 6/67) had resistance to amoxicillin, 8.04% (n = 7/87) to ampicillin, 5.88% (n = 5/85) to cephalothin, 3.40% (n = 3/88) to ceftiofur and enrofloxacin, 20.45% (n = 18/88) to streptomycin, 17.04% (n = 15/88) to gentamicin and lincomycin, 31.81% (n = 28/88) to neomycin, 14.94% (n = 13/87) to penicillin and 25% (n = 22/88) to tetracycline. Staphylococcus sp. coagulase negative isolates showed higher multidrug resistance when compared to those of S. aureus and Staphylococcus sp. coagulase positive. Thirty-one strains of S. aureus isolates were genotypically tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), yielding a positive result for the icaA gene in 83.87% of the samples, 80.64% positive for icaD and 74.19% of these showed both genes. The results reinforce the importance of controlling this disease by adopting strict hygiene protocols and disinfection of equipment used for milking and the prescription of appropriate therapies to clinical and subclinical cases of mastitis, as well as evaluating not only the susceptibility profile of isolates but also the biofilm formation capacity.

Se presenta el comportamiento de materiales arcillosos ubicados en la zona Metropolitana de San José de Cúcuta, cuando son sometidos al proceso de conformado por extrusión. La investigación se llevó a cabo, utilizando muestras extraídas de las formaciones geológicas León (municipio Cúcuta) y Guayabo (municipio de El Zulia y Los Patios). Se estudió el efecto de las materias primas (contenido de arena y tamaño de partícula) sobre el proceso de moldeo, determinando el índice de plasticidad, porcentaje de absorción de agua y la resistencia a la flexión. Las dimensiones de las probetas en verde fueron: largo 4cm, ancho 4 cm y alto 1 cm. El proceso de secado, se llevo a cabo usando estufa de circulación forzada durante 24 horas a 110 °C, mientras que la cocción se realizó a través de horno eléctrico a una temperatura máxima de 1000 °C por 6 horas. Se encontró, que el porcentaje de arcilla presente en las muestras de las dos formaciones geológicas es similar (~61%), mientras que la concentración de arena y limos variaron considerablemente según la formación geológica (Guayabo y León). El índice de plasticidad (IP) para las muestras, reportó un valor promedio de 24,5 % para la formación Guayabo, y 29.5% para la León.La resistencia a la flexión y el porcentaje de absorción de agua no presentó variación significativa. Lo ensayos realizados a las mezclas con variación de material arenoso permitió establecer que los rangos más adecuados para la formulación de las pastas cerámicas usando arcillas del área Metropolitana de San José de Cúcuta, deben estar en: la fracción arenosa entre 20 y 27%, 23 y 28% para la fracción de limos y entre 47 y 58% para la fracción arcillosa; el índice de plasticidad debe estar cercano al 22%. Las formulaciones establecidas en estos rangos permiten obtener buenas velocidades de extrusión, consumos energéticos adecuados y una buena calidad del producto fabricado.Palabras clave: Plasticidad, compactación, tamaño de partícula, moldeo, extrusión

Context Human activities can affect habitat selection by ungulates during parturition. Minimising human–wildlife conflicts during the birthing period can be critical in national and state parks that receive high numbers of human visitors. American bison (Bison bison) are an iconic species in North America, and many conservation herds of bison occupy national and state parks and wildlife refuges. Aims We investigated timing of births and birth-site selection of bison on Antelope Island State Park, Utah, at multiple spatial scales to determine the relative influence of surrounding vegetation, topography and distance to anthropogenic features (i.e. trails, roads or structures) on selection of birthing habitat. Methods We used vaginal implant transmitters to determine timing of births and to identify birth sites of bison. We used logistic regression within a model-selection framework to differentiate between birth sites and random locations, based on potential explanatory variables. We then used model-averaged coefficients to produce and project a GIS model of birthing habitat onto Antelope Island. Key results During 2010 and 2011, we quantified variables surrounding 35 birth sites and 101 random sites. Variables in top models of birth-site selection for bison included landscape curvature and elevation, averaged at a 500-m radius around birth sites, as well as distance to nearest trails, roads or structures. Five-fold cross validation (rho = 0.89; P < 0.05) indicated that these variables successfully predicted birth sites of bison in our study area; 80% of 41 births occurred in April (range = March 22 to May 20). Conclusions Bison selected areas for birthing with concave topography and increased elevation that were away from trails, roads or structures. Implications Our GIS model of birthing habitat, and data concerning timing of births, provide a map of high-probability birthing areas and a time of year at which human access could be limited to reduce disturbance from recreational activity. This approach could aid managers in minimising conflict between recreationists and parturient bison in other national and state parks and wildlife refuges.

Context
The value of captive breeding for recovery programs of endangered carnivorous mammals is often questioned because of low post-release survival reported for founder animals following translocation.

Aims
The aim of the present study was to test the effect of rearing method on survival and body mass of captive-raised Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) following release on an offshore island. We also compared the post-release diet of these devils with the diet of wild devils on mainland Tasmania, where a similar array of diet items is available.

Methods
Twenty-eight captive-raised devils were released onto the island; 19 had been raised in intensive captive-management facilities (IC) and nine in free-range (22 ha) enclosures (FRE). Survival and body-mass change were compared between IC and FRE for up to 440 days post-release. Devil diet was assessed via scat analysis.

Key results
A high proportion (96%) of the founders survived 1 year post-release. Pre-release captive-rearing method had no effect. Released devils gained an average of 14% of their original body mass, irrespective of captive-rearing method. There was very little difference in the diet of captive-reared devils released onto Maria Island relative to wild mainland devils: Tasmanian pademelon, Thylogale billardierii, was the primary food item for both.

Conclusions
The intensity of captive rearing did not affect the survival of devils released onto Maria Island. This suggests that even devils held in IC facilities retain the innate behaviour required to scavenge and hunt prey, and therefore maintain bodyweight post-release. The lack of any threatening processes on the island is also likely to have contributed to the high survival rate 2 years post-release.

Implications
Our study provided preliminary evidence that the release of captive-raised Tasmanian devils onto off-shore islands is a viable conservation action. Captive-breeding programs and captive-raised founders can play a viable and valuable role in the conservation action plans for recovery programs of endangered carnivorous mammals.

IntroductionAs global policy evolves toward initiating lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) regardless of CD4 count, initiating individuals newly diagnosed with HIV on ART as efficiently as possible will become increasingly important. To inform progress, we conducted a systematic review of pre‐ART interventions aiming to increase ART initiation in sub‐Saharan Africa.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase and the ISI Web of Knowledge from 1 January 2008 to 1 March 2015, extended in PubMed to 25 May 2016, for English language publications pertaining to any country in sub‐Saharan Africa and reporting on general adult populations. We included studies describing interventions aimed at increasing linkage to HIV care, retention in pre‐ART or uptake of ART, which reported ART initiation as an outcome. We synthesized the evidence on causal intervention effects in meta‐analysis of studies belonging to distinct intervention categories.Results and discussionWe identified 22 studies, which evaluated 25 interventions and included data on 45,393 individual patients. Twelve of twenty‐two studies were observational. Rapid/point‐of‐care (POC) CD4 count technology (seven interventions) (relative risk, RR: 1.26; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.02–1.55), interventions within home‐based testing (two interventions) (RR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.36–2.92), improved clinic operations (three interventions) (RR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.25–1.48) and a package of patient‐directed services (three interventions) (RR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.20–1.97) were all associated with increased ART initiation as was HIV/TB service integration (three interventions) (RR: 2.05; 95% CI: 0.59–7.09) but with high imprecision. Provider‐initiated testing (three interventions) was associated with reduced ART initiation (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.86–0.97). Counselling and support interventions (two interventions) (RR 1.08; 95% CI: 0.94–1.26) had no impact on ART initiation. Overall, the evidence was graded as low or moderate quality using the GRADE criteria.ConclusionsThe literature on interventions to increase uptake of ART is limited and of mixed quality. POC CD4 count and improving clinic operations show promise. More implementation research and evaluation is needed to identify how best to offer treatment initiation in a manner that is both efficient for service providers and effective for patients without jeopardizing treatment outcomes.

Das EU-Patent ist da. Nach mehr als 40 Jahren Verhandlungszeit erhält das Europäische Patent erstmals eine einheitliche, grenzübergreifende Wirkung und unterliegt künftig dem Einheitlichen Patentgericht der teilnehmenden EU-Mitgliedstaaten. Das voraussichtlich ab 2017 zur Verfügung stehende EU-Patentsystem wird kontrovers diskutiert. Durch einen Vergleich mit dem noch geltenden EP-System stellt Sebastian Fuchs das neue System auf den Prüfstand. Der Autor identifiziert wesentliche Schwachstellen des EP-Systems, zeigt mögliche Lösungen auf und untersucht vor diesem Hintergrund inwieweit das künftige Patentsystem angemessene Antworten findet. Die untersuchten Gebiete umfassen unter anderem die Verhandlung grenzüberschreitender Patentverletzungen, das Risiko sogenannter Torpedoklagen, die gemeinsame Verhandlung bzw. Trennung der Patentnichtigkeits- und -verletzungsfrage sowie die Grundlagen der Schadensersatzberechnung. Der Verfasser gibt zudem einen umfassenden Einblick in die Entstehung und den Aufbau beider Systeme, erörtert potenzielle Risiken für das neue Patentsystem und kommt zu dem Schluss: Das Regelungswerk ist zwar unübersichtlich, wird jedoch erstmals der besonderen Interessenlage bei Patentverletzungsstreitigkeiten gerecht. »The European Patent Undergoing Change« The EU patent has finally arrived. After more than 40 years of negotiations, two EU-Regulations and a Convention pave the way for a unitary patent with international scope governed by the Unified Patent Court of the Member States. However, from the beginning the new unitary patent system to start working in 2017 was highly debated. Sebastian Fuchs puts the new system to the test. By identifying the main deficiencies of the present system of European patents, thereby suggesting solutions, the author analyses whether the all-new unitary patent system adequately balances the interests involved. Fuchs examines each systems' ability to hear cross-border infringement cases, its risk of Italian/Belgian torpedoes as well as the advantages and disadvantages of jointly or severally hearing infringement and validity matters and suggests a method for the computation of damages to act as a model for harmonisation. Moreover, the author provides the reader with comprehensive insights into the history and makeup of both the European patent as well as the unitary patent system identifying potential risks for a successful implementation. Nach jahrzehntelangen Verhandlungen ist das Einheitspatent mit Einheitlichem Patentgericht endlich da. Obwohl das neue System voraussichtlich schon 2017 zur Verfügung steht, sind noch viele Fragen offen: Werden grenzüberschreitende Patentverletzungsstreitigkeiten zentral verhandelt werden können? Werden verfahrensverzögernde Torpedoklagen künftig effektiv verhindert? Wird die Berechnung von Schadensersatz vereinheitlicht? Und: Welche Risiken bestehen für das neue System? Mit diesen und weiteren Fragen befasst sich Sebastian Fuchs in seinem Werk »Das Europäische Patent im Wandel« im Wege eines Vergleichs des derzeit noch geltenden EP-Systems und des künftigen EU-Patentsystems und gibt so Einblicke in die Entstehung und den Aufbau beider Systeme. Sebastian Fuchs, geboren 1984 in Norden, studierte von 2004 bis 2011 Rechtswissenschaften an der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg und der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Darauf folgte eine promotionsbegleitende Mitarbeit in einer internationalen Wirtschaftskanzlei in Düsseldorf im Bereich Patent- und Markenrecht. In den Jahren 2013 bis 2015 absolvierte Fuchs sein Referendariat im Bezirk des Oberlandesgerichts Düsseldorf unter anderem in der Zivilkammer 4b. des Landgerichts Düsseldorf für Patent- und Gebrauchsmusterstreitsachen, bei der Generaldirektion für Binnenmarkt und Dienstleistungen der Europäischen Kommission und einer im Patentrecht führenden amerikanischen Wirtschaftskanzlei in Hamburg. Im Februar 2015 legte er das zweite juristische Staatsexamen ab. Die Promotion zum Dr. iur. an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster erfolgte im April 2015.

From the Japanese tsunami and the Egyptian revolution to the Haitian earthquake and the Australian floods, social media has proven its power to unite, coalesce, support, champion, and save lives. Presenting cutting-edge media communication solutions, The Four Stages of Highly Effective Crisis Management explains how to choose the appropriate language and media outlet to properly convey your message during and after a crisis. Unveiling the secrets of how to manage the media in a crisis, the book examines how rapidly evolving social media and Web 2.0 technologies have changed the crisis management landscape. It illustrates the four distinct stages of media reporting during a crisis and details the information that must be provided. The author provides readers with a wealth of helpful tips and tools--including guidelines, checklists, and case studies that illustrate best practices in crisis media management. Divided into five sections, the book: Examines how the kingdom of news has changed and considers the new hybrid model that is emerging Identifies the four distinct stages in which both old and new media report a crisis Addresses the use of spokespeople according to the four stages, as well as when to use the chief executive officer Discusses media interviews, including how to handle news conferences, bloggers, and the importance of media training Considers the communication aspects of crisis management--including how to harness the power of Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Digg, Wikipedia, Flickr, and social media releases The book's resource-rich appendices include a checklist for briefing a spokesperson, sample media release, a step-by-step flowchart for creating a crisis communication plan, and social media policy guidelines. Complete with a detailed guide on what tools to use and when to use them, this book provides the techniques and understanding required to communicate effectively and avoid any potential bad press and embarrassment that could result from information mismanagement. Jane Jordan-Meier was interviewed about leadership in a crisis and the stages of a crisis in the wake of the Murdoch phone-hacking scandal. She also discusses crisis management planning in The Sydney Morning Herald and in Daily Ovation. She was interviewed in August 2011 by Globe and Mail. Discover more about the book, including a video of the author explaining how to turn media questions into gold and visit smallbusinessadvocate.com for a series of recent interviews. Jane Jordan-Meier appeared in a video interview with Crisis Manager Melissa Agnes on July 3, 2012.

"Empowerment produces the conditions for high performance. Especially for middle managers and below. Empowered cultures attract and retain talent. They produce high achievement, high accountability and high commitment. The Empowered Manager uncovers a roadmap to creating a more accountable culture in today's fragmented and virtual world. Bestselling author Peter Block is a true visionary: author of the classic Flawless Consulting, his work is about empowerment, stewardship, chosen accountability, and reconciliation of community. In this book, he returns his eye toward management to renew our efforts to create a shift in the traditional hierarchy. Twenty years after the original book, Block talks of why it is so difficult to both open the door to empowerment and more importantly, have people walk through it. It is more important than ever to create a culture in which all members of an organization are treated as entrepreneurs, giving them ownership over their role and responsibilities. This is in the face of the reality that most employees want safety, not the adventure of empowerment. Peter enhances the first edition of the book by acknowledging employees wish for dependency. Their longing for the days when a job carried a promise of a future, and companies cared more about the product and the people, than about the money. This is written primarily for people in the middle. Good managers and employees who care more about doing good work and treating people right, than ambition and making it into the ruling class. The upper middle and below is where there is the greatest need for great management. Which builds on valuing strengths, and allowing talent the space to stretch and achieve. Almost independent of the power points of people at the top. This book shows you how a new approach to management empowers all employees at all levels, and culminates in better business outcomes for the entire organization. Help shape a culture of commitment Develop the political skills to negotiate successfully Take responsibility for your actions Learn to fail up, and face setbacks with courage If you feel controlled by bureaucracy, unrewarded for creativity, and from a distance, powerless to control your own destiny, this book is the breath of fresh air your career has been craving. Timeless tips from a master of business strategy alongside a framework for more effective management makes The Empowered Manager a must-read guide for anyone doing business today"--

Wherever we turn, we see diverse things scaled for us, from cities to economies, from history to love. We know scale by many names and through many familiar antinomies: local and global, micro and macro events. Even the most critical among us often proceed with our analysis as if such scales were the ready-made platforms of social life, rather than asking how, why, and to what effect are scalar distinctions forged in the first place. How do scalar distinctions help actors and analysts alike make sense of and navigate their social worlds? What do these distinctions reveal and what do they conceal? How are scales construed and what effects do they have on the way those who abide by them think and act? This pathbreaking volume attends to the practical labor of scale-making and the communicative practices this labor requires. From an ethnographic perspective, the authors demonstrate that scale is practice and process before it becomes product, whether in the work of projecting the commons, claiming access to the big picture, or scaling the seriousness of a crime. "How shall we fathom the world, bringing its varied scales into analytic perspective? The authors collected in this bold and subtle volume slow down the question, arguing that 'scale' is made, not born, and that 'perspectives' are semiotic accomplishments and not stable points of anchor." -STEFAN HELMREICH, Elting E. Morison Professor of Anthropology, MIT "Scale will be a fundamental book for thinking about scalar processes... It's engaging, readable chapters offer a range of theoretical considerations of how scales arise and work in a variety of social settings." -ROBERT OPPENHEIM, author of Kyongju Things: Assembling Place "This highly original volume sheds new light on language and scale... The authors show how the scalar aspects of language and the linguistic dimensions of scale work together to produce the social logic of extent." -ARJUN APPADURAI, Paulette Goddard Professor of Media, Culture and Communication, New York University "This groundbreaking collection of essays by leading linguistic anthropologists demonstrates the vital contribution of semiotics to the ongoing multidisciplinary theorizing of scale and scale-making." -MIYAKO INOUE, author of Vicarious Language: Gender and Linguistic Modernity in Japan E. SUMMERSON CARR is Associate Professor, School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago. MICHAEL LEMPERT is Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Michigan.

Este artículo analiza la crisis institucional que padece la República Dominicana producto de los altos niveles de corrupción administrativa del gobernante Partido de la Liberación Dominicana (PLD), que la autora identifica como un partido cartel siguiendo el modelo de Katz y Mair (1995, 1996, 2002, 2004, 2009). Se examinan la relación entre corrupción, crecimiento macroeconómico y pobreza, el modelo de partido cartel, la práctica electoral y gubernativa del PLD como un partido cartel y casos factuales de corrupción que involucran a funcionarios del PLD de las administraciones de Leonel Fernández y Danilo Medina, incluyendo el propio expresidente Fernández. Se destaca la impunidad imperante en el país ante los casos de corrupción sostenido por el carácter neo-corporativo del sistema político mediante la entronización del PLD como una organización partido/Estado que controla todos los estratos de la función pública. La autora plantea que ello permite la impunidad de los actos de corrupción y el trasvase a otras funciones administrativas de los funcionarios implicados en actividades de corrupción, frente a un sistema judicial disfuncional, un prevalente sistema de prevaricación y prebendas, y un electorado cautivo sostenido mediante nóminas supernumerarias y subvenciones estatales de carácter populista y clientelar. This article analyzes the institutional crisis prevailing in the Dominican Republic as a result of the high levels of administrative corruption of the official Dominican Liberation Party (PLD) that the author identifies as a cartel party following Katz and Mair's model (1995, 1996, 2002, 2004, 2009). It is examined the relation between corruption, macroeconomic growth and poverty, the cartel party model, the electoral and governmental practice of the PLD as a cartel party and factual cases of corruption involving PLD officials from Leonel Fernández and Danilo Medina's administrations, including ex-president Fernández. It emphasizes the country's prevailing impunity of corruption cases sustained by the neo-corporatist character of the political system through the enthronement of PLD as a party/State organization that controls all the strata of public function. The author points out that this allows the impunity of corruption acts and the transference to other administrative functions of officials implicated in corruption activities versus a dysfunctional judicial system, a prevalent breach of trust and prebends, and a captive electorate sustained through supernumerary appointments and state subventions of popular and patronizing character.

Introduction. Francis Fukuyama in his famous book "The End of History and the Last Man" assumes that human history should be considered as the battle of ideologies that reaches its goal in the universalization of Western liberal democracy. Author's ideas have gained many supporters. At the same time, they were subjected to severe criticism that reflected the important trends of political life and ideological preferences. Leaving aside the criticism based on geopolitical and civilizational confrontation and confusion which confronts Fukuyama's theory, it should be stated that anthropological aspect of Fukuyama's theory has vastly evaded philosophical comprehension. Purpose. This article attempts to test Fukuyama's theory through the lens of philosophical anthropology and analyze human desire for recognition in the context of Fukuyama's World History. Methodology. The analysis is focused on human desire for recognition as a significant dimension of human nature. The author has used hermeneutical methodology and anthropological integrative approach. Theoretical basis and results. Fukuyama is not satisfied by merely economic interpretation of history emphasizing that human is not simply an economic animal. Economic development fails to explain why people advocate the principles of liberal democracy. The author goes back to Hegel's non-materialistic view of history based on the struggle for recognition. According to Fukuyama, this deeply rooted human desire for recognition is the great motor of history and cause of tyranny, conflicts, and wars. But at the same time, it also acts as a psychological foundation of many virtues – the spirit of citizenship, courage, and justice. Throughout history, this desire for recognition was not satisfied. Only modern liberal democracy provides universal recognition of all humans ensuring and protecting their rights. Originality. Fukuyama's concept is important and interesting because it draws attention to the sphere of human values, which essentially influences the basis of personality structure. Unlike traditional liberalism, which focuses on materialism and justice, Fukuyama considers the struggle for recognition, the spiritual search for human dignity and equality (or superiority) the major component of social transformation. Human acts as a central point of political, cultural, economical space: he/she is the creator and the creation. Conclusions. Over time, the concept of Fukuyama has undergone significant changes. Modern civilization has been facing with an acute problem of growing inequality, serious financial crisis, political havoc and military conflicts, migrants and refugees problem. But so far the idea of liberal democracy has no real competitors.

Purpose. The purpose of the study is to explore the challenges of defining what is commonly known as "ethnic tourism" or "sentimental tourism". Provided here is a review, comparison, integration and systematization of the definitions of the phenomenon, its facets and characteristics. In particular, such variations as "nostalgic tourism", "diaspora tourism", "roots tourism", "genealogy tourism" and others, are subjected tocomparative analysis. Based on the review, typology and hierarchy of the definitions are offered. Method. The study is based on a systemic literature review, and qualitative and frequency analysis of the definitions of the phenomenon. The literature search was not limited to publications by Polish authors, but included relevant literature on the topic in Ukrainian, Russian and English languages. The author is a native-speaker of Ukrainian and Russian, which is why the author presents his own translations of definitions in the article, while the translations from English language were consulted with other native-speakers. The systemic trends in the focus and content of definitions were analyzed with respect to temporal (changes over time) and geographical (regional differences) variation. Findings. The result is a division of the definitions, rankings based on their popularity, and a description of the trends in various locations and at different periods. Important nuanced differences in the definitions are pointed out to more precisely describe different facets of the phenomenon. Research limitations and conclusions. The study is mainly focused on the papers of Eastern European authors with reference to English-language literature. Practical implications. Sentimental tourism is a growing phenomenon. Due to the early fragmentation of literature, a wide range of definitions has been introduced leading to confusion and the improper use of terms. As a result, conduting searches, linking studies and analyzing the literature has become very difficult. The present study brings order to the field, thereby providing a solid foundation for integrating and systemizing the literature. A division of the definitions and a clear differentiation of their nuanced meanings will aid future researchers in more precisely defining the phenomena and consolidating the literature. Originality. Despite the existence of a large body of research on what is known as sentimental tourism, the present study is the first attempt to introduce clarity to the fragmented and conflicting definitions of the phenomenon. Type of paper. Integrative literature review involving conceptual and quantitative analysis.

Unter dem Ordnungsbegriff der finanziellen Einheimischenprivilegierung beschäftigt sich Tobias Langeloh mit der verfassungs- und unionsrechtlichen Zulässigkeit finanzieller Privilegierungen zum einen von Einwohnern einer Gebietskörperschaft (Bund, Land, Kommune) gegenüber gebietsfremden Personen und zum anderen von deutschen Staatsangehörigen gegenüber ausländischen Staatsangehörigen. Die Untersuchung vollzieht sich anhand von repräsentativen Privilegierungsformen. Beispielhaft genannt seien eine PKW-Maut für Ausländer, eine Auswärtigenstudiengebühr oder kommunale Einheimischentarife. Schwerpunkt der verfassungsrechtlichen Untersuchung ist die Frage, ob der allgemeine Gleichheitssatz eine Rechtfertigung aus finanziellen Gründen erlaubt und welche Auswirkungen sich aus der Eingliederung der jeweiligen Gebietskörperschaft in übergeordnete Finanzausgleichssysteme ergeben. Ansätze für finanzielle Rechtfertigungserwägungen entnimmt der Verfasser aus einer rechtsvergleichenden Analyse der Rechtfertigung von Auswärtigenstudiengebühren in den USA. »Financial Discrimination of Non-Residents and Foreign Citizens« The author deals with the question of whether financial discrimination of non-residents and foreign citizens is lawful under the German Constitution and the Law of the European Union. In addition, the thesis contains a legal comparison of the constitutionality of non-resident tuitions in the United States of America. Unter dem Ordnungsbegriff der finanziellen Einheimischenprivilegierung beschäftigt sich Tobias Langeloh mit der verfassungs- und unionsrechtlichen Zulässigkeit finanzieller Privilegierungen zum einen von Einwohnern einer Gebietskörperschaft (Bund, Land, Kommune) gegenüber gebietsfremden Personen und zum anderen von deutschen Staatsangehörigen gegenüber ausländischen Staatsangehörigen. Tobias Langeloh studierte Rechtswissenschaft an der Universität Hamburg sowie der Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgien. Den juristischen Vorbereitungsdienst absolvierte er beim Hanseatischen Oberlandesgericht Hamburg. Seit 2015 ist Tobias Langeloh als Rechtsanwalt in Hamburg tätig.