BMWFW (Austria) ; FWF (Austria) ; FNRS (Belgium) ; FWO (Belgium) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; MES (Bulgaria) ; CERN ; CAS (China) ; MOST (China) ; NSFC (China) ; COLCIENCIAS (Colombia) ; MSES (Croatia) ; CSF (Croatia) ; RPF (Cyprus) ; MoER (Estonia) ; ERC IUT (Estonia) ; ERDF (Estonia) ; Academy of Finland (Finland) ; MEC (Finland) ; HIP (Finland) ; CEA (France) ; CNRS/IN2P3 (France) ; BMBF (Germany) ; DFG (Germany) ; HGF (Germany) ; GSRT (Greece) ; OTKA (Hungary) ; NIH (Hungary) ; DAE (India) ; DST (India) ; IPM (Iran) ; SFI (Ireland) ; INFN (Italy) ; MSIP (Republic of Korea) ; NRF (Republic of Korea) ; LAS (Lithuania) ; MOE (Malaysia) ; UM (Malaysia) ; CINVESTAV (Mexico) ; CONACYT (Mexico) ; SEP (Mexico) ; UASLP-FAI (Mexico) ; MBIE (New Zealand) ; PAEC (Pakistan) ; MSHE (Poland) ; FCT (Portugal) ; JINR (Dubna) ; MON (Russia) ; RosAtom (Russia) ; RAS (Russia) ; RFBR (Russia) ; MESTD (Serbia) ; ThEPCenter (Thailand) ; IPST (Thailand) ; STAR (Thailand) ; NSTDA (Thailand) ; TUBITAK (Turkey) ; TAEK (Turkey) ; NASU (Ukraine) ; SFFR (Ukraine) ; STFC (United Kingdom) ; DOE (USA) ; NSF (USA) ; Marie-Curie programme (European Union) ; European Research Council (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union, Regional Development Fund ; OPUS programme of the National Science Center (Poland) ; Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino) ; MIUR project (Italy) ; Thalis programme - EU-ESF ; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; EPLANET (European Union) ; Science and Technology Facilities Council ; MIUR project (Italy): 20108T4XTM ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N000250/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/L005603/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/H000925/2 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M002020/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003542/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001639/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I003622/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001256/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M004775/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: PP/E000479/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003224/1 CMS Upgrades ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I003622/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/H000925/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N000242/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/J004871/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M004775/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003542/1 GRID PP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N001273/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I000305/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/J005479/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001531/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: PP/E002803/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001639/1 CMS Upgrades ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: CMS ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003542/1 GRIDPP ; Results are presented from a search for super symmetric particles in scenarios with small mass splittings. The data sample corresponds to 19.7 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions recorded by the CMS experiment at root s = 8 TeV. The search targets top squark ((t) over tilde) pair production in scenarios with mass differences Delta m = m((t) over tilde) - m((chi) over tilde (0)(1)) below the W-boson mass and with top-squark decays in the four-body mode ((t) over tilde -> bl nu(chi) over tilde (0)(1)), where the neutralino ((chi) over tilde (0)(1)) is assumed to be the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP). The signature includes a high transverse momentum (p(T)) jet associated with initial-state radiation, one or two low-p(T) leptons, and significant missing transverse energy. The event yields observed in data are consistent with the expected background contributions from standard model processes. Limits are set on the cross section for top squark pair production as a function of the (t) over tilde t and LSP masses. Assuming a 100% branching fraction for the four-body decay mode, top-squark masses below 316 GeV are excluded for Delta m = 25 GeV at 95% CL. The dilepton data are also interpreted under the assumption of chargino-neutralino production, with subsequent decays to sleptons or sneutrinos. Assuming a difference between the common ($) over tilde (+)(1)/(chi) over tilde (0)(2) mass and the LSP mass of 20 GeV and a tau-enriched decay scenario, masses in the range m((chi) over tilde (+)(1)) < 307 GeV are excluded at 95% CL. (C) 2016 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.
BMWFW (Austria) ; FWF (Austria) ; FNRS (Belgium) ; FWO (Belgium) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; MES (Bulgaria) ; CERN ; CAS (China) ; MoST (China) ; NSFC (China) ; COLCIENCIAS (Colombia) ; MSES (Croatia) ; CSF (Croatia) ; RPF (Cyprus) ; MoER (Estonia) ; ERC IUT (Estonia) ; ERDF (Estonia) ; Academy of Finland (Finland) ; MEC (Finland) ; HIP (Finland) ; CEA (France) ; CNRS/IN2P3 (France) ; BMBF (Germany) ; DFG (Germany) ; HGF (Germany) ; GSRT (Greece) ; OTKA (Hungary) ; NIH (Hungary) ; DAE (India) ; DST (India) ; IPM (Iran) ; SFI (Ireland) ; INFN (Italy) ; MSIP (Republic of Korea) ; NRF (Republic of Korea) ; LAS (Lithuania) ; MOE (Malaysia) ; UM (Malaysia) ; CINVESTAV (Mexico) ; CONACYT (Mexico) ; SEP (Mexico) ; UASLP-FAI (Mexico) ; MBIE (New Zealand) ; PAEC (Pakistan) ; MSHE (Poland) ; NSC (Poland) ; FCT (Portugal) ; JINR (Dubna) ; MON (Russia) ; RosAtom (Russia) ; RAS (Russia) ; RFBR (Russia) ; MESTD (Serbia) ; SEIDI (Spain) ; CPAN (Spain) ; Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland) ; MST (Taipei) ; ThEPCenter (Thailand) ; IPST (Thailand) ; STAR (Thailand) ; NSTDA (Thailand) ; TUBITAK (Turkey) ; TAEK (Turkey) ; NASU (Ukraine) ; SFFR (Ukraine) ; STFC (United Kingdom) ; DOE (USA) ; NSF (USA) ; Marie-Curie programme (European Union) ; European Research Council (European Union) ; EPLANET (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union ; Regional Development Fund ; OPUS programme of the National Science Centre (Poland) ; Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino) ; MIUR project (Italy) ; Thalis programme - EU-ESF ; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; Science and Technology Facilities Council ; MIUR project (Italy): 20108T4XTM ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I003622/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003844/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M004775/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N000242/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001639/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N000250/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001256/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: CMS ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/L00609X/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/H000925/2 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/J005479/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003542/1 GRID PP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/L00609X/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I000305/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/J005665/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001639/1 CMS Upgrades ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003542/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001531/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003224/1 CMS Upgrades ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M004775/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/J004901/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I005912/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/L005603/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: PP/E002803/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M002020/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003844/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/J004871/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I005912/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I003622/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/H000925/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N001273/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: PP/E000479/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M005356/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003542/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M005356/1 ; A search for anomalous pseudoscalar couplings of the Higgs boson H to electroweak vector bosons V (= W or Z) in a sample of proton-proton collision events corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 18.9 fb(-1) at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV is presented. Events consistent with the topology of associated VH production, where the Higgs boson decays to a pair of bottom quarks and the vector boson decays leptonically, are analyzed. The consistency of data with a potential pseudoscalar contribution to the HVV interaction, expressed by the effective pseudoscalar cross section fractions f(a3), is assessed by means of profile likelihood scans. Results are given for the VH channels alone and for a combined analysis of the VH and previously published H -> VV channels. Under certain assumptions, f(a3)(ZZ) > 0.0034 is excluded at 95% confidence level in the combination. Scenarios in which these assumptions are relaxed are also considered. (C) 2016 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
В статье оценивается практическая значимость господствующего в учебной литературе хронологического подхода к изучению Истории отечественного (российского) государства и права. Отмечено, что этот подход затрудняет выявление закономерностей развития государства и права, поскольку информация о государстве и праве замкнута в рамках определенной исторической эпохи и нередко бывает неполной, фрагментарной. Автор предлагает несколько новых принципов, способствующих совершенствованию курса Истории отечественного государства и права. Это целевая предметно-отраслевая ориентация информации о государстве и праве, использование сравнительно-правового диахронного метода анализа историко-правовых явлений и последовательное структурированное изложение информации об истории отечественного государства и права. Целенаправленность позволяет обозначить несколько важнейших тем, каждая из которых охватывает конкретное государственно-правовое явление (например, эволюцию источников права) или отрасль (например, историю гражданского права, эволюцию уголовного права и т.п.). Каждая отрасль или явление исследуется с помощью сравнительно-правового диахронного метода. Это позволяет сосредоточить внимание на небольшом количестве вопросов, связанных между собой, и изучить явление или отрасль не только в статике, но и в динамике, начиная со времени становления и до современного состояния, прослеживая основные этапы эволюции и тенденции развития. Принцип последовательности и структурированности изложения исключает пробелы в изложении информации, что позволяет воссоздать полную картину развития отрасли или правового явления. На примере эволюции отечественного законодательства о форме брака показаны возможности обозначенных автором принципов. В статье в соответствии с принципами целенаправленного сравнительно-исторического последовательного анализа исследованы формы брака, практикуемые в русском (российском) государстве с X по XX век и сделаны важнейшие выводы как теоретического, так и практического характера. Установлено, что в древнейший период между собой соперничали две формы брака языческий и церковный. Церковный брак стал монопольно господствующей формой только к концу XVI в. Однако церковный брак никогда не был единственной законной формой супружеского союза. Наряду с ним существовали языческие обряды «инородцев», раскольничьи браки, нехристианские и смешанные браки, а также гражданский брак. На основе сравнительного анализа установлено, что ритуально-обрядовая сторона брака в XVIII в. дополняется формальной. Формальная составляющая брака постепенно полностью вытесняет ритуальную и в середине XX в. становится единственным доказательством законности супружеского союза. В заключении сделан вывод о положительном влиянии предложенных принципов совершенствования курса Истории отечественного государства и о соответствии данного подхода идее практико-ориентированного обучения. ; The article assesses the practical significance of the a chronological approach to the study of the History of Russian state and law, ruling in the educational literature. Noted that this approach makes it difficult to identify patterns of development of state and law, since the information about state and law is closed within a certain historical period and is often incomplete, fragmentary. The author offers several new guidelines that can improve the course of History of Russian state and law. There are the purposeful domain-branch targeted orientation of the information about state and law, the use of comparative legal diachronic method of analysis of historical and legal phenomena and coherent structured presentation of information about the history of Russian state and law. The purposefulness allows to form some main themes, each of which covers the certain state-legal phenomenon (for example, the evolution of sources of law) or certain branch of law (e.g. the history of civil law, the evolution of criminal law, etc.). Every branch of law or phenomenon is investigated by means of comparative legal diachronic method. This allows to focus on a small number of related issues and to study the phenomenon or branch of law, not only in statics but also in dynamics, starting from the time of formation and to its modern state, tracing the main stages of evolution and development trends. The guideline of coherence and structuring of the presentation helps avoiding blanks in the presentation of information that allows to reconstruct a complete picture of the development of the branch of law or legal phenomenon. On the certain example of the evolution of national legislation about form of marriage were demonstrated the capabilities of the author's guidelines. The article in accordance to the guidelines of purposeful comparative historical coherence analysis explores the forms of marriage practiced in Russian state from X to XX century and makes important insights, both of theoretical and practical nature. It is established that in the earliest period two forms of marriage pagan and Church competed among themselves. Church marriage became exclusively dominant only at the end of the XVI century. However, Church marriage has never been the sole legal form of marriage. Along with it existed pagan rites of «aborigines», schismatic marriages and non-Christian and mixed marriages, and also civil marriage. On the basis of the comparative analysis it was established that the ritual and ceremonial side of marriage were complemented by formal side in the XVIII century. The formal side of the marriage gradually entirely displaces the ritual and in the mid-twentieth century becomes the only proof of the legality of the marital union. The conclusion on the positive impact of the proposed principles of improving the course of the History of Russian state and law made, and that this approach matches the idea of practice-based learning.
Противоречия между регионами Бельгии Валлонией и Фландрией имеют долгую историю, связанную с неравномерным политическим, экономическим и культурным развитием территорий, которые в 1830 г. вошли в независимое государство Королевство Бельгия. Одним из наиболее интересных источников по истории Бельгии данного периода является «Письмо королю», написанное выдающимся бельгийским политиком и литератором, социалистом Жюлем Дестре (1863 1936 гг.), и ставшее своего рода манифестом идей необходимости нахождения баланса между идеями сепаратизма и унитаризма. В этой статье впервые в переводе автора на русский язык приводятся отрывки из документа, а также проводится историческая критика данного источника. Исследование базируется на комплексе методов и подходов, основанных на принципе научной объективности и системности, применяемых в исторических исследованиях. Основными методами являются историко-проблемный и компаративный анализ, классификация и сопоставление политико-исторических концепций. В рамках внешней критики источника были определены место и время его создания, изучена биография автора текста; внутренняя критика источника воссоздаёт замысел произведения на фоне происходящих исторических событий. Ж. Дестре, высоко ценивший личные качества короля Альберта I, апеллирует к его опыту и политическому видению, описывая все проблемы, с которыми сталкивались валлоны в своём противостоянии фламандцам. В своём письме Ж. Дестре выразил протест против неравного развития регионов Бельгии и протекционистской политики центральной власти в отношении Фландрии в ущерб Валлонии. Он обобщил и сформулировал те факторы, которые, по его мнению, мешали полноценному развитию его страны. Дестреуделяет большое внимание языковым различиям, которые оказались в основе конфликтов между валлонами и фламандцами и которые до сих пор сотрясают Бельгию. Он размышляет над тем, что должна делать центральная власть для снижения национальной напряжённости, что объединяет два народа, а что разделяет, какой должна быть система образования, чтобы грядущие поколения смогли преодолеть историческую отчуждённость таких географически близких и таких идеологически далёких народов. И хотя Жюль Дестре твёрдо отстаивает идею сепаратизма для Валлонии как единственного решения проблемы, тем не менее, к концу своего письма-рассуждения он принимает более сбалансированную позицию. Идея унитарного государства уже не отрицается им полностью, но подчеркивается важность сбалансированной политики центральной власти по отношению к регионам для снижения внутренней напряженности в отношениях между двумя народами. Идеи, заложенные в «Письме королю», легли в основу принципов дальнейшего мирного сосуществования автономных регионов в составе союза, что проявилось во время Первой мировой войны, когда валлоны и фламандцы бок о бок противостояли общему врагу. ; Contradictions between the regions of Belgium Wallonia and Flanders have a long history associated with uneven political, economic and cultural development of the territories, which in 1830 became parts of an independent state, the Kingdom of Belgium. The "Letter to the King", written by eminent Belgian politician and writer, socialist Jules Destree (1863 1936 gg.), is one of the most interesting sources on the history of Belgium of this period, It became a kind of manifesto of balance between the ideas of separatism and unitarianism. This article includes excerpts from the "Letter to the King", which were given for the first time in the author's Russian translation and conducted historical criticism of the source. The study is based on a set of scientific methods and approaches, including the principle of scientific objectivity and systematic approach, used in historical research. The main methods are problematic and historical-comparative analysis, classification and comparison of political and historical concepts. An external source of criticism included information about the place and the time of the creation of document, the biography of the author studies; internal critic source recreates the idea of the letter and the background of historical events. Prominent Belgian politician and writer, socialist Jules Destree (1863 1936), highly appreciated the personal qualities of King Albert I, appealed to his experience and political vision, describing all the problems Walloons faced in their opposition to the Flemish. Destree in his letter opposed the unequal development of the regions of Belgium and the protectionist policies of the central government in respect to the detriment of Flanders Wallonia. He summarized and formulated the factors that, in his opinion, interfere with the full development of his country. Destree pays great attention to linguistic differences, which were at the heart of conflicts between Walloons and Flemings, and are still shaken by Belgium. He reflects on the fact that the central government should be doing to reduce the national tensions that unites two people, and that the shares, which should be a system of education that future generations were able to overcome the historical alienation of such geographically close and ideologically distant peoples. Although Jules Destree firmly defends separatism idea for Wallonia as the only solution to the problem, however, by the end of his letter, reasoning it takes a more balanced position. The idea of a unitary state was not denied completely, but Destree emphasizes the importance of a balanced central government policy in relation to the regions in order to reduce internal tensions between the two nations. The ideas embodied in his "Letter to the King", formed the basis of the principles of peaceful co-existence of further autonomous regions as part of the union, which was manifested in the future during the First World War, when the Walloons and Flemings alongside confronted a common enemy.
ABSTRAKPenelitian tesis dengan judul: "Sinkronisasi Aplikasi Fungsi Penyidikan Dan Penuntutan Dalam Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Psikotropika Berdasarkan Sistem Peradilan Pidana Terpadu Di Wilayah Hukum Kepolisian Kota Pontianak"bertujuan untuk mengetahui sinkronisasi aplikasi fungsi penyidikan dan penuntutan dalam penegakan hukum tindak pidana psikotropika berdasarkan sistem peradilan pidana terpadu di wilayah hukum Kepolisian Kota Pontianak. Untuk mengetahui upaya dalam melaksanakan sinkronisasi aplikasi fungsi penyidikan dan penuntutan dalam penegakan hukum tindak pidana psikotropika berdasarkan sistem peradilan pidana terpadu di wilayah hukum Kepolisian Kota Pontianak. Untuk menganalisa sinkronisasi aplikasi fungsi penyidikan dan penuntutan dalam penegakan hukum tindak pidana psikotropika berdasarkan sistem peradilan pidana terpadu di wilayah hukum Kepolisian Kota Pontianak.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum dengan mempergunakan cara pendekatan yuridis empiris yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka yang merupakan data sekunder, yang disebut penelitian kepustakaan. Selanjutnya untuk menunjang dan melengkapi fakta yang ada, yaitu norma (kaedah) untuk penelitian kepustakaan dari pelaku untuk penelitian lapangan.Penelitian ini dititik beratkan pada studi kepustakaan, sehingga data sekunder atau bahan pustaka lebih diutamakan dari pada data primer. Untuk menunjang dan melengkapi data yang telah diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan, penulis melakukan penelitian lapangan (field research).Untuk itu dalam penelitian ini telah ditetapkan wilayah (lokasi) dan objek penelitian.Bahwa sinkronisasi aplikasi fungsi penyidikan dan penuntutan dalam penegakan hukum tindak pidana psikotropika berdasarkan sistem peradilan pidana terpadu di wilayah hukum Kepolisian kota Pontianak dilaksanakan sesuai atau berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP) dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 58 Tahun 2010 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 27 ahun 1983 Tentang Pelaksanaan KUHAP. Bahwa upaya dalam melaksanakan sinkronisasi aplikasi fungsi penyidikan dan penuntutan dalam penegakan hukum tindak pidana psikotropika berdasarkan sistem peradilan pidana terpadu di wilayah hukum Kepolisian Kota Pontianak adalah dengan melakukan berbagai tindakan antara lain peningkatan kerjasama dan koordinasi yang baik antara penyidik Kepolisian dan JPU, peningkatan sumber daya manusia masing-masing lembaga serta peningkatan transparansi masing-masing lembaga dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Bahwa Analisa yang diperoleh terhadap sinkronisasi aplikasi fungsi penyidikan dan penuntutan dalam penegakan hukum tindak pidana psikotropika berdasarkan sistem peradilan pidana terpadu di wilayah hukum Kepolisian Kota Pontianak selama ini belum terlaksana dengan baik karena masih sering terjadi persoalan antara penyidik Kepolisian dengan Jaksa Penuntut Umum dalam menangani perkara psikotropika antara kedua lembaga sering terjadi mis komunikasi misalnya apa yang diinginkan oleh penyidik kadang kala kurang dipahami oleh JPU begitu pula sebaliknya. Sehingga dalam proses penuntutan sering kali mengecewakan salah satu pihak.Kata Kunci : Singkronisasi, Penyidikan, Penuntutan, PsikotropikaABSTRACTThesis with the title: "Synchronization Function Application Investigation and Prosecution In Law Enforcement Crime Psychotropic Substances Under the Criminal Justice System Integrated On Jurisdiction Police Pontianak City" aims to determine the synchronization application functions of investigation and prosecution in law enforcement criminal offense psychotropic by the criminal justice system of integrated in the jurisdiction of Police Pontianak. To determine synchronization efforts in carrying out the investigation and prosecution of applications function in law enforcement criminal offense psychotropic based integrated criminal justice system in Pontianak City Policejurisdiction. To analyze the application synchronization function investigation and prosecution of criminal offenses in law enforcement psychotropic based integrated criminal justice system in Pontianak City Police jurisdiction.This study is the law by using empirical juridical approach that is research done by researching library materials is a secondary data, called the research literature. Furthermore, to support and complement the existing facts, which is the norm (kaedah) for the research library of the offender to lapangan.Penelitian research is put emphasis on the study of literature, the secondary data or library materials precedence over the primary data. To support and complement the data gained through the study of literature, the author conducted field research (field research) .To it in this study was defined area (location) and the object of research.That a synchronization application functions of investigation and prosecution in law enforcement criminal offense psychotropic by the criminal justice system integrated in the jurisdiction of Police of the city of Pontianak conducted in accordance with or pursuant to Act No. 8 of 1981 on Criminal Proceedings (Criminal Procedure Code) and Government Regulation No. 58 Year 2010 on Amendment to Government Regulation No. 27 of 1983 on the Implementation of the Criminal Procedure Code ear. Whereas efforts in carrying out the synchronization application functions of investigation and prosecution in law enforcement criminal offense psychotropic by the criminal justice system integrated in the jurisdiction of City Police Pontianak is to perform various actions include increased cooperation and coordination between police investigators and the prosecutor, improvement of human resources each institution as well as improving the transparency of each institution in carrying tugasnya.Bahwa analysis obtained on application synchronization functions of investigation and prosecution of criminal offenses in law enforcement psychotropic based integrated criminal justice system in Pontianak City Police jurisdiction has not been performing well since still common issue among police investigators from the Public Prosecutor for handling the case of psychotropic between the two institutions often mis communications, eg what is desired by the investigator sometimes poorly understood by the public prosecutor and vice versa. So that in the prosecution often mengecweakan one of the parties.Keywords: Synchronization, investigation, prosecution, psychotropic
Проаналізовано вплив ратифікації Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС на правове регулювання відносин у сфері державних закупівель в Україні з метою забезпечення принципу недискримінації. З'ясовано, що негайний ефект від Угоди в цій сфері матиме радше обмежений характер. Визначено, що на первісному етапі Угода здатна призвести за певних обставин навіть до деякого обмеження доступу європейський компаній до державних закупівель України.На підставі критерію мети виокремлено та зазначено ті положення Угоди, які прямо стосуються предмета антидискримінаційного правового регулювання. Досліджено, що чимала кількість положень українського законодавства, спрямованих на усунення дискримінації у розглядуваній сфері, вже відповідає стандартам, закріпленим в Угоді.З'ясовано, що найвірогіднішим напрямом заходів з імплементації Угоди буде виконання зобов'язання з реформування механізму оскарження результатів державних тендерів. Виявлено, що розробку методики об'єктивної формально-юридичної оцінки успішності виконання Україною цього зобов'язання можна вважати перспективним напрямом подальших досліджень.Ключові слова: Угода про асоціацію, ЄС, Україна, економічна дискримінація, недискримінація, державні закупівлі, інфраструктурні проекти.The article is devoted to the impact of ratification of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU on the regulation of relations in the field of public procurement in Ukraine with a particular aim to ensure the application of the non-discrimination principle to the relations in the field of public procurement. It turns out that the agreement will have a rather limited immediate effect; whereby potentially it may be used even to limit the access to Ukrainian public procurement of the EU-based companies. It has been proven specifically, that the immediate effect of the Agreement in this area might be rather limited although being low to moderate. Moreover,under certain circumstances, some practices at the initial stage the Agreement's application and implementation may lead to limiting access of European companies to the public procurement market in Ukraine.On the basis of objective criteria the author distinguishes and allocates those provisions of the Agreement that are directly related to the subject of anti-discrimination regulations. Further, it is noted that a considerable number of provisions of the Ukrainian legislation aimed at eliminating discrimination in the proposed area do already meet the standards stipulated in the Agreement.In other words, numerous provisions against discrimination in the area of public procurements seem to be already in line and very well in line with the EU standards laid down in and stipulated pursuant to the aforementioned Agreement.The principles of public procurement, secured in the Agreement, are namely: nondiscrimination, equal treatment, transparency and proportionality. These principles are fleshed out in a number of provisions (in the terminology of the Agreement - standards) that are expedient for functional lines and can be divided into several groups: access to information on public procurement (first group), identification of the state contract (second group), challenging the results of public procurement (third group) (Articles 149, 150, 151 of the Agreement). All the above criteria are developed based on a deeply objective basis, allowing transformation of the institutionalframework of the conduct of the public procurement in Ukraine in effective, transparent and cost-effective manner. One should not overlook the fact that people of Ukraine are devoted to the integration with the EU, what allows Ukraine to revitalize and to become truly market economywith skilled working force and well developed industrial facilities.The progress of implementation efforts will most probably be focused on improving appellate procedures, the institutional reform, creating additional work forces, development of public infrastructure needed and organizing various public awareness raising campaigns with an aimto comply with the obligations, arising for Ukraine from the relevant EU-Ukraine Association Agreement provisions. The most suggested direction of the implementation of the Agreement shall be the obligation to reform the mechanism of legal review of results of public tenders in theway as to making it accessible to every citizen of Ukraine irrespective of the level of personal income or positioning within the society.The EU-Ukraine association is a two-way street, fostering communication and information exchange in order to improve mutual understanding in the areas of public procurements as well as mobilizing communities and the whole society for necessary changes in attitudes and behaviorin order to comply with the EU standards. Collaboration among different stakeholders is one of the key factors for successful campaigning in the areas of public procurements, which has to be introduced in the way of the implementation of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement.From the formal legal point of view it is not an easy task to give a reasonable answer to the question whether the existing appeal mechanism to the decisions in the area of public procurement - that is the provision creating additional values and opportunities for institutional stakeholders - is in line with the best international practices. In addition, existing stakeholders and international business entities already expressed their deepest dissatisfaction with the business practices, but often only in the press, and not, for example, by appeals to the authorities competent to give legal assessment of the actions of officials in charge of the appeals process.Key words: Association Agreement, the EU, Ukraine, economic discrimination, nondiscrimination, public procurements, infrastructure projects.
This paper pretends to expose theses which have given rise to political transitions or the transition from dictatorship to democracy. In general, there are several questions about how and why a dictatorial system evolves to a democratic system: Are necessary certain cultural, social, economic and political conditions in order to produce the evolution towards democracy? In other terms, is it possible to identify some specific forms which help us predict the possibility of a transition towards a democracy? In this sense, it is important to consider that transitions are only possible when some definitive steps appear: liberalization, democratization and consolidation. These steps are vital to understand the corollary of political transitions. Robert Dahl has considered five conditions which favor the transition towards democracy in a country. Firstly, the means of violent coercion have to be disseminated or neutralized. Secondly, the society has to be modern, dynamic and pluralistic, that is, society has to have certain levels of urbanization, people literacy, occupational diversity, social welfare levels, various organized and autonomous groups, economic growth, and an increasing living standard. Thirdly, the author states that it is necessary to have cultural homogeneity, or in case of the existence of heterogeneity, this should not be fragmented in subcultures or have leaders who propose agreements or consensus. Fourthly, this condition is related to the political culture, that is, this has to favor democracy. Finally, the country must not have subjected to the intervention of a foreign power hostile to polyarchy. The theses of Dahl coincide with the main idea of the transition in that this is just the process of substitution of an authoritarian political regime by a democratic one. Similarly, the transition can be originated by a rupture, but it is more frequent to find process which discard revolutionary developments and keep moderation. This is the framework of this essay: to show different positions and analysis presented by experts about the topic and try to elucidate the characteristics manifested by a possible consolidation. In political terms, consolidation will be the final step of democratization. At the end of this analysis, Colombia is taken as a case study. Based on the fluid movements proposed by Morlino, in Colombia, the democratic transition has some special characteristics, which could fit within a model such as that of Schmitter, even though it also has a special relation proposed by Dahl. However, everything depends on the criterion on which arguments are based. ; El siguiente ensayo pretende exponer las tesis que han dado origen a las transiciones políticas o el paso de la dictadura hacia la democracia. La cuestión que se plantea es, en términos generales, cómo y por qué un sistema dictatorial evoluciona hacia un sistema democrático… ¿Son necesarias determinadas condiciones culturales, sociales, económicas y políticas para que se produzca la evolución hacia la democracia? O dicho de otro modo: ¿Es posible identificar unas formas específicas que nos permitan pronosticar la posibilidad de una transición hacia la democracia? En este mismo orden de ideas, habrá que considerar que las transiciones sólo son posibles, cuando se han dado unos pasos definitivos: La liberalización, la democratización y la consolidación, pasos, por supuesto vitales, para entender el corolario de las transiciones políticas. Robert Dahl, ha considerado, por ejemplo, cinco condiciones que favorecen la transición hacia la democracia en un país: la primera, es que los medios de coacción violenta estén difundidos o neutralizados; como segundo aspecto, que sea una sociedad moderna, dinámica y pluralista, esto es, con ciertos niveles de urbanización, alfabetización, diversidad ocupacional, niveles de bienestar social, diversos grupos con organización y cierta autonomía, crecimiento económico y aumento del nivel de vida; en tercera instancia, considera el autor, que debe haber homogeneidad cultural o si existe heterogeneidad, que no esté fragmentada en subculturas o que tenga líderes que convoquen a los acuerdos y al consenso; la cuarta condición está relacionada con la cultura política, esto es, que sea favorable a la democracia y, por último, que el país no esté sometido a la intervención de una potencia extranjera hostil a la poliarquía. La tesis de Dahl está en concordancia con la idea central de la transición en cuanto que ésta no es más que el proceso de sustitución de un régimen político autoritario por otro democrático. Igualmente, que la transición puede originarse por un suceso rupturista, pero es más frecuente encontrar procesos que obvian los desarrollos revolucionarios y mantienen la moderación. Este es el marco de referencia en el que se mueve el ensayo: mostrar las posturas y análisis que presentan los expertos en el tema y tratar de dilucidar las características propias de una posible consolidación que, en términos politológicos, será el punto final de la democratización. En la parte final del análisis propuesto, se toma como modelo de estudio el caso de Colombia, pues observados los momentos fluidos expuestos por Morlino, en nuestro país la transición democrática tiene unas particularidades que bien podrían encajar en un modelo como el expuesto por Schmitter, aunque también tiene particular relación con la visión de Dahl, pero todo queda al criterio con que se expongan los argumentos.
Background Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. Methods Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age-sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for under-5 mortality. Third, we analysed levels and cause compositions of under-5 mortality, across time and geographies, as they related to rising SDI. Finally, we decomposed the changes in under-5 mortality to changes in SDI at the global level, as well as changes in leading causes of under-5 deaths for countries and territories. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 child mortality estimation process, as well as data sources, in accordance with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, 5.8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5.7-6.0) children younger than 5 years died in 2015, representing a 52.0% (95% UI 50.7-53.3) decrease in the number of under-5 deaths since 1990. Neonatal deaths and stillbirths fell at a slower pace since 1990, decreasing by 42.4% (41.3-43.6) to 2.6 million (2.6-2.7) neonatal deaths and 47.0% (35.1-57.0) to 2.1 million (1. 8-2.5) stillbirths in 2015. Between 1990 and 2015, global under-5 mortality decreased at an annualised rate of decrease of 3. 0% (2.6-3.3), falling short of the 4.4% annualised rate of decrease required to achieve MDG4. During this time, 58 countries met or exceeded the pace of progress required to meet MDG4. Between 2000, the year MDG4 was formally enacted, and 2015, 28 additional countries that did not achieve the 4.4% rate of decrease from 1990 met the MDG4 pace of decrease. However, absolute levels of under-5 mortality remained high in many countries, with 11 countries still recording rates exceeding 100 per 1000 livebirths in 2015. Marked decreases in under-5 deaths due to a number of communicable diseases, including lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, and malaria, accounted for much of the progress in lowering overall under-5 mortality in low-income countries. Compared with gains achieved for infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies, the persisting toll of neonatal conditions and congenital anomalies on child survival became evident, especially in low-income and low-middle-income countries. We found sizeable heterogeneities in comparing observed and expected rates of under-5 mortality, as well as differences in observed and expected rates of change for under-5 mortality. At the global level, we recorded a divergence in observed and expected levels of under-5 mortality starting in 2000, with the observed trend falling much faster than what was expected based on SDI through 2015. Between 2000 and 2015, the world recorded 10.3 million fewer under-5 deaths than expected on the basis of improving SDI alone. Interpretation Gains in child survival have been large, widespread, and in many places in the world, faster than what was anticipated based on improving levels of development. Yet some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, still had high rates of under-5 mortality in 2015. Unless these countries are able to accelerate reductions in child deaths at an extraordinary pace, their achievement of proposed SDG targets is unlikely. Improving the evidence base on drivers that might hasten the pace of progress for child survival, ranging from cost-effective intervention packages to innovative financing mechanisms, is vital to charting the pathways for ultimately ending preventable child deaths by 2030. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Problem setting. Improvement of the domestic system of the sources of law being the important part of the legal system of Ukraine modernization is virtually impossible without working out of the logically consistent and not internally contradictory theoretical model of the source of law, revealing of the vertical and horizontal ties between different sources of law, tendencies of their development, peculiarities of their interaction with other elements of the legal system. In connection with this it is actual and useful the investigation of the foreign models of the sources of law, regularities of their development and also implementation in the national legal system of the corresponding foreign legal experience. System analysis of sources of the Anglo-American of law gives the possibility to take a fresh look at such sources of law as normative-legal act and legal precedent, to reveal their shortcomings and advantages, peculiarities of their interrelation and interaction with secondary sources of law. Recent research and publications analysis. Works by W. Burnham, R. Cross, R. David, N. Duxbury, L. Fuller, J. Gray, J. Merryman, S. Pohrebniak, R. Pound, M. Radin, F. Schauer F. Shecaira, S. Shevchuk, K. Zweigert are noteworthy among modern scientists researching this problem. Paper objective. The main tasks and goals of the article set by the author are as follows: determination of the main approaches in the Anglo-American jurisdiction to the interpretation of the concept «source of law», determination of the interrelations and interaction between primary and secondary sources of law, peculiarities of their use in the legal practice , in particularly, in the case of enforcement of law. Paper main body. Complex historical process of the sources of law formation in the legal systems of the Anglo-American legal family has taken place under direct and significant influence of the judicial corps representatives. It is not only concerns of the main source of the Anglo-American law, that is, precedent being the product l of the court lawmaking. It is as the result of the activity of the judges that such sources of law as «general rules » of the courts, written by the prominent lawyers, mainly, by judges, so-called, «books of authority»; legal custom that acquire legal and regulatory character in the event of judicial sanctioning. Characterizing the role and significance of the legislation (statute law) in the legal life of the modern countries of the general law, determining its interrelations and interaction with the precedent law it is necessary to take into account that statute norms «revive» exactly in the court practice. The courts use the statute norms in the case when they have been interpreted by the highest judicial instances in the framework of the particular case decision. Conclusions of the research. The statement that enforcement of law is based on the formal and dogmatic approach to law and especially mechanical use of the legal regulations, in fact, making it impossible adoption of reasonable and equitable decisions is recognized among lawyers of the Anglo-American tradition. That is why, the judges in the countries of the Anglo-American law often turn to non-legal sources of law and secondary (additional) sources of law, first of all, to the scientific sources. Herewith, the legal science has influence on the enforcement of law in two basic forms. Firstly, when scientific statements become part of the legal consciousness of the enforcement of law subjects in the course of the study by them of the scientific works .In this case, we are talking about indirect influence of the scientific thought on the legally significant decisions made by judges . Secondly, under the conditions of the controversial practice of the norms of law use, presence of the gaps in the legislation, collisions of the legal regulations it is used by the judicial bodies scientific positions as mean of the additional argumentation referring in their decisions to lawyer authoritative works. This make their legal position more convincing, logical and well grounded. ; Рассмотрены основные подходы к толкованию понятия «источник права» в англо- американской юриспруденции, охарактеризованы различные виды источников права, приведены основные их классификации. Особое внимание уделено исследованию вторичных источников права и неюридических источников. На основе анализа судебной практики в странах англо-американского права установлено, что судьи при осуществлении правосудия не ограничиваются исключительно статутами и прецедентами. При разрешении сложных дел, при интерпретации статутов, при изменении прецедентов, в конституционном Теорія і практика правознавства. – Вип. 2 (6) / 2014 До 210-річчя Університету 21 судопроизводстве судьи часто обращаются именно к неправовой информации и вторичным источникам права, непосредственно цитируя их в судебных решениях, что делает их правовую позицию более обоснованной и убеждающей. ; Розглянуто основні підходи до тлумачення поняття «джерело права» в англо- американській юриспруденції, охарактеризовано різні види джерел права, наведено основні їх класифікації. Особливу увагу приділено дослідженню вторинних джерелах права та неюридичних джерел. На основі аналізу судової практики в країнах англо-американського права встановлено, що судді при здійсненні судочинства не обмежуються виключно статутами та прецедентами. При вирішенні складних справ, інтерпретації статутів, зміні прецедентів, у конституційному судочинстві судді часто звертаються до неправової інформації й вторинних джерел права, безпосередньо цитуючи їх у судових рішеннях, що робить їх правову позицію більш обґрунтованою й переконливою
Problem setting. Improvement of the domestic system of the sources of law being the important part of the legal system of Ukraine modernization is virtually impossible without working out of the logically consistent and not internally contradictory theoretical model of the source of law, revealing of the vertical and horizontal ties between different sources of law, tendencies of their development, peculiarities of their interaction with other elements of the legal system. In connection with this it is actual and useful the investigation of the foreign models of the sources of law, regularities of their development and also implementation in the national legal system of the corresponding foreign legal experience. System analysis of sources of the Anglo-American of law gives the possibility to take a fresh look at such sources of law as normative-legal act and legal precedent, to reveal their shortcomings and advantages, peculiarities of their interrelation and interaction with secondary sources of law. Recent research and publications analysis. Works by W. Burnham, R. Cross, R. David, N. Duxbury, L. Fuller, J. Gray, J. Merryman, S. Pohrebniak, R. Pound, M. Radin, F. Schauer F. Shecaira, S. Shevchuk, K. Zweigert are noteworthy among modern scientists researching this problem. Paper objective. The main tasks and goals of the article set by the author are as follows: determination of the main approaches in the Anglo-American jurisdiction to the interpretation of the concept «source of law», determination of the interrelations and interaction between primary and secondary sources of law, peculiarities of their use in the legal practice , in particularly, in the case of enforcement of law. Paper main body. Complex historical process of the sources of law formation in the legal systems of the Anglo-American legal family has taken place under direct and significant influence of the judicial corps representatives. It is not only concerns of the main source of the Anglo-American law, that is, precedent being the product l of the court lawmaking. It is as the result of the activity of the judges that such sources of law as «general rules » of the courts, written by the prominent lawyers, mainly, by judges, so-called, «books of authority»; legal custom that acquire legal and regulatory character in the event of judicial sanctioning. Characterizing the role and significance of the legislation (statute law) in the legal life of the modern countries of the general law, determining its interrelations and interaction with the precedent law it is necessary to take into account that statute norms «revive» exactly in the court practice. The courts use the statute norms in the case when they have been interpreted by the highest judicial instances in the framework of the particular case decision. Conclusions of the research. The statement that enforcement of law is based on the formal and dogmatic approach to law and especially mechanical use of the legal regulations, in fact, making it impossible adoption of reasonable and equitable decisions is recognized among lawyers of the Anglo-American tradition. That is why, the judges in the countries of the Anglo-American law often turn to non-legal sources of law and secondary (additional) sources of law, first of all, to the scientific sources. Herewith, the legal science has influence on the enforcement of law in two basic forms. Firstly, when scientific statements become part of the legal consciousness of the enforcement of law subjects in the course of the study by them of the scientific works .In this case, we are talking about indirect influence of the scientific thought on the legally significant decisions made by judges . Secondly, under the conditions of the controversial practice of the norms of law use, presence of the gaps in the legislation, collisions of the legal regulations it is used by the judicial bodies scientific positions as mean of the additional argumentation referring in their decisions to lawyer authoritative works. This make their legal position more convincing, logical and well grounded. ; Рассмотрены основные подходы к толкованию понятия «источник права» в англо- американской юриспруденции, охарактеризованы различные виды источников права, приведены основные их классификации. Особое внимание уделено исследованию вторичных источников права и неюридических источников. На основе анализа судебной практики в странах англо-американского права установлено, что судьи при осуществлении правосудия не ограничиваются исключительно статутами и прецедентами. При разрешении сложных дел, при интерпретации статутов, при изменении прецедентов, в конституционном Теорія і практика правознавства. – Вип. 2 (6) / 2014 До 210-річчя Університету 21 судопроизводстве судьи часто обращаются именно к неправовой информации и вторичным источникам права, непосредственно цитируя их в судебных решениях, что делает их правовую позицию более обоснованной и убеждающей. ; Розглянуто основні підходи до тлумачення поняття «джерело права» в англо- американській юриспруденції, охарактеризовано різні види джерел права, наведено основні їх класифікації. Особливу увагу приділено дослідженню вторинних джерелах права та неюридичних джерел. На основі аналізу судової практики в країнах англо-американського права встановлено, що судді при здійсненні судочинства не обмежуються виключно статутами та прецедентами. При вирішенні складних справ, інтерпретації статутів, зміні прецедентів, у конституційному судочинстві судді часто звертаються до неправової інформації й вторинних джерел права, безпосередньо цитуючи їх у судових рішеннях, що робить їх правову позицію більш обґрунтованою й переконливою
The article develops the view-point on a myth as a symbolic reality which is accepted at the unconscious level and thus makes it easy for young people to orient themselves in the complex contemporary problematic world, self-orientation and the choice of the own life-road. The approach to myths as a cycle-recurrent themes and plot-stories is also targeted, because modern myths are a sequel of those ones which have been historically cultivated during previous generations of Ukrainians. A myth is viewed as emotionally attractive logic-and-image symbolic construction which is perceived as a real one just due to the fact of its existence and, actually, substitutes the reality and remains a suitable one for its perception and usage by young people in the form of explanatory model. An assumption is brought out that myths are inherent to fill-in certain «gaps» or «hollows» in their world outlooks, absence of own opinion and creeds, therefore following the logic of myths recalls dependence of a public opinion and a group-pressure. Illustrated by experimental data received by the author the myth-reflection in the political consciousness of the youth was traced, as well as their relationship with their political behavior. The research enabled to summarize that contemporary young people possesses a creative potential and is oriented to preserve their own values and individuality, as well as their spiritual satisfaction and development. Conceptions on democratic society is quite blurred among young people due to lack of clear way-marks and criteria and also the young people are tended to see Ukraine as a rich and powerful state with high level of living standards, where one can trace a cornucopia myth. The actuality of a hero-myth or an unappealable savior is illustrated by fact, that the expectations and intentions of the young people as regard to their certain and concrete actions are characterized by a hope to change the life in the country combined with the absence of intentions to apply their own efforts. At the same time the readiness to demonstrate concrete forms of participation in the electoral campaign is stimulated largely by a material interest, where one can trace a «the money talks» myth. A conclusion have been made that structuring a reality gives space for manipulations, including political ones; a myth brings a special spiritual sense to the events and makes human intentions actual and that is why can inspire motivate; a myth needs to have its apologets who can share it; a myth creates communicative system of senses, values and targets; myths reflect emotionally sensitive and basically approvable modes of behavior. ; Утверждается точка зрения на миф как на символическую реальность, которая легко усваивается и принимается на бессознательном уровне, вследствие чего облегчает ориентацию в сложном современном мире с его проблемами, необходимостью самоопределения и выбора собственного жизненного пути. Намечены основные признаки мифов и подход к ним как к циклически повторяющимся в истории человечества темам и сюжетам, поскольку современные мифы являются продолжением исторически культивируемых на протяжении предыдущих поколений украинцев мифических тем и сюжетов. Миф рассматривается как эмоционально привлекательная теоретико-художественная символическая конструкция, которая принимается как истинная, а на самом деле подменяет реальность, удобная для восприятия и использования в качестве объяснительной модели молодыми людьми. Высказано предположение о том, что мифам свойственно заполнять определенные «пробелы», «пустоты» мировоззрения, отсутствие собственного мнения и убеждений, поэтому следование логике мифов напоминает подчинение общественному мнению и групповому давлению. На примере полученных экспериментальных данных прослежено отражение мифов в политическом сознании молодежи. Делается вывод о том, что свойственное мифам конструирование реальности открывает пространство для манипуляций, в том числе политических; миф придает особый духовный смысл событиям, актуализирует человеческие интенции и поэтому может вдохновлять и мотивировать; миф требует последователей; мифу свойственно создание коммуникативной системы смыслов, ценностей и целей; в мифах предоставляются эмоционально окрашенные, в основном одобряемые, образцы поведения. ; Стверджується точка зору на міф як на символічну реальність, яка набуває якості легко засвоюватися і прийматися на несвідомому рівні, внаслідок чого полегшує орієнтацію у складному сучасному світі з його проблемами, необхідністю самовизначення і прокладання власного життєвого шляху. Накреслено основні ознаки міфів і підхід до них як до циклічно повторюваних у історії людства тем і сюжетів, оскільки сучасні міфи є продовженням історично культивованих на протязі попередніх поколінь українців міфічних тем і сюжетів. Міф розглядається як емоційно приваблива логічно-образна символічна конструкція, яка фактом свого існування приймається як істинна, а насправді підмінює реальність, зручна для сприймання та використання у якості пояснювальної моделі молодими людьми. Висловлено припущення про те, що міфам властиво заповнювати певні «прогалини», «пустоти» світогляду, відсутність власної думки і переконань, тому слідування логіці міфів нагадує підкорення суспільній думці і громадському тиску. На прикладі отриманих експериментальних даних прослідковано відображення міфів у політичній свідомості молоді. Робиться висновок про те, що властиве міфу конструювання реальності відкриває простір для маніпуляцій, в тому числі політичних; міф надає особливого духовного смислу подіям, актуалізує людські інтенції і тому може надихати і мотивувати; міф потребує послідовників; міфу притаманне створення комунікативної системи смислів, цінностей і цілей; у міфах надаються емоційно забарвлені, здебільшого схвалювані, зразки поведінки.
The article outlines the key approaches to the definition of cultural policy. Based on the analysis of contemporary scientific researches in it reveals the essence of the concept as an object of interdisciplinary studies. The research interests of the majority of scientists only touch one or couple of the approaches to the definition. The authors examine the cultural policy of the object position of their study: cultural studies, political science, public administration, providing expert advice to a particular region etc. Being on the edge of studying the social, political, legal, economic and cultural sciences, the research proposes the concept of cultural policy, which includes each of these theoretical components. The aim of the article is an overview of the main approaches towards defining the essence of the concept of "cultural policy". At the beginning the article states that in consequence certain understanding of the essence, purpose and components of cultural policy affects on its formation and implementation at the state level. Implementation of some model of cultural policy has wide influence from the position of the state in the world to the general welfare of its citizens. Besides that, cultural policy, that policy in the sphere of culture, which defines the purposes of cultural development, basic principles, methods and regulations of cultural processes, plays an important role in modern society. Nowadays necessity in studying of cultural policy as an independent branch of theoretical knowledge is actualized by the need in finding some new effective practical solutions. Cultural and political researches in order to solve real problems by scientists of different disciplines contribute to the understanding of the differences of concepts and categorical apparatus. Interpretation of cultural policy is formed under the influence of many factors. Among them are historical background, political regime, international agreements, economic conditions, technological progress and understanding of culture and its key elements and priorities. After that the article passes to contemporary theoretical and practical studies, which operate numerous approaches concerning definition of the essence of cultural policy. Within each of them assumed a different interpretation of the meaning, structure, objectives, implementation and the role of cultural policy in modern society. Although the first definition of the "cultural policy" dated mid-twentieth century, however, the phenomenon appeared in earlier historical periods. Cultural policy as a process and phenomenon arose much earlier than cultural policy as a concept. Management of culture emerged simultaneously with the emergence of culture as a real process. The obvious is the gradual formation of a historically conditioned phenomenon of cultural policy, and the fact that cultural policy has always had a concrete historical character: it is caused by national culture, historical type and political state, level of society development, its geopolitical orientation and other factors. Cultural policy is a dynamic phenomenon, which is constantly changing. It depends on the priorities of the subjects and also complex of historical, political, economic, legal, social, technological and even informational factors. Besides that, it builds up on the basis of previous experience of the region, considering the current state of socio-cultural sphere, which also causes ambiguity in the understanding of the term. Due to the diversity of approaches to the definition of the phenomenon of cultural policy, the article applies to etymology of its components – the categories of "politics" and "culture". Complexity of the phenomena of "culture" and "policy" is projected on the comprehension of the cultural policy. Therefore, there is a clear correlation between the definition and practice of culture and policy and also their derivative category of cultural policy. Cultural policy is much broader category that can serve as a correct redistribution and usage of nation cultural resources for resolving economic, social and political problems. Among the key issues of contemporary cultural policy offers review of the official definition of culture and those components that it should include, and with it the scope of authority and strategic aim of structures that formally responsible for culture. Depending on the priority of some aspects, researchers prefer certain definition. In the conclusion of the article author chooses most optimum integrated interpretation of cultural policy. The matter concerns a broader meaning, certain course of action, carefully developed approach and strategy in the field of culture. However, cultural policy remains one of the vaguely defined concepts. It is predetermined its multivalency and the presence of different research approaches. All these together causes significant difficulty in defining the term and needs to be further research. ; В статье изложены основные подходы к определению понятия культурная политика. На основе анализа современных научных исследований, раскрывается сущность понятия как объекта междисциплинарного изучения. Ученые интерпретируют понятие под влиянием исторических, общественных, политических, экономических, технологических и других факторов, а также понимания культуры и ее ключевых элементов и приоритетов. В ходе исследования предлагается интегрированное трактовка культурной политики – как определенного курса действий, тщательно разработанного подхода и стратегии в области культуры. ; У статті викладені основні підходи до визначення поняття культурна політика. На основі аналізу сучасних наукових досліджень, розкривається сутність поняття як об'єкта міждисциплінарного вивчення. Науковці інтерпретують поняття під впливом історичних, суспільних, політичних, економічних, технологічних та інших факторів, а також розуміння культури та її ключових елементів і пріоритетів. Під час дослідження пропонується інтегроване трактування культурної політики – як певного курсу дій, ретельно розробленого підходу та стратегії у галузі культури
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Iztapalapa: McGRAWHILLIINTERAMERICMA EDITORES, SA DE C.V . Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, M. (2010). Metodología de la investigación. México: Mc Graw Hill. Obtenido de https://www.esup.edu.pe/descargas/dep_investigacion/Metodologia%20de%20la%20investigaci%C3%B3n%205ta%20Edici%C3%B3n.pdf Izar Landeta, J. M., & Ynzunza Cortés, C. B. (2014). Método Híbrido de Inventario con Tiempo de Entrega Aleatorio. Conciencia Tecnológica, 12-16. Izar, J. M., & Méndez, H. (2013). Estudio comparativo de la aplicación de 6 modelos de inventarios para decidir la cantidad y el punto de reorden de un artículo. Ciencia y Tecnología, 217-232. Jacobs, R. (2000). Administracion de Producción y Operaciones: Manufactura y Servicios. Ladròn de Guevara, U. (2009). Medición de la satisfacción del cliente interno en una empresa de transformación. Medición de la satisfacción del cliente interno en una empresa de transformación. Xalapa, Mexico. Mantilla Celis, O. L., & Sanchez Garcia, J. M. (2012). Modelo tecnologico para el desarrollo de proyectos logisticos usando Lean Six Sigma. Estudios Gerenciales, 23-43. Marrero Hernandez, R., Olivera Caro, A., Garza Rios, R., & González Sánchez, C. (2014). Modelo de diagnóstico de procesos aplicado en la comercializadora de artículos ópticos. Ingenieria Industrial, 29-38. Marte, O., Soler, J., Gonzalez, D., Merejo, M., & Orozco, E. (2013). Estudio de satisfacción clientes internos año 2013. Estudio de satisfacción clientes internos año 2013. Santo Domingo, Republica Dominicana. Martinez, J., & Camacho, E. (2008). Sistema de control interno para el manejo de inventarios en pequeñas y medianas empresas en el municipio de soacha con base en la herramienta excel. Sistema de control interno para el manejo de inventarios en pequeñas y medianas empresas en el municipio de soacha con base en la herramienta excel. Bogota D.C., Colombia. Méndez, F., Ruiz, M., Elba, R., & Torres, J. (2013). Reducción de desperdicio utilizando las 8 disciplinas en el ensamble de cánula dentro de una industria médica. Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Handbook, 237-245. Microsoft Colombia. (15 de 10 de 2016). Microsoft. Obtenido de Miicrosoft: https://www.microsoft.com/es-es/dynamics/erp.aspx?WT.srch=1&WT.mc_id=SEM_JrCYU52u Ministerio de ambiente, vivienda y desarrollo territorialL. (2005). Politica ambiental para gestion integral de residuos y desechos peligrosos. Bogotá, D.C.: Panamericana formas impresas. Ministerio de Salud Colombia. (2012). Guías básicas de atención médica prehospitalaria. Obtenido de https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Documentos%20y%20Publicaciones/Guias%20Medicas%20de%20Atencion%20Prehospitalaria.pdf Ministerio de trabajo Colombia. (2015). Decreto 1072. En Decreto Unico Reglamentario del Sector Trabajo (pág. Art. 2.2.4.6.4). Ministerio de trabajo Colombia. (2015). Decreto 1072. Art.2.2.4.6.4. Ministerio de trabajo Colombia. (28 de Enero de 2016). Guía técnica de implementación del sg-sst para mi pymes. Obtenido de http://www.mintrabajo.gov.co/component/docman/doc_download/6418-guia-tecnica-de-implementacion-del-sg-sst-para-mipymes.html Montoya, R. A., Gomez Montoya, R. A., & Uribe, K. C. (2011). Idenficacion de oportunidades de mejora en la gestion del transporte del carbon en Colombia con Six sigma. Boletín Ciencias de la Tierra, 23-38. Obtenido de http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/30469/1/29291-105217-1-PB.pdf. Moyano Fuentes, P., Martinez Jurado, P. J., Maqueira Marin, J. M., & Bruque Camara, S. (2012). El papel de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) en la búsqueda de la eficiencia: un análisis desde Lean Production y la integración electrónica de la cadena de suministro. Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa, 105-116. Muller, M. (2005). Fundamentos de administración de inventarios. Norma. Nápoles Villa, A. V., Silva Ricardo, Y. D., & Marrero Fornaris, C. (2016). Análisis Modal de Fallo y sus Efectos de las Normas de Competencias. Ciencias Holguín, 1-15. Normas de información financiera para el grupo 3. (1993). La NIF para microempresas, como en el Decreto Reglamentario 2649 de 1993, los inventarios son tratados con la misma denominación. BOGOTA. OIT. (01 de Enero de 2008). Directrices relativas a los sistemas de gestión de la seguridad y la salud en el trabajo, ILO-OSH 2001. Obtenido de http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/WCMS_112582/lang--es/index.htm Okeda Tanaka, R. (Diciembre de 2008). Holistica Revista de ingenieria industrial. Obtenido de Holistica Revista de ingenieria industrial: http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/holistica/article/view/1478/1424 Pande, P., Neumann, R., & Cavanagh, R. (2004). Las claves prácticas de Seis Sigma: una guía dirigida a los equipos de mejora de procesos. Madrid: Mc Graw Hill. Pérez Vergara, I. G., Marmolejo, N., Mejía, A. M., Caro, M., & Rojas, J. (2016). Mejoramiento mediante herramientas de la manufactura esbelta, en una Empresa de Confecciones. Ingeniería Industrial, 24-35. Perez, P., & Ramirez, A. (2006). Diseño E Implementación Del Sistema De Inventarios A La Bodega Del Deposito y Autoservicio La colmena. Diseño E Implementación Del Sistema De Inventarios A La Bodega Del Deposito y Autoservicio La colmena. Bucaramanga: Colombia. Quintero, E., & Valencia, S. (2008). Diagnostico para la implementación de un sistema de gestión de calidad iso 9001:2000 al interior de la empresa maderas de yumbo ltda. Diagnostico para la implementación de un sistema de gestión de calidad iso 9001:2000 al interior de la empresa maderas de yumbo ltda. Bogota D.C., Colombia. Ramirez, O., & Fernandez, C. (2010). Modelaje y simulacion de procesos en la bodega para la mejora en tiempos de respuesta. Modelaje y simulacion de procesos en la bodega para la mejora en tiempos de respuesta. Bogota D.C, Colombia. Resolucion 2003. (28 de Mayo de 2014). Ministerio de Salud y Proteccion Social. Obtenido de https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Normatividad_Nuevo/Resoluci%C3%B3n%202003%20de%202014.pdf Revista Dinero. (2014). Nuevas reglas en importación de tecnología. Dinero, http://www.dinero.com/pais/articulo/nuevas-reglas-importacion-tecnologia/193339. Rojas, J., & Amaya, Y. (2014). Diseñar un sistema de inventarios para establecer mecanismos de control de mercancia del almacén y taller súper motos. Diseñar un sistema de inventarios para establecer mecanismos de control de mercancia del almacén y taller súper motos. Ocaña, Colombia. Rojas, J., & Amaya, Y. (2014). Diseñar un sistema de inventarios para establecer mecanismos de control de mercancia del almacén y taller súper motos. Diseñar un sistema de inventarios para establecer mecanismos de control de mercancia del almacén y taller súper motos. Ocaña, Colombia. Safetya tiempo real, c. r. (23 de Febrero de 2015). Safetya.co. Obtenido de Safetya.co: http://safetya.co/sistema-de-gestion-de-seguridad-y-salud-en-el-trabajo/ SICE. (07 de Mayo de 2004). Decision 584 Instrumento Andino de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo. Obtenido de http://www.sice.oas.org/trade/junac/decisiones/DEC584s.asp SILVA, J. (25 de Junio de 2014). La amenaza de la tecnobasura. eltiempo, págs. http://www.eltiempo.com/carrusel/la-contaminacion-que-produce-la-basura-tecnologica/14164538. Taha, H. (2004). Investigación de operaciones. Mexico: Pearson Educación. Tarupes Chirivi, R. (2013). Propuesta para el mejoramiento para el manejo de iventarios de productos importados (Accesorios para baño) en la empresa dushy colombia ltda. Propuesta para el mejoramiento para el manejo de iventarios de productos importados (Accesorios para baño) en la empresa dushy colombia ltda. Bogota D.C., Colombia. Tolamatl Michcol, J., Gallardo García, D., Varela Loyola, J. A., & Flores Ávila, E. (2011). Aplicación de Seis Sigma en una Microempresa del Ramo Automotriz. Conciencia Tecnológica, 11-18. Toro Benítez, L. A., & Bastidas Guzmán, V. (2011). Metodología para el control y la gestión de inventarios en una empresa minorista de electrodomésticos. Scientia et Technica, 85-91. Ugaz, L. (2012). Propuesta de diseño e implementación de un sistema de gestión de calidad basado en la norma iso 9001:2008 aplicado a una empresa de fabricación de lejĺas. Propuesta de diseño e implementación de un sistema de gestión de calidad basado en la norma iso 9001:2008 aplicado a una empresa de fabricación de lejĺas. Lima, Peru. Valencia Vanegas, S. P. (06 de 12 de 2013). http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/. Obtenido de http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/: http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/10978/12/43841460.2013.pdf Velasco Sánchez, J., & Campins Masriera, J. A. (2013). Gestión de la producción en la empresa: planificación, programación y control. Madrid: ES: Larousse - Ediciones Pirámide. Vidal Holguín, C. J. (2005). Fundamentos de gestion de inventarios. Santiago de Cali: Universidad del Valle - Facultad Ingenieria. Villegas, H. B. (2005). Juego de inventarios. se de niega la nulidad contra el concepto 71050 de 31 de octubre de 2002 de la dirección de impuestos y aduanas nacionales. COLECCIÓN DE JURISPRUDENCIA COLOMBIANA. Bogota: Astrea, Buenos Aires. Octava edición, año 2002, página 246.
A principios del siglo XX reinaba en España Alfonso XIII, abuelo de nuestro actual monarca, y era Presidente del Gobierno el liberal Manuel García Prieto. Las continuas crisis políticas, la inestabilidad de los Gobiernos extremadamente efímeros, las revueltas sociales y los numerosos conflictos con Marruecos desestabilizaron al Gobierno, por lo que en Septiembre de 1923 el General Miguel Primo de Rivera, jerezano de nacimiento, proclama la Dictadura, que en realidad fue aceptada por gran parte de la sociedad, por algunos partidos políticos y por el propio Rey, pues veían en ella un mal menor. Primo de Rivera nombra en la segunda fase de su mandato, Diciembre de 1925, a Rafael Benjumea y Burín Ministro de Fomento. Rafael Benjumea, por entonces un ilustre ingeniero de caminos, afincado en Málaga pero nacido en Sevilla, había llevado a cabo numerosas obras públicas, sobre todo en la Comarca malagueña del Guadalhorce, como por ejemplo la construcción del Pantano del Chorro, actuación por la que Alfonso XIII, en señal de agradecimiento, le concedió en 1921 el título de Conde de Guadalhorce. Este político, fervoroso defensor de las obras públicas impulsó un ambicioso Plan de Ferrocarriles con el que se pretendía vertebrar las comunicaciones ferroviarias, establecer vínculos militares y estratégicos y extender la red ferroviaria a todo el territorio nacional, algo deficiente por aquella época. A raíz de ello proclama mediante Real Decreto-Ley de 5 de Marzo de 1926 el Plan Preferente de Ferrocarriles de Urgente Construcción, publicado en la Gaceta de Madrid Nº 65 al día siguiente. En este Plan aparecen las líneas Jerez a Villamartín y Olvera a la Sierra, a la postre renombradas como línea Jerez a Almargen. Hasta esta fecha las líneas ferroviarias eran construidas y explotadas por compañías privadas, lo que suponía que normalmente sirvieran más a sus propios intereses que a los del Estado, por ello el Plan abordaba por primera vez la construcción de líneas por cuenta del Estado, y de hecho la mayoría de ellas se iniciaron de inmediato a cargo del Estado, pero la crisis financiera de 1929, el declive del Gobierno de Primo de Rivera y la llegada de la II Republica hicieron que las obras se ralentizaran e incluso paralizaran. Posteriormente se desata el conflicto civil del 36, lo que motivará que las obras e infraestructuras realizadas quedaran gravemente dañadas y muy pocas se concluyeran, de hecho solo 3 de las 17 líneas del Plan Preferente están actualmente en funcionamiento. La línea Jerez-Almargen tendría sus orígenes años atrás, en 1900, cuando en la sede de la Cámara de Comercio de Jerez de la Frontera, se creaba la sociedad anónima Estudios del Ferrocarril de Jerez a Villamartín y Setenil, la cual encarga al ingeniero jerezano Antonio Gallegos y Sánchez un proyecto de construcción de línea en ancho ibérico (1.672 mm), pero la idea queda aparcada al no encontrar la sociedad financiación para su construcción. En Marzo de 1908, a raíz de la nueva Ley de Ferrocarriles Secundarios y Estratégicos, que premiaba la construcción de líneas de vía estrecha, se modifica el proyecto para un ferrocarril secundario (ancho de vía 1 m.), y se presenta al Estado para su aprobación, pero los sucesivos cambios de Gobierno, la falta de financiación, las ineficaces leyes de ferrocarriles y el desinterés de la compañías hicieron fracasar de nuevo la idea. Tras varios años de incertidumbre e intentos frustrados, entre ellos el traspaso de la concesión y los estudios a una empresa inglesa, no será hasta 1925 con Primo de Rivera en el poder y con Rafael Benjumea como Ministro de Fomento, cuando la línea salga adelante, gracias sobre todo al carácter estratégico y militar que le configuraba el Ministerio de Guerra, ya que junto a otra de las líneas del Plan, Totana a La Pinilla (Murcia), se podrían conectar directamente y por el interior de la península las Bases Navales de Cádiz y Cartagena, para salvaguardarse de hipotéticos ataques marroquíes. Las obras se inician en Agosto de 1926, pero jamás se concluyeron, excepto el tramo entre Jerez y Arcos de la Frontera donde por sus primeros 22 Km. Circularon algunos trenes de mercancías para abastecer a la azucarera que se implanta allá en 1970 en Jédula, pedanía de Arcos de la Frontera. Sin embargo, la irrupción cada vez mayor del automóvil en la sociedad, el periodo autárquico en el que vivía España y el negativo Informe del Banco Mundial del año 1962, en el cual se aconseja abandonar varias líneas férreas, entre ellas la Jerez-Almargen, hacen que la línea acabe definitivamente abandonada a su suerte y sometida a numerosos actos vandálicos, robos e inclemencias meteorológicas, sin ningún tipo de conservación, pese a lo cual sus infraestructuras están en buen estado actualmente y los edificios que no han sido rehabilitados aún se mantienen en pié. Esta línea de 127 Km. sería para su época una magnífica obra de ingeniería, lo mismo que las restantes del Plan, considerando los escasos medios técnicos con los que se disponía. La línea con origen en Jerez, discurría por las estaciones de El Rizo, Jédula, Arcos, Bornos, Villamartín, Puerto Serrano, Coripe, Zaframagón, Navalagrulla, Olvera y Corbones para enlazar en Almargen con la línea Algeciras- Bobadilla-Granada. Durante su recorrido se han perforado 55 túneles, se han tendido 12 puentes y viaductos, además de varios pontones, muros y trincheras. Actualmente de este largo recorrido se han recuperado 36 Km. para la Vía Verde de la Sierra, una de las mejores vías verdes del país, con varios premios y distinciones en su haber. El presente trabajo de investigación analiza en los dos primeros Capítulos el marco histórico del periodo político donde se gesta la línea, así como la evolución histórica del ferrocarril en España y Andalucía. El Capítulo 3 hace un breve análisis del Plan Preferente de Ferrocarriles y las 17 líneas que lo integraban, pero será en el Capítulo siguiente donde se aborde el origen, evolución y abandono de la línea Jerez- Almargen, además de su identificación y situación geográfica. En el Capítulo 5, que tiene entidad para ser por sí mismo otro trabajo de investigación, se hace un exhaustivo inventario y diagnóstico de la traza y todas las infraestructuras, incluido el tramo reconvertido en Vía Verde. En los tres siguientes Capítulos se proponen y justifican las figuras medioambientales elegidas para la reconversión completa del trazado, teniendo como referencia el tramo intermedio reconvertido en la Vía Verde de la Sierra, a la cual se le ha dedicado otro Capítulo específico. Pero el objetivo final de la tesis es analizar y plantear la posibilidad real de recuperar el recorrido completo para ser utilizado como itinerario verde. Esta tarea se lleva a cabo en el Capítulo 9, donde se propone su recuperación completa mediante dos Caminos Naturales que acometan por ambos extremos de la Vía Verde. Por la zona occidental se diseña el Camino Natural Jerez-Puerto Serrano, de 65.960 Km., que en su mayor parte discurre por el antiguo trazado ferroviario, aunque en los tramos donde no es posible se proponen varias rutas alternativas. Por la zona oriental se diseña el Camino Natural Olvera-Almargen, de 26.435 Km., que igualmente discurre en su mayor parte por el antiguo trazado ferroviario, excepto dos cortos tramos donde no es posible y se proponen dos rutas alternativas. En la última parte de este Camino, al no haberse concluido el trazado, se ha diseñado una combinación de caminos rurales, cañada reales y sendas de nueva construcción que nos llevan hasta las puertas de Almargen, en lo que se ha denominado Ruta Alternativa 3. En el Capítulo último se hace un estudio medioambiental del trazado con algunas propuestas paisajísticas de mejora y se aborda la integración física y turística de los municipios y núcleos urbanos por donde discurre el trazado. De esta forma se podrá recorrer todo el trazado completo en términos similares a como lo hacemos por una carretera, pero con medios de transporte no motorizados y compatibles con el medio ambiente. En caso de prosperar la idea, por la que se encuentran interesadas varias Administraciones locales y regionales, sería el primer Camino Natural de España y Andalucía reconvertido en su totalidad de un antiguo trazado ferroviario que comunicaría municipios de 3 provincias diferentes.
The Intergenerational Justice Review (IGJR) has been published by the Stuttgart-based think tank Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations (FRFG) since 2002. The 2012 edition was published in cooperation with the London-based Intergenerational Foundation (IF), and likewise the 2015 edition. For the latter as well as for the 2016 editions, the FRFG and IF have been joined by the University of Tübingen. The 2016 (2) edition will have the additional help of Professor Bruce Auerbach of Albright College, Reading PA, who will be serving as a guest editor.Founded in 1997, the FRFG has played a leading role in gathering and supporting research in intergenerational issues at the academic level – research that usually falls within the compass of university departments of law, politics and philosophy. The Intergenerational Justice Review reflects this academic focus. Articles, submitted by senior academics and researchers in the field, are peer-reviewed and published only on the recommendation of two reviewers.From 2016, there will be two editions of the IGJR annually. The topic of the second 2016 edition will be: "Constitutions and Intergenerational Justice" We welcome submissions for this issue of the Intergenerational Justice Review that address the tension between constitutions and intergenerational justice, and how that tension can be resolved. How can constitutions be written to protect the rights and/or interests of future generations without at the same time becoming a barrier to future generations exercising full political sovereignty in the future?We also welcome submissions that address creatively constitutions and intergenerational justice from other points of view, and from the perspective of other cultural and political traditions; and that test the feasibility of new ideas, such as a 'permanent constitutional convention', that reassess the current constitution every five years or so.In addition to the above, other related questions include the following:How could a permanent constitutional convention (see above) be organised? What powers should it possess, and what should be its limitations? On the one hand such limitations should prevent a constitutional convention from being too dominant, while on the other its powers should be sufficient to ensure that it is more than merely symbolic.How can the legitimacy problems of such a constitutional convention be resolved? For example, parliaments, which usually propose constitutional amendments, are legitimised through elections.Are there any examples of countries where constitutions are regularly reviewed and amended? If so, how has this practice worked?What role should constitutional courts play? Are they the guardians of earlier regulations and therefore opponents of constitutional change?Are eternity clauses (clauses which prohibit changes to certain or all provisions of a constitution) generationally fair? To what extent do such guarantees take away from future generations the possibility to determine their own future?Where and how are young people actively engaged in debates about the constitution in force in their country? What lessons can be learnt from their experience? Background: By their very nature, constitutions are intergenerational documents. With rare exceptions, they are meant to endure for many generations. They establish the basic institutions of government, enshrine the fundamental values of a people, and place certain questions beyond the reach of simple majorities. Constitutions, especially written ones, are often on purpose difficult to modify.The question of constitutions and future generations has at least two different aspects. On the one hand, constitutions provide the opportunity to guarantee consideration of the rights of future generations, and may serve to protect future generations against the actions of current electoral majorities. On the other hand, the provisions of a constitution may become outmoded, restricting the ability of majorities in the future to respond to the real problems in ways they see as necessary and proper. We want constitutions to provide firm guarantees of fundamental rights, including those of future generations. But we do not want those same guarantees to become fetters on future generations, preventing them from exercising the same rights of sovereignty we enjoy.Ideally, constitutions strike a balance between seeking to protect and perpetuate those values and rights the present generation understands to be fundamental, while ensuring the right of future generations to define for themselves the values and rights they see as essential, and to modify the institutions they have inherited in light of their own experience.This tension between durability and flexibility finds expression in Edmund Burke's concept of a constitution as an intergenerational covenant. It also informs the discussion among Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), James Madison (1751–1836) and Thomas Paine (1737–1809) in the course of founding the United States of America. Jefferson represented the position that every law and therefore every constitution should lose its validity after 19 years, so that every generation can organise itself, with a freedom comparable to the preceding one. Madison disagreed and referred to the uncertainty that would emerge from such an arrangement. Thomas Paine sided with Jefferson and formulated the following famous sentence: 'Every age and generation must be as free to act for itself in all cases as the ages and generations which preceded it.' This statement, written in 1795, defended the right to engage in revolution. This right was even enshrined in the French Constitution of 1793. Article 28 stated: 'Un peuple a toujours le droit de revoir, de réformer et de changer sa Constitution. Une génération ne peut pas assujettir à ses lois les générations futures.' ('A people always has the right to review, reform, and amend its constitution. One generation may not subject future generations to its laws.')The preservation of the same number of options and opportunities for action is also regarded as the one of most important elements of intergenerationally just behaviour in modern generational ethics. Edith Brown Weiss, for example, made such arguments, as have Gregory Kavka in 'The Futurity Problem', and Brian Barry in 'Circumstances of Justice and Future Generations'. Size limit of each submission: Up to 30,000 characters (including spaces, annotation etc.) For questions about style and presentation, please visit our website at www.igjr.org for our guidelines for authors.Deadline for submissions: 1 August 2016Proposed date of publication of IGJR 2016 (2): November 2016Articles may be submitted electronically to: editors@igjr.orgIntergenerational Justice Prize 2015/16: Note that this topic is also be the subject of the Intergenerational Justice Prize 2015/16, promoted by the Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations (FRFG) and the Intergenerational Foundation (IF). Young researchers may also wish to participate in this essay competition, and it is hoped that this edition of the IGJR will contain a selection of the best prize submissions in English. For more information, see www.if.org.uk/prizes. Recommended literatureAuerbach, Bruce / Reinhart, Michelle (2012): Antonin Scalia's constitutional textualism: The problem of justice to posterity. In: Intergenerational Justice Review, 17-22.Barry, Brian (1978): Circumstances of intergenerational justice. In: Sikora, Richard / Barry, Brian (eds.): Obligations to future generations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 204-248.Beckman, Ludvig (2013): Democracy and future generations. Should the unborn have a voice? In: Merle, Jean-Christophe (ed.): Spheres of global justice. Volume 2: Fair distribution – global economic, social and intergenerational justice. Dordrecht: Springer, 775-788.Brown-Weiss, Edith (2002): Intergenerational fairness and rights of future generations. In: Intergenerational Justice, vol. 2 (3/2002), 1-5.Brown-Weiss, Edith (1989): In fairness to future generations. Tokyo/New York: United Nations University/Transnational Publishers.Gosseries, Axel (2008): Constitutions and future generations. www.uclouvain.beGosseries, Axel / Meyer, Lukas H. (eds.) (2009): Intergenerational justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Kavka, Gregory (1978): The futurity problem. In: Sikora, Richard / Barry, Brian (eds.): Obligations to future generations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 286-203.Kley, Andreas (2003): Die Verantwortung gegenüber künftigen Generationen – ein staatsphilosophisches Postulat von Thomas Jefferson. In: Hänni, Peter (ed.): Mensch und Staat. Festgabe der rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg für Thomas Fleiner zum 65. Geburtstag. Fribourg: Universitätsverlag, 505-523. http://www.rwi.uzh.ch/lehreforschung/alphabetisch/kley/container/jefferson_pages_505_523.pdf.Tremmel, Jörg (2009): A theory of intergenerational justice. London: Earthscan.Tremmel, Jörg (2015): Parliaments and future generations: The four-power model. In: Birnbacher, Dieter / Thorseth, May (eds.): The Politics of sustainability: Philosophical perspectives. London: Routledge, 212-233.Tremmel, Jörg / Wilhelm, James (2015): Democracy or epistocracy? Age as a criterion of voter eligibility. In: Tremmel, Jörg / Mason, Antony / Dimitrijoski, Igor / Godli, Petter (eds.): Youth quotas and other efficient forms of youth participation in ageing societies. Dordrecht, NL: Springer, 125-148.Wolf, Clark (2008): Justice and intergenerational debt. In: Intergenerational Justice Review, 13-17.