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In a discussion of Oakeshott's early influence by Hegel & British idealists, the author of this chapter delineates Oakeshott's critiques of the liberalist conceptualization of the individual relative to the purposive nature it imposes on the state (Leo Strauss, Rousseau, Hegel, Bosanquet, Green). The intellectual evolution to a Hobbesian skepticism of authority & individuals allows for a synthesis of Hobbes & Hegel to further critique liberal atomism by arguing for a socially constructed individual with rights to her choices, in an environment of government limited to the creation of peace. Liberal democracy is recognized as the best form of social integration yet developed. In his later work, "On Human Conduct," Oakeshott places his concept of the individual embedded in civil association to allow for moral practices that are chosen because of a "freedom inherent in agency." The atomism of liberal political philosophy has thus been overcome, but Oakeshott still lacks an Aristotelian moral dignity that would generate allegiance to the political community. 22 References. J. Harwell

An exploration of ethnicity, economic growth, & governance in which the author discusses how ethnicity has affected the transition to democratic governance & Africa's position in the global economy. The author also addresses issue of citizenship & modernization.

In the final chapter of the collection, the author suggests that an alternative research agenda should be developed, one that focuses on generating information with "practical relevance to conflict prevent." After discussing the weaknesses of the current orthodoxy on violent conflict and conflict prevention in sub-Saharan Africa, the author addresses the major challenges faced by conflict prevention. Finally, the author concludes by exploring why a focus on violence and agency rather than conflict and cause is necessary, and how the tenants of cultural studies and post-modern sociology can be applied.

The author analyzes the use & rhetoric of 'conflict prevention' in Africa. In the post-cold war era the notion of conflict prevention, became a popular one among politicians as well as political scientists. The notion was then picked up by African policy makers & diplomats as a way to garner outside support to fight continental conflict. However, the structure of African government made it relative ineffective. In this chapter, the author analyzes the concept of conflict prevention & how it has been used in Africa, focusing on the work of the continent's inter-governmental institutions. These institutions, run by political elites, represent some of the more powerful institutions on the continent. The author prefaces this discussion with comments on the concept of conflict prevention & mediation.

The author asks why the design and establishment of political institutions can sometimes contribute to the collapse of peace agreements and power sharing regimes, and further the development of centralized institutional arrangements. Focusing on institutional design after civil war, the author suggests that peace implementation should be viewed as a two phase process. The short term phase centers around confidence building phase, while the long term phase is focuses on security building. The challenges facing rival parties in the both phases are addressed, followed by a discussion of the way these challenges create strain and affect the commitments made to support an agreement. Finally, the author takes the long view, examining how the two step processes affects long term institutional design.

The author discusses the lack of communication between African policy makers & regionalist researches in investigating, understanding, predicting, & preventing violent conflict in Africa. The author argues that collaboration between these groups is necessary, & that the first step towards collaboration is to identify research topics relevant to both groups. Research into conflict prolonging factors can serve as a starting point for mutual engagement. She then addresses both opportunities & obstacles for cooperation.

The author presents a political analysis of violent conflict in Africa, focusing on two theoretical explanations. The first suggests that violence is part of the political & social development of a nation. The second focuses on features of modernization that might make Africa more "prone" to violence than other continents. Within this discussion the author focuses on: the nature of power in Africa, the links between politics & violence, & issues related to rationality & modernity. Adapated from the source document

Structural changes in demand and supply sectors within the Ukrainian labor market in late 1990s caused a phenomenon of reconsideration of an usual career of wage or salaried worker as the only one possible and acceptable. In search of work with satisfactory reward almost 10% of Ukrainians turned to self-employ ment — a new working activity with neither state nor research experience of dealing with. These people are neither considered as unemployed nor as entrepreneurs by themselves. The author is engaged in a problem of self-employment as a new labor market perspective, trying to fill the methodological gap within the Ukrainian social and economic sciences by means of conceptualization of self-employment and entrepreneurship. The author has presented a clarification of the pointed central concepts, their theoretical and empirical meanings based on a profound categorical analysis. The most appropriate, from the sociological point of view, definition of selfemployment suggested by author after generalization of Ukrainian, Russian, and foreign scientific resources would be important for consideration in further statistical and sociological survey of self-employment and its socio-economic interpretations.

The focus of this chapter is the rise of Indian, rural-based farmer led social movements, & their relationship to poverty & economic reform. These movements, among others, were labeled "new social movements" because they organized sections of the population that had never been organized, & because they developed new concepts & strategies to push their agenda. The political & economic conditions in post-independence India & the government's neglect of the nation's poor are considered the movements' spark. In addition, the author reviews the evolution of the movements' positions on rural poverty, exploitation, & economic liberalization. Finally, the author reviews the progress of poverty reduction in India. K. Hyatt Stewart

The author explores the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo with a focus on the role & sacrifices of the Congolese people. The conflict in the Congo has fueled stereotypes about Congo, that it is the "heart of darkness" & "trigger of Africa" characterized by tribal conflict, dictatorship, & social cannibalism. While the atrocities that fuel these stereotypes cannot be downplayed, the strength of the Congolese people should be acknowledged. After briefly reviewing the failed state model of conflict analysis, the author addresses the national identity of the Congolese, their belief in the importance of a unified state, & their struggle to ensure survival, both physical & collective, & improve their well being.

The article presents the main results of the survey (1992–2003) on interethnic orientations of Ukrainian population measured according to the social distance scale by Bogardus adapted in Ukraine by the article's author in 1990. The obtained data made it possible to reveal a number of phenomena ("over-caution", "Eastern Slavic isolation", "redoubled border control", "high jump", "unanimous isolation"), and paradoxes of the mass interethnic self-consciousness of population (paradox of the "national identification", the "good attitude" paradox). New results confirmed the growing orientations (in the mass consciousness) to the larger ethnic distance, which promotes development of national and governmental isolation. The author paid much attention to a story about the methods (the social distance scale) development and their approbation in Ukraine.

David Held's flawed, gloomy diagnosis of the global security, trade & policy architecture leads him to faulty conclusions. Martin Wolf, author of Why Globalization Works, prefers confident realism about the world's future. Adapted from the source document.

The article presents theoretical and methodical grounds for identification of the subject of public opinion. The author finds out that functional features of public opinion determine the features of subjects too. These features tell about the subject range, structure, how it is organized, how it exerts influence on human behavior and activity of the social institutions which have the status of public opinion object.

A discussion of five principles of conflict formation developed through the work of Search for Common Ground (SFCG) and the European Centre for Common Ground (ECCG). The five principles are: make long-term commitments for social transformation, seek cross-cultural immersion; work within the system, model what you aim to bring forth, and look for and appreciate catalytic impact. The author discusses each principle, providing examples from Africa for each one.

The post 9/11 meaning of the term globalization is argued to need to be cast far more broadly to consider the relevance of the reconfiguration of conflict on the global level, & to suggest how the quest for a new framework of regulatory authority has changed from the 1990s. The author asserts the central contention that, although globalization retains its relevance as a descriptive level, it is the economist at interpretation since the events of 2001 that needs to be altered. A brief review of the evolution of world politics after the Cold War sets the stage for the extended view of globalization as an incorporation of the new geopolitics of post-statist political conflict. The contested & fluid contours & ideological orientation of globalization & governance are placed in five overlapping approaches to governance globalizations of corporate, civic, imperial, apocalyptic, & regional are identified as the structural alternatives for the future of world order. Although maintaining the descriptive terminology of globalization remains useful, the author concludes that its provenance should be enlarged to take account of globalizing tendencies other than those associated with the world economy & the old anti-globalization movement in the environment of the eclipsing of the whole project of global governance in recent years. References. J. Harwell